WTS TUTORING

2022 WTS FUCTIONS & INVERSES

GRADE : 12

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WHERE TO START MATHS & SCIENCE IS FOR THE NATION

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FUNCTIONS AND INVERSES

 A relation is just a set of ordered pairs. There is absolutely nothing special at all
about the data that are in a relation.
 In other words, any bunch of data is a relation so long as these numbers comes in
pairs.
 A set of all the starting point is called “the domain” and a set of all ending points is
called a range. In other words the domain is what you start with, and the range is what
you end with (i.e. x values and y-values respectively).
 A function is a relationship between x and y, where for every x-value there is only

one y-value.

 One way to decide whether or not a graph represents a function is to use the vertical

line test.

 If any line drawn parallel to the y-axis cuts the graph only once, then the graph

represents a function.

 We use function notation f(x) to show that each y-value is a function of an x-value.

 TYPES OF MAPPINGS

 Functions

 One to one mapping- x and y values are not repeated.

 Many to one mapping- x values are not repeated but y values are repeated.

 Non-Functions

 One to many mapping- x values repeat y values do not.

 Many to many mapping- x and y values repeat.

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Key words:

 Domain: the set of possible x-values

 Range: the set of possible y-values

 Axis of symmetry: an imaginary line that divides a graph into two mirror images of

each other.

 Maximum: the highest possible y-value of a function.

 Minimum: the lowest possible y-value of a function.

 Asymptote: an imaginary line that a graph approaches but never touches.

 Turning point: The point at which a graph reaches its maximum or minimum value

and changes direction.

 Increasing- as x increases the y values increase.( positive gradient)

 Decreasing- as x increases the y values decrease. (negative gradient)

Key notes:

 [ kwv right-hand rule : both x and y increases]

 [ kwv left-hand rule : as x increases ,y decreases]

 [horizontal line]

 [vertical line]

 [ average gradient]

 [ parallel lines]

 [ perpendicular lines]

 [ value included]

 [ value excluded]

 The point is given by:

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  INVERSE FUNCTIONS

 The term inverse means: reflection across the line ( kwv right-hand

rule)

 Swop x and y and hence make y be the subject of the formula

 The notation for the inverse of a function is

 For the linear :

 For exponential:

 For logarithm:

 For parabola : √

 Only use the log for exponential graph or if the variable is an exponent

 To get rid of square root: simple square both side.

 NB: Inverse of parabola is not a function

 Restriction of parabolic inverse to be a function:

1. For Domain: and for the Range:

2. For Domain: and for the Range:

 The inverse of a parabola is not a function.

 However, if the domain of the original function is restricted then the inverse
may be a function too.
 For example f(x) = x2, then the inverse of f, f--1(x) = ±√ x, is not a function.
But if f(x) has a restricted domain x≥ 0 or x ≤ 0, then the inverse will be
a function.
 The inverse function is formed by reflecting the function across the line y=x

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  READING FROM THE GRAPH

 For which value(s) of x will:

a. {where the graph is increasing/ positive gradient}

b. {where the graph is decreasing/negative gradient}

c. {where both graphs are above or below}

d. {One graph above and other one below the horizontal}

e. {above the horizontal/ x-axis}

f. {below the horizontal/ x-axis}

g. {x-value of a turning point}

h. {both graphs increasing}

i. {both graphs decreasing}

j. {graph is above and the distance is 1 unit}

k. {+ve x- &+ve y- value or –ve x-&–ve y-value}

l. {+ve y-value and the decreasing curve}

KEY NOTE:

 Remember to manipulate the new given equation into the original one

 Maximum and minimum values means the y values of the turning point

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  The transformation of cubic graph

 Translation

It affects the turning points

1. Horizontal translation: f (x + c)

Then x-value(s) of the turning point is translated c unit left (-ve) or right (+ve)

2. Vertical translation: f (x) + q

Then y-value of turning point will be translated q unit up (+ve) or down (-ve)

 The reflection

It can affect the whole equation and the turning point. The reflection about axes

The reflections are as follows:

 reflected across x-axis

 reflected across y-axis

 reflected about the line

 reflected about the line

 The enlargement

 You simple multiply by the scale factor given

 Especial applies on the turning points

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  The linear function

 The forms:

1. [horizontal line]

2. [ vertical line]

3. [ table method]

4. [ dual intercept method]

 Consider:

 For shape:

If and

 Domain and Range: are all real numbers.

 Drawing a neat sketch:

 Determine the x-intercept (let y = 0)

 Determine the y-intercept (let x = 0)

 Plot these two points and draw a straight line through them.

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  Determining the equation

 Determine the gradient of the function.

 Substitute the value of the gradient into the general formula for the linear function.

 Solve for c.

 Write the equation in the form:

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  HYPERBOLA FUNCTION

 Forms

1. [Table method]

2. [Table method but take note of y asymptote: ]

3. [Table method but take note of x asymptote: ]

4. [Dual-intercepts method and both asymptotes]

 Consider:

 For shape: if

 Two asymptotes; &

 For –intercepts let

 For –intercepts let

 For domain and range: all real numbers excepts the value of

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  Draw a neat sketch

 Follow these steps:

 Indicate the asymptotes

 Indicate the axes, both x and y intercepts

 Consider the shape

 Equations of axis of symmetry

1. For increasing function/ / positive gradient:

2. For decreasing function/ / negative gradient :

NB: for the value of c use asymptotes the point of intersection.

