International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2021, pp. 2131~2139

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i4.pp2131-2139  2131

Least mean sixth control approach for three-phase three-wire

grid-integrated PV system

Touheed Khan1, Mohammed Asim2, Mohammad Saood Manzar3, Md Ibrahim4, Shaikh Sadaf Afzal
Ahmed5
1,2,4Electrical
Engineering Department, Integral University, Lucknow, India
3Department
of Environmental Engineering, Imam Abdul rahman Bin Faisal University, 31451 Dammam, Arab Saudi
5Department of Computer Science, University of Mumbai, Konan Gayanpeeth College of Engineering, Maharahtra, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This work proposes an adaptive filter based on a new least mean sixth control
approach with incremental conductance method of MPP for 3-phase grid-
Received Jul 19, 2021 incorporated photovoltaic (PV) system. The proposed system comprises a PV
Revised Sep 22, 2021 array, 3-phase DC to AC converter, maximum power point tracker (MPPT),
Accepted Sep 29, 2021 three-phase electronic load, and a 3-phase grid. The combination of solar PV
array and the voltage source converter (VSC) supplies power to the grid. The
3-phase inverter as a distribution static synchronous compensator (D-
Keywords: STATCOM) improves the quality of the system performance in case of zero
solar irradiation. D-STATCOM also reduces total harmonic distortion (THD)
D-STATCOM in grid currents, improves power factor, and maintainsa constant voltage at
Least mean sixth control the point of common coupling (PCC). The system modelling and simulation
Maximum power point track is achieved on MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed system performance has
Power quality been found satisfactory and conform to IEEE-519 standards.
PV array
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Mohammed Asim
Department of Electrical Engineering
Integral University
Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026 India
Email: [email protected]

NOMENCLATURE

𝐖𝐩𝐚 , 𝐖𝐩𝐛 , 𝐖𝐩𝐜 : Weights of fundamental active 𝐞𝐚 , 𝐞𝐛 , 𝐞𝐜 : Adaptive active components of errors
Components of load currents
𝐖𝐬𝐩 , 𝐖𝐠 : Total weights of fundamental active 𝐢𝐬𝐚 , 𝐢𝐬𝐛 , 𝐢𝐬𝐜 : Sensed grid currents
component, Equivalent weights of
fundamental active component
𝐱𝐩𝐚 , 𝐱𝐩𝐛 , 𝐱𝐩𝐜 : In phase unit templates of voltages 𝐢∗𝐬𝐚 , 𝐢∗𝐬𝐛 , 𝐢∗𝐬𝐜 : Reference grid currents
at point of common coupling (PCC)
𝐖𝐩𝐯 , 𝐖𝐜 : Weights of feed forward SPV µ𝐧 : Adaptation constants of VSC
power, active loss components
𝐈𝐩𝐯 , 𝐕𝐩𝐯 , 𝐏𝐩𝐯 : PV current, PV voltage, PV power 𝑰𝒎𝒑 , 𝑽𝒎𝒑 , 𝑷𝒎𝒑 : Peak current, voltage and power of the PV
module
𝐕𝐭 : Terminal Voltage at point of 𝑰𝒔𝒄 , 𝑽𝒐𝒄 : Short circuit current and open circuit
common coupling (PCC) voltage of the PV module
𝐕𝐝𝐜 , 𝐕𝐝𝐜 ∗ , 𝐕𝐝𝐜𝐧 : DC-link voltage, reference value 𝑰𝒐 , 𝑹𝒔 , 𝑹𝒑 : Reverse saturation current of diode, series
and DC-Link voltage error and shunt resistance of the basic PV module
𝐋𝐟 , 𝑹𝒇 , 𝑪𝒇 : Interfacing inductance, resistance
and capacitance of RC filter

