I. C.

ENGINES
C-7
Part - I
I. C. ENGINES

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 I. C. ENGINES
Input Output
Heat Engine
Heat Energy Mech. Work

ICE ECE

Rotary Reciprocating Reciprocating Rotary

Gas Turbine 2S / 4 S Steam Steam

Engine Turbine
Wankle Engine SI / CI

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 01 02 03 08

MOPED SCOOTER SCOOTY MOTARCYCLE PASSENGER BUS

04 05 06 07 09

3 WHEELER AUTO CAR JEEP TRACTOR TRUCK

10 DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE 12 STEAM ENGINE 13

FERRARI – F1
ARJUN TANK 11
 SHIP 14 AEROPLANE 15 JET PLANE 16
MODERN PROPELLER TYPE 2 - ENGINE

17 JET PLANE 18 SHIP THERMAL 19

4 - ENGINE TITANIC POWER PLANT
 ICE VS ECE
ICE ECE
Internal Combustion External Combustion
Engines Engines

p p

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 ICE VS ECE COMPARISION OF ICE & ECE

Sl Features ICE ECE

Working
1. Gas Steam
medium

p p

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 ICE VS ECE COMPARISION OF ICE & ECE

Sl Features ICE ECE

Energy CE HE
2. CE HE ME
conversion HE ME

p p

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 ICE VS ECE COMPARISION OF ICE & ECE

Sl Features ICE ECE

3. Efficiency High Low

p p

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 ICE VS ECE COMPARISION OF ICE & ECE

Sl Features ICE ECE

4. Starting Instantaneous 6 – 8 hrs.

p p

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 ICE VS ECE COMPARISION OF ICE & ECE

Sl Features ICE ECE

5. Fuel High Grade Low Grade

p p

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 TERMINOLOGY

Horizontal Engine Vertical Engine

IDC : Inner Dead Center TDC : Top Dead Center

ODC : Outer Dead Center BDC : Bottom Dead Center
L : Stroke Length L : Stroke Length
D : Bore Diameter D : Bore Diameter

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 TERMINOLOGY

TDC TDC TDC TDC

BDC BDC BDC BDC

D

 Vmax = VC + VS

 Vmin = VC (Clearance volume)

 VS (Swept Volume)

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

TERMINOLOGY

 2
VS : Swept Volume = D L
4
VC : Clearance Volume
V : Total Volume = VS + VC

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 TERMINOLOGY

COMPRESSION RATIO ( rc )

volume before comp.

rc 
volume after comp.
V V  VC
 max  S
Vmin VC

rc  1
VS
 2
VC VS : Swept Volume = D L
4
VC : Clearance Volume
V : Total Volume = VS + VC

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 TERMINOLOGY

Compression Ratio is
very very important
factor in ICE.
 T = f ( rc )
Infact , rc  T   2
VS : Swept Volume = D L
4
VC : Clearance Volume
V : Total Volume = VS + VC

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 TERMINOLOGY

HERO HONDA CD 100

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 TERMINOLOGY

YAMAHA RX 100

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 TERMINOLOGY

PULSAR DTSI 150

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 TERMINOLOGY

BULLET 500 BS6

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 TERMINOLOGY

MARUTI SUZUKI 800

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 TERMINOLOGY

MARUTI SUZUKI ALTO 800

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 TERMINOLOGY

L=2r
L = Stroke Length
r = Crank Radius

VP = 2LN
VP = Piston speed (m/min)
L = Stroke Length (m)
N = rpm

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

I. C. Engines are classified on the following basis

1. Thermodynamic cycle : Otto / Diesel / Dual

2. Strokes : 2 stroke / 4 stroke
3. Ignition : SI / CI
4. Charging (Air Intake) : Naturally / Forced
5. Governing : Quantity / Quality / Hit & Miss
6. Cooling : Air / Water

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

COMMON COMPONENTS
1. Cylinder / Cylinder Block & Cylinder Head
2. Piston & Piston Rings
3. Connecting Rod
4. Crank and Crank shaft
5. Fly wheel