 Determining the equation

 Always start with the asymptotes if given in the graph or domain/ range form

 And hence substitute with any point along the curve for the value of a

 Take note for the two unknowns: two points are needed and solve the two equations

simultaneously

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  PARABOLA GRAPH

 Forms

1. [Table method]

2. [Table method but take note of turning point: ]

3. [Dual-intercepts method]

4. [Dual-intercepts method and turning point: ]

KEYS NOTE:

 The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.

 A parabola can open up or down.

 If the parabola opens up, the lowest point is called the vertex.

 If the parabola opens down, the vertex is the highest point

 NOTE: if the parabola opened left or right it would not be a function.

 The standard form of a quadratic function is g( ) = + +

 The parabola will open up when the value of is positive.

 The parabola will open down when the value of is negative.

 Line of symmetry

 Parabolas have a symmetric property to them.

 If we drew a line down the middle of the parabola, we could fold the parabola in half.

 We call this line the line of symmetry.

 Or, if we graphed one side of the parabola, we could “fold” (or REFLECT) it over, the line of

symmetry to graph the other side.

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  Consider:

 For shape: if

 Axis of symmetry ;

 Maximum or minimum

 Know how to complete the square from:

 For –intercepts let

 For –intercepts let

 For domain: all real numbers

 For range: [ ]

 Draw a neat sketch:

1. Intercepts

2. Shape

3. Turning point

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  Parabolas of the Form

 The value of a tells us if the graph is concave ( a > 0) or convex ( a ˂ 0).

 The equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph is obtained by putting the expression

x + p = 0 and solving for x.

 The axis of symmetry passes through the x-coordinate of turning point of the parabola.

 The graph of y = a(x + p)2 + q is obtained by shifting the graph of y = ax2 by p

units to the left or right and then q units up or down:

 If p > 0, the shift is left

 If p ˂ 0, the shift is right.

 If q > 0, the shift is upwards.

 If q ˂ 0, the shift is downwards.

 The y-coordinate of the turning point is q.

 The y-intercept of the graph can be determined by putting x = 0.

 The x-intercept(s) of the graph can be determined by putting y = 0.

 Determining the equation

 Always start with substituting the turning if given into :

 And hence substitute with any point along the curve for the value of a

 If intercepts [ and one point on the curve given and then substitute into:

 Take note for the two unknowns: two points are needed and solve the two equations simultaneously

 Any point along the y-axis is given by :

 Any point along the y-axis is given by :

 Length is given by: and for the maximum;

substitute with the x value turning point

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  Reading y-value

 For which value(s) of k will f(x) has:

 The roots of a quadratic equation are the x-values when the equation is zero.

 The roots are the x-intercepts of the graph.

 When you are asked to „determine the nature of the roots of an equation:

“ you are NOT asked to solve the equation”.

 Summary:

To find the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation: , the discriminant.

•If Δ < 0 : The roots are non-real/no real roots.

•If Δ = 0 : There are two equal, real and rational roots.

•If Δ > 0 : There are two real roots which may be rational or irrational.

•If Δ is a perfect square: the roots are rational.

•If Δ is not a perfect square: then the roots are irrational

 The nature of the roots also tells us about the x-intercepts of the graph of the quadratic equation

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Note: The line y = k + c has to intersect the graph f(x) at different places.

Make sure the given equation is derived to the original equation and make y the subject of the formula

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  EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

 Forms

1. [Table method]

2. [Table method but take note of y asymptote: ]

3. [Table method but take note of shift: ]

4. [Dual-intercepts method and the y- asymptote : ]

 Consider:

 b >1 :increasing function: as x increases y also increases

 Kwv- Right -hand rule

 Consider:

 0 < b < 1 :decreasing function: as x increases y decreases

 Kwv- left -hand rule

 Consider:

 Asymptote;

 If p < 0, the graph shift p units to the right.

 If p > 0 , the graph shift p units to the left.

 If q > 0 , the graph shift q units upwards.

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  If q < 0 , the graph shift q units downwards.

 NB: p is for the translation not for asymptote.

 For –intercepts let

 For –intercepts let

 For domain all real numbers

 For the range:

 Drawing a neat sketch

 FOLLOW THESE STEPS:

 Indicate the asymptote :Only One asymptote

 Indicate the axes, both x and y intercepts

 Consider the shape

 Determining the equation

 Always start with the asymptote if given in the graph or range form

 And hence substitute with any point along the curve for the value of a

 Take note for the two unknowns: two points are needed and solve the two equations

simultaneously

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  LOGARITHM FUNCTION

 Form:

 Work with log as it is or change it to exponential form:

 And hence use the table method to draw the graph as x dependent

 Determining the equation

 Form:

 Substitute with any point along the curve for the value of a

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 MERCY!!!!!

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