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2132  ISSN: 2088-8694

1. INTRODUCTION
Due to an increase in power electronics load, three-phase electrical distribution systems are facing serious
power quality complications such as load unbalancing, high harmonic currents, more reactive power flow, and
poor voltage regulation. Besides, higher penetration of renewable energy further affects the power supply quality,
and thereby, voltage levels are adversely affected. Therefore, voltage regulation has become an issue of greater
importance in grid integration [1]-[3]. The PV array, along with the D-STATCOM converts the DC into AC,
improves the power quality by minimizing harmonic distortions, compensates the required reactive power, and
maintain a balance of power in all phases of electrical system [4]. It is also exchanging real power when the D-
STATCOM is provided with an external dc source [5]-[8]. A D-STATCOM requires an efficient control technique
for robust operation and for what various control algorithms is used, which generates pulses for switches of
inverter. These pulses are generated through a hysteresis current controller where sensed currents are compared
with the reference currents [9]. The principal aim of the control is to meet the load demand by taking array power
and to supply remaining power to the 3-phase grid. If the generated solar PV power is insufficient for load, extra
required power can be taken from the network in order to meet the load demand. In addition, control algorithms
also offer mitigation of power quality (PQ) problems such as harmonic filtering, reactive power compensation,
load balancing, poor voltage regulation, and power factor correction [10], [11].
Numerous control algorithms are used for the efficient operation of D-STATCOM, such as
synchronous rotating frame (SRF) control, instantaneous reactive power theory (IRPT), and adaptive based
control algorithm. The dq0 transformation based SRF control is a most common algorithm as it performs
quite well unity power factor operation [12], [13]. However, in this control technique, the second harmonic
component is prevailing due to load unbalances causes performance slow down. So, a low pass filter is used
for mitigating second-order harmonic components. Other traditional controls have more response time and
slow convergence due to the complex block, including abc-dq transformation [14], [15].
Adaptive filter theory exposes its power to track the atmospheric changes and characteristics of the unknown
system. The filter parameters are self-adjusted during the changing environmental conditions that the filter
behavior and surrounding conditions are kept to serve its purpose [16]-[19]. There are various adaptive
controls that have been developed and available in the literature, such as recursive least square (RLS), least
mean square (LMS). Among all of them, the LMS and its variants are highly popular for their fast
convergence speed and stability. It is a simple and fundamental adaptive filter based control on getting the
desired result. The main function of LMS control is to extract accurate pulse and to minimize the error for the
efficient operation of D-STATCOM. LMS control with D-STATCOM improves current related quality
problems such as harmonics in grid currents, load balancing of non-linear load, voltage regulation. On the
other hand, the drawbacks of the LMS method are that when excitation is not present at the input, this
algorithm is failed to stabilize. As a result, it produces unbounded parameter estimation and error, which put
down the system performance and create numerical problems. Moreover, because of the low input signal, the
LMS control algorithm also experiences stalling. Therefore, a leakage factor is added to this algorithm to
diminish stalling while stabilizing the system at the same time and to give fast convergence response [20]-[23].
The proposed system, along with the least mean sixth control and single-stage topology, shown in Figure 1 (a),
Figure 1 (b) is showing the block diagram of the proposed control algorithm showing how the reference grid
currents are generated and then the reference grid currents and the sensed grid currents are compared using
hysteresis controller to gererate output gate pulses for the efficient switching of the inverter.
The proposed system provides several advantages over other topologies.
− The least mean sixth control algorithm is a modified form of LMS algorithm. It involves higher order (fifth)
error term in the weight updating equation. Owing to higher-order optimization, the proposed control offers
reduced mean square error (MSE) and thereby offering reduced THD and faster convergence rate.
− The least mean sixth control with the PV system offers lesser noise in their weights in comparison with
the conventional LMS control.
− The system offers greater efficiency due to one stage converter topology [13], i.e., although double stage topology
has the advantage of flexibility in controller designing, it also has some deficiencies. With more circuit stages, the
power loss raises, this decreases the system efficiency. Moreover, more stages increase the complexity of the
system and thereby reduce the reliability of the system. Thus, the one-stage topology has been used.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2021 : 2131 – 2139
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2133