N.B.: Other component will depend upon the

engine type whether engine is
• 2 stroke / 4 stroke
• Petrol / Diesel

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

CYLINDER

Main body of ICE, in

which piston recipro-
cates to develop power.
In water cooled engines
water jacket is cast
around it, where as in
Air cooled engines
external surface is
provided with fins.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

CYLINDER

Main body of ICE, in

which piston recipro-
cates to develop power.
In water cooled engines
water jacket is cast
around it, where as in
Air cooled engines
external surface is
provided with fins.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
CYLINDER HEAD
It closes one end of the cylinder. It has
got place to fit Inlet & Exhaust valve in
to it along with other parts such as
Spark plug / Injector.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
PISTON
Cylindrical shaped mass
(Generally Hollow) which
reciprocates in the
cylinder, and transmits
the pressure forces in the
combustion chamber to
the rotating crank shaft,
through connecting rod &
crank mechanism.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS PISTON RING

Both type of rings are fitted in

the Circumferential grooves
provided on the external
surface of the piston.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

PISTON RING ASSEMBLY

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS CONNECTING ROD
Function of the connecting rod is to convert
Reciprocating motion of Piston in to Rotary
motion of Crank shaft.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS CONNECTING ROD

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
CRANK SHAFT
At Crank shaft output power is available in the
form of brake power. It is supported on bearings.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
CRANK SHAFT
Crank shaft is called Back bone of the engine.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
CRANK SHAFT

1. Piston 2. Connecting Rod

3. Flywheel 4. Crank Web

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS CRANK SHAFT

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE

WORKING (OR WORKING CYCLE)

of

4-Stroke Petrol Engine

4-Stroke Diesel Engine
2-Stroke Petrol Engine
2-Stroke Diesel Engine

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE
WORKING (OR WORKING CYCLE)

I. C. Engine
Aim To Deliver Power or work

To deliver power (or work) it has to follow a

thermodynamic cycle (or working cycle)

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE
WORKING (OR WORKING CYCLE)
Thermodynamic cycle of any ICE
OTTO / Diesel / Dual consists of following
Processes, necessarily in the following order.

1. Suction : -w
2. Compression : -w
3. Power or Expansion : +w
4. Exhaust : -w

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE – 4 STROKE

4 STROKE / 2 STROKE

4-STROKE ENGINE

“If Engine completes its working cycle means all

4 processes ( S + C + P + E ) in 4 strokes of
Piston, then it is called 4 stroke engine”.

Working cycle is completed in 4-stroke of piston /

2 revolution of crank shaft / 720o of crank
rotation.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE – 4 STROKE
4 STROKE / 2 STROKE

2-STROKE ENGINE

“If Engine completes its working cycle means all 4

processes ( S + C + P + E ) in 2 strokes of Piston,
then it is 2 stroke engine”.

Working cycle is completed in 2-strokes of piston /

1 revolution of crank shaft / 360o of crank rotation.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE – 4 STROKE PETROL

Suction Compression Power Exhaust

SVO, EVC SVC, EVC SVC, EVC SVC, EVO
TDCBDC BDCTDC TDCBDC BDCTDC

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE – 4 STROKE PETROL

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE – 4 STROKE PETROL
1. Suction
SVO, EVC
TDCBDC

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE – 4 STROKE PETROL
2. Compression
SVC, EVC
BDCTDC

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE – 4 STROKE PETROL
3. Power
SVC, EVC
TDCBDC

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE – 4 STROKE PETROL
4. Exhaust
SVC, EVO
BDCTDC

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 FLYWHEEL
FLYWHEEL

In ICE, during power stroke work/Power is

obtained and is stored in flywheel due to its
inertia & when power is needed for output
work and suction, compression and exhaust
stroke it is supplied back from flywheel to
engine.