RC
Filter
THREE PHASE GRID

AC isa Va

AC Vb THRE- PHASE
isb NON- LINEAR
AC Vc LOAD
isc

icc
ica
icb
T1 T3 T5
Interfacing
Inductances

+ C Vdc
_

T2 T6 T4
PV ARRAY

MPPT
Isa*
LMSixth HYSTERESIS isa
Isb*
CONTROL CURRENT isb
Isc* CONTROLLER
ALGORITHM isc

(a)

From the sensed PCC line voltages, The phase

voltages of phase ‘a’ , ‘b’ , and ‘c’ are obtained
using equations (7), (8) and (9) respectively The terminal voltage is calculated by equation (10)

Active loss component and error value of

Calculation of adaptive error of DC link voltage are estimated by equation
phase ‘a’ , ‘b’ , and ‘c’ using (15) and (16) respectively
In-phase unit templates are
equations (12), (13), and (14) estimated by equation (11) Feed forward weight is calculate by using
equation (17)

Adaptive constant
Extraction of load
Generation of reference grid currents of phase currents of phase ‘a’
‘a’ , ‘b’ , and ‘c’ using equations (23), (24) , ‘b’ , and ‘c’ from
Extraction of fundamental active weight and (25) respectively the load.
components of load current of phase ‘a’ , ’b’
, and ‘c’ using equations (I8), (19), and (20)
respectively Extraction of sensed grid
Hysteresis current currents of phase ‘a’ , ‘b’
controller , and ‘c’ from the three
Calculation of average active weight
phase grid
components of load current using equation
(21)

Calculation of total active weight Generation of

components of load current using equation 6 switching
(22) pulses for Inverter

(b)

Figure 1. These figures are; (a) general block diagram of proposed system, (b) block diagram of the proposed
least mean sixth control algorithm

Least mean sixth control approach for three-phase three-wire grid-integrated PV system (Touheed Khan)
2134  ISSN: 2088-8694

2. SYSTEM MODELING
2.1. Modeling of 21 KW PV array
Here parameters of KC200GT PV array modeled at [25] °C and 1000 W⁄m2 are taken as basic PV
module [24], [25] shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Parameters of KC200GT PV array modeled at 〖25〗°C and 1000 W⁄m2

Imp 7.61 A Isc 8.61 A
Vmp 26.3 V Voc 32.9 V
Pmp 200.143 W Io 9.82*10^-8 A
Rs 415.405 ohm Rp 0.221 ohm

Number of series units (Ns) is calculated as [13].

Vpv 700
Ns = ( )= = 26.62 = 27 module (1)
Vmp 26.3

Number of parallel units is calculated as [13],

(Ppv / Vpv ) (21000/700)

Np = = = 3.94 = 4 module (2)
Imp 7.61

2.2. DC-link voltage (𝐕𝐝𝐜 )

The minimum value of 𝑉𝑑𝑐 must be kept more than double the maximum phase voltage. So, the
value of DC link voltage is chosen as 700 volts.

𝑉𝑑𝑐 = ( 2√2 ∗ 𝑉𝐿𝐿 /√3 ∗ 𝑚 = (2√2 ∗ 415)/ √3 ∗ 1 = 677.69 𝑉 (3)

2.3. Inductor
The value of interfacing inductance for phase leg is chosen as 2.5 mH.

Lf = (√3m ∗ Vdc )/(12jfs Ir ) (√3 ∗ 1 ∗ 700) / (12 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 10000 ∗ .09 ∗ 41.32) = 2.26 mH (4)

Where the grid current estimated as,

Ppv 21000
I = ( ) = = 29.21 Amp (5)
√3∗Vn 1.732∗415

So, peak grid current, Ip = √2 ∗ 29.21 = 41.31 Amp

2.4. Ripple filter and DC link capacitor

The chosen value of capacitor and resistance of the RC filter are10 uF, 5 ohm, respectively as taken
from [13]. Here, 4600 𝑢𝐹 as capacitance is chosen to stabilize Vdc during disturbances. The calculated value
gives better result.

(Ppv /Vdc )/(2 ∗ ω ∗ Vdcr ) = (21000/700)/(2 ∗ 314 ∗ .02 ∗ 700) = 3412.2 uF (6)

3. CONTROL STRATEGY
The proposed system utilizes two controls for different purposes. The incremental conductance method is
to extract maximum irradiation from the PV system, and the adaptive based least mean sixth control is to produce
gating pulses for the inverter. The significant equations used for the control algorithm are described as shown in.

(Vsab +Vsbc )
Vsa = (7)
3

(−Vsab +Vsbc )
Vsb = (8)
3

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2135

(−Vsab −2Vsbc )
Vsc = (9)
3

Vt = √2/3(vsa 2 + vsb 2 + vsc 2 ) (10)

vsa vsb vsc
xpa = , xpb = , xpc = (11)
Vt Vt Vt

ea (n) = ILa (n)) − xpa (n) ∗ Wpa (n) (12)

eb (n) = Iba (n)) − xpb (n) ∗ Wpb (n ) (13)

ec (n) = ILa (n)) − xpc (n) ∗ Wpc (n) (14)

Wc (n + 1)Wc (n) + K p {Vdcn (n + 1) − Vdcn (n) + K i Vdcn (n + 1) (15)

Vdcn (n) = Vdc ∗ (n) − Vdc (n) (16)

2Ppv (n)
Wpv (n) = (17)
3Vt

5
Wpa (n + 1) = Wpa (n) + µn xpa (n) ∗ (ea (n)) (18)
5
Wpb (n + 1) = Wpb (n) + µn xpb (n) ∗ (e𝑏 (𝑛)) (19)

Wpc (n + 1) = Wpc (n) + µn xpc (n) ∗ (ec (n)) 5 (20)

Wg = 1⁄3 (Wpa + Wpb + Wpc ) (21)

Wsp = Wg + Wc − Wpv (22)

isa ∗ = Wsp ∗ xpa (23)

isb ∗ = Wsp ∗ xpb (24)

isc ∗ = Wsp ∗ xpc (25)

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

During normal operation, the solar irradiation level has been kept at 1000 W/m2 and the temperature is
kept at 25 ° C. The system remains stable during the operation shown in Figure 2 (a). Table 2 shows that the
THD under normal operation is found satisfactory and conform to IEEE-519 standards. The solar insolation has
been changed from 1000 W/m2 to 600 W/m2 at .03 second. However, the system remains stable during the
condition. Figure 2 (b) shows the AC and DC waveforms under varying insolation conditions. Figure 2 (c)
shows the waveforms when phase ‘a’ is disengaged through breaker for a time period from 0.03 second to
0.06 second. During the unbalancing load period, the grid current rises, and the compensating current goes a
little bit down, but the active power transmission from PV array to the grid remains stable. The DC link
voltage remains constant during the operation. The waveforms of average weight component (𝑾𝒈 ),
fundamental weight component of phase ‘a’(𝑾𝒑𝒂 ), total weight component (𝑾𝒔𝒑 ) and the feed-forward term
(𝑾𝒑𝒗 ) under unbalancing can be seen in Figure 2 (d).

Least mean sixth control approach for three-phase three-wire grid-integrated PV system (Touheed Khan)
2136  ISSN: 2088-8694

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 2. These figures are, (a) the system remains stable during the operation, (b) AC and DC waveforms under
varying insolation conditions, (c) the waveforms a time period from 0.03 to 0.06 second, (d) the waveforms of
average weight component under unbalancing

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2137

Table 2. The THD under normal operation

signal Amplitude THD
Grid voltage (𝑣𝑠𝑎 ) 339.6 V 1.12%
Grid current (𝑖𝑠𝑎 ) 32.11% 3.16%
Load current (𝑖𝐿𝑎 ) 11.25 A 28.61%

5. COMPARITIVE STUDY
The comparison made on the basis of the three main factors which are accuracy of extraction, signal
oscillation and settling time. It is observed from the Figure 3 that the value of weight component (𝑊𝑔 )
extracted from the least mean sixth is more accurate in comparison to least mean fourth (LMF) control
algorithm. In addition, oscillation in 𝑊𝑔 with least mean sixth is less when comparing it with the LMF
control. Moreover, the settling time for the proposed control algorithm is less as compared to LMF control.
The values of MSE and THD have been calculated under similar steady state condition. The MSE values for
LMF and Least Mean Sixth cotrol are 24.9 and 17.7 respectively which means that the static error with the
proposed new control approach is less than the LMF algorithm. Also, THD in grid currents are 4.47% and
3.16% respectively. Table 3 displays the comparative study between LMF control and proposed adaptive
control.