“Energy bank of the Engine”

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 FLYWHEEL FLYWHEEL

Here comes the role of

K H S  Kick / Handle / Self
Initially when engine is started from
cold we have to supply energy externally to
carry out the suction and compression first
time. After that when power stroke occurs,
power is stored in fly wheel and next time
when power is needed for suction &
compression it is supplied by flywheel.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE – 4 STROKE DIESEL

COMPONENT – DIFFERENCE

PETROL / DIESEL
Before trying to understand the working principle of
a 4 stork diesel engine we should understand the
component difference in their two.

Petrol E Diesel E
Carburetor Fuel pump
Spark Plug Injector

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE – 4 STROKE DIESEL

PETROL / DIESEL

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE – 4 STROKE DIESEL

PETROL

rc is (6 to 12)
Limited due to risk of
Pre-ignition or Detonation

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE – 4 STROKE DIESEL

DIESEL

rc is (16 to 24)
Limited due to Thermal
loading or Mechanical
Strength criteria.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING CYCLE – 4 STROKE DIESEL

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING MEDIUM
WORKING MEDIUM

Process SIE CIE

Suction Air + Petrol Air
Compression Air + Petrol Air
Combustion Combustion
Expansion
Products Products

Combustion Combustion
Exhaust
Products Products

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 VALVE & VALVE MECHANISM

CONSTRUCTIONAL DIFFERENCE
4 STROKE / 2 STROKE
In 4 Stroke Engines

Valves Inlet & Outlet

(Suction) (Exhaust)

To OPERATE valves we need a

Valve Mechanism

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 VALVE & VALVE MECHANISM
OPERATE : ?

Means to open & close the inlet and exhaust

valves at proper time we need a mechanism.
We know engine power obtained
during power stroke is available at engine
crank shaft. A part of this power is
transmitted back through valve mechanism
to operate valves.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 VALVE & VALVE MECHANISM

OPERATE : ?

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 PUSH ROD SYSTEM
POWER TRANSMISSION FROM SHAFT TO VALVES

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 PUSH ROD SYSTEM
POWER TRANSMISSION FROM SHAFT TO VALVES

Crank Crank Crank

Shaft Shaft Gear Shaft

Follower Cam Cam-Shaft

Rocker
Push-Rods Tappets
Arm

Valves Springs

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 I. C. ENGINES

4 STROKE – S.I.E. 4 STROKE – S.I.E. 4 STROKE – S.I.E. 4 STROKE – S.I.E.

SUCTION COMPRESSION POWER EXHAUST

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 I. C. ENGINES 4 STROKE – S.I.E.
SUCTION

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

I. C. ENGINES 4 STROKE – S.I.E.
COMPRESSION

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 I. C. ENGINES 4 STROKE – S.I.E.
POWER

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

I. C. ENGINES 4 STROKE – S.I.E.
EXHAUST

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 VTD
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM (VTD)

VTD is a diagram representing the

timing of opening & closing of valves
along with timing of ignition or
injection.
VTD is noted before any major repair
or over hauling so that valves can be
reset to original timing.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 VTD IDEAL or HYPOTHETICAL V.T.D. (SI Engine)

IVO : Inlet Valve Opens

IVC : Inlet Valve Closes
EVO : Exhaust Valve Opens
EVC : Exhaust Valve Closes
IGN : Ignition of Charge

S : Suction
C : Compression
P : Power
E : Exhaust

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 VTD ACTUAL Valve Timing : 4S Petrol Engine (4S – SIE)

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 VTD SUCTION VALVE

Theoretical Actual
TDC TDC
IVO

IVO 1

S S

IVC 2

IVC
BDC BDC

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 VTD COMPRESSION / IGNITION

Theoretical Actual
TDC TDC
IGN

IGN 3

C C

BDC BDC

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 VTD EXHAUST VALVE

Theoretical Actual
TDC TDC
EVC

5
EVC

E E

EVO 4

EVO
BDC BDC

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 VTD
Valve Timing : 4S Petrol Engine (4S – SIE)