Table 3. The comparative study between LMF

control and proposed adaptive control
Parameter Least Mean Proposed Control
Fourth Control (least mean sixth)
Filter Adaptive type Adaptive type
Complexity Lesser Lesser
Degree of 4𝑡ℎ order 6𝑡ℎ order
optimization
Accuracy good Better
Static error more low
MSE 24.9 17.7
Sampling time 1𝜇𝑠 1𝜇𝑠
Settling time .08sec .06sec
THD 4.47% 3.16%
Figure 3. The value of weight component (W_g) Oscillations less less
extracted from the least mean sixth and least mean fourth
(LMF) control algorithm

6. CONCLUSION
The proposed system has been modeled for 21 KW PV power and 5.8 KW load. The system
performance with the least mean sixth control algorithm and incremental conductance technique of MPPT
has been used on MATLAB/Simulink. The novel control algorithm ensures rapid response to disturbances
and fast convergence rate owing to the error increased to the fifth power. As a result, the bigger correction
step has taken for larger errors. Moreover, the proposed system reduces the THD in grid currents and
conforms to the IEEE-519 standard.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Touheed Khan has completed his Bachelor degree (Electrical Engg.) with honours from Dr. A P J
Abdul Kalam Technical University Lucknow, India & M. Tech degree with honours from Integral
University Lucknow, India in the year 2016 and 2020 respectively. His research area includes Control
system and Renewable Energy. He has published many research papers in national and international
journals. He is currently working as a Laboratory Instructor in Electrical Engineering Department,
Integral University, Lucknow, India.

Mohammed Asim is currently working as a Assistant Professor at Integral University, Lucknow

since 2013. He has got more than 10 years of teaching experience. He has completed his B.Tech and
M.Tech from Aligarh Muslim University in the year 2007 and 2009 respectively. Later on he has
done his PHD from Integral University Lucknow in the year 2017.His research area include Power
Electronics and Renewable Energy. He has got a patent and number of research paper. He is currently
working on a project titled “An efficient Solar PV based hybrid multi output converter for standalone
application” sponsored by National Project Implementation Unit. He has received best paper award in
two International Conference SIGMA and ICRP in the year 2018 and 2020 respectively.

Mohammad Saood Manzar, He is a lecturer in Environmental Engineering Department of Imam

Abdurrahman Bin Faisal, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia since 2014. Previously, he served as
an Assistant Professor for about 3-years in SRM University, Ghaziabad (India). He has over 19
research publications, and more than 5 presentations and invited talks in conferences and seminars.
He has hands on a number of areas and instruments like high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). I am actively involved in different wastewater
treatment projects of Environmental Engineering Department such as synthesis, characterization of
different kinds of waste, polyamine resin composites, modified bentonite, modified graphene, layered
double hydroxides composites, and their application in waste water treatment.

Md. Ibrahim is currently working as a lecturer at the University polytechnic Integral University
Lucknow, India. He completed his bachelor & master degree in Electrical Engineering from Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He completed his PhD in 2020 from Integral University Lcknow,
India. His research area includes solar photovoltaic systems, Control system, Micro-grid and
Renewable Energy. He has published many research papers in National and International Journals.

Shaikh Sadaf Afzal Ahmed My aim is to develop myself as a successful person personally and
professionally giving my best towards the organization. I have done Bachelors in Computer Science
from University of Mumbai in 2016. Previously, I served as an Assistant Professor for about 2-years
in A.E. kalsekar degree college (India) and taught courses related to Computer Engineering
(undergraduate Level). I have published two papers in International and National Journal.

Least mean sixth control approach for three-phase three-wire grid-integrated PV system (Touheed Khan)