TDC BDC
DESCRIPTION
Before After Before After

1. Suction valve opens 1   

2. Suction valve closes    2
3. Spark plug Ignites 3   
4. Exhaust valve opens   4 
5. Exhaust valve closes  5  

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 VTD Valve Timing : 4S Diesel Engine

FIS : Fuel Injection Starts

FIS : Fuel Injection Completed

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 2 STROKE CYCLE
CONSTRUCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

4 STROKE / 2 STROKE
In 2 Stroke Engines, Valves are replaced by ports

Replaced
Valves Ports

To Operate

Valve No
Mechanism Mechanism
Is needed is needed

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 2 STROKE CYCLE

CONSTRUCTIONAL DIFFERENCE

Ports : ?
Ports are simple Openings provided in
cylinder which are supposed to open or
closed by relative position of piston in
cylinder.

Ports : Exhaust , Transfer , Inlet

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 COMPONENT DIFFERENCE : SIE & CIE
COMPONENTS : 4S - PETROL / DIESEL

Sl 4 Stroke Petrol 4 Stroke Diesel

1. Cylinder / Cylinder Block Cylinder / Cylinder Block
2. Piston & Piston Rings Piston & Piston Rings
3. Connecting Rod Connecting Rod
4. Crank & Crank Shaft Crank & Crank Shaft
5. Flywheel Flywheel
Valves Valves
6.
(Suction & Exhaust) (Suction & Exhaust)
7. Valve Mechanism Valve Mechanism
8. Carburetor Fuel pump
9. Spark Plug Injector

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 COMPONENT DIFFERENCE : SIE & CIE

COMPONENTS : 2S - PETROL / DIESEL

Sl 2 Stroke Petrol 2 Stroke Diesel

1. Cylinder / Cylinder Block Cylinder / Cylinder Block
2. Piston & Piston Rings Piston & Piston Rings
3. Connecting Rod Connecting Rod
4. Crank & Crank Shaft Crank & Crank Shaft
5. Flywheel Flywheel
Ports Ports
6.
(Inlet, Exhaust & Transfer) (Inlet, Exhaust & Transfer)
7.
8. Carburetor Fuel pump
9. Spark Plug Injector

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING

In one stroke (upwards)

Suction & compression
In Second stroke
Expansion & Exhaust

1 : Suction (Charging)
2 : Compression
3 : Power or Expansion
4 : Exhaust

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING

TDC : Top Dead Center

BDC : Bottom Dead Center
IPO : Inlet Port Opens
IPC : Inlet Port Closes
EPO : Exhaust Port Opens
EPC : Exhaust Port Closes
TPO : Transfer Port Opens
TPC : Transfer Port Closes
IGN : Spark Plug Ignites

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 WORKING

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 2 STROKE CYCLE WORKING

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 I. C. ENGINES
COMPARISION : 4 STROKE & 2 STROKE

Sl Features 4-Stroke 2-Stroke

1. Working Cycle P/4, CS/2, Cr/720 P/2, CS/1, Cr/360
2. Constructional changes Valves Ports
3. Design Complex Simple
4. Fly wheel Heavy Light
5. Floor Space More Less
6. Starting Difficult Easy
7. Compression ratio More Less
8. Thermal efficiency More Less

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 I. C. ENGINES
COMPARISION : 4 STROKE & 2 STROKE

Sl Features 4-Stroke 2-Stroke

9 Fuel consumption Less More
10 Pollution Less More
Initial Cost More Less
11 Running Cost Less More
Maintenance Cost More Less

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 I. C. ENGINES
SI (PETROL) / CI (DIESEL)

Sl Features S.I.E. C.I.E.

1. Basic cycle Otto Diesel/ Dual
2. Compression ratio Low High
3. Thermal Efficiency Low High
4. Ignition Spark Compression
5. Fuel Used Light Oil Heavy Oil
6. Fly wheel Light Heavy
7. Vibration & Noise Low High
8. Speed High Low

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj