SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE Introduction Tt is known that the eleetrie supply used now-a-days for commereial as well as domes purpose, is of alternating type. Any machine (D.C. or A.C.) are classified as generaton motors. : gly ‘The machines generating A.C. e.m.f. are called alternators or synchronous generat Machines operated on A.C. supply to produce mechanical output are called synchrono, motor. Both machines work at a constant speed called synchronous speed and hence machine is called synchronous machine. a Construction of Alternator Alternator consists of two main parts: the stator and rotor. The stator is the stationary part of the machine which carries the armature winding in which the voltage is generated. The rotor is the rotating part of the machine which carries the field winding in which the main field flux is produced. Stator Armafife slot Stator frame Stator core Fig. 8.1. Stator Stator is the stationary armature. This consists of frame, stator core, stator winding and cooling arrangement. The frame is made of cast iron for small machines and welded steel type for large size machines. The stator core uses a laminated construction. The Jaminated construction is basically to keep down eddy current losses. A 3 phase winding is put in the slots cut on the inner periphery of the stator. The winding is star connected. The winding of each phase is distributed over several slots. When current flows in this winding, it produces e.m.f. Rotor : There are two types of rotors used in synchronous machine : 1. Salient pole type 2, Cylindrical typeEs SN ree eee reece _earnons Macine i salient Pole Type : This is also he d out from the surface of the rotor, The ne poles are bolted to rotor. The field wi Moneentrated winding on the d projected pole type as all the poles are he poles are built up of thick steel laminations. inding is provided on the pole shoe. These rotors Poles, Damper bars are usually inserted in the pole faces hav ‘lati : 9 dam | a et oselltions during sudden change in load condition. This rotor has ange do ort axial length. This rotor is used for low speed like @ pydro-alternator. = Pole face Seep 4 Aa Field winding Salient pole sd 0° Damper bars. s A o oO >8E Bolt 2 10, Ooo Fig. 8.2 2. Cylindrical Rotor : This is also called non-salient type or non-projected pole type of rotor. The rotor consists of smooth solid steel cylinder, having a number of slots to accommodate the field coil. Rotor is made of high grade nickel-chrome-molybdenum steel. The D.C. field windings are accommodated in these slots. The winding is of distributed type. A cylindrical rotor has a small diameter and long axial length. This rotor is used for high speed as turbo alternators. _ Working Principle of Alternator : Alternator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When there isa Fig. 8.3 relative motion between the conductors and the flux, e.m-f. gets induced in the conductors. D.C. generator also works on the same principle but difference | isinalternator, the armature conductors are stationary and field is rotating. E.M.F. equation of an alternator + | Let @ = flux per pole in Wb P =Total no. of poles Zp =Total no. of conductors Tp =Total no. of coils n= Speed of rotation of rotor in r.p.s. (revolution per second) f = Frequency in Hz. Since the flux per pole is 4, each stator conductor cuts a flux = Po The average value of generated voltage per conductor‘iis Electrical Technology and p Flux cut, per revolution in Wh “ taken for one revolution in ¢ lectroy We know that PN, 120 Pn =2f Enyg (conductor = 2fo Since there are Zp conductors in series per phase, so Enuglphase = 2fo x Zp Zp =p Exgy (phase = 2/6 x 21'p = 4/0Tp a # r.m.s. value _ K, Form factor = — average value For sinusoidal voltage K,=141 Epins, = Ky X Eqyglconductor = 4/0 Tp x 1.11=4.44/6Tp Ep =4.44f Tp Condition for Parallel Operation of Alternator : Most of the synchronox machines operate in parallel with other synchronous machines. For this, the followin conditions should be satisfied : 1, The phase sequence of busbar voltages and the incoming machine voltage must t One turn has two sides. So the same. 2. The busbar voltage and the incoming machine terminal voltage must be in phase 3. The frequency of the busbar voltage and the incoming machine voltage frequenc should be equal. Synchronous Motor Working Principle of Synchronous Motor : Consider the 2-pole synchronou motor shown in Fig. 8.4. D.C, Supply S-phase A.C. Supply Fig. 8.4r pronous Machine s-phase A.C. supply is appli when a S-phase / Ply is applied to th duced in the air gap. The stator field rae ise to the rotor winding, ied 8: 129 ator winding, a rotating magnetic field s at synchronous speed. D.C. supply is ata, 5 peed. D.C, supply apled ds are present in the mactac ae, maenetic field produced. ‘Therefore two ree eee Pal end oe chine. Te stator fields rotating, the rotor magnetic fed om torque, the two fields ‘ate with the rotating field of the stator, To develop 2 contin 048 must be stationary with respect to each other. This is "ble only when the rotor also rotates at synch 7 ‘onou r oady tespeed: So the synchronous motor does not start, is speed but rotor rotates at steady ‘The basic principle of synchronous motor operation is that the rotor “Chases” the stator magnetic field. Ccaaraneaten tear of Synchronous Motor : The synchronous motor construction is basically similar to rotating field type alternator. It consists of two parts : (i) Stator : Consisting of a three phase star or delta connected winding. This is excited pyathree phase A.C. supply. ii) Rotor : Rotor is a field winding, the construction of which can be salient or non-salient type. The field winding is excited by a separate D.C. supply through slip rings. yector Diagram of Synchronous Motor First of all consider a single phase synchronous motor because it is easy in use but this principle is applicable to 3-phase synchronous motor. Here the effect of armature reaction is neglected as shown in Fig. Let V = applied voltage Ey = Induced back e.m.f. Let us suppose two voltages are equal and Ey is lagging v by (180° — 6) angle. The resultant of these two vector quantities is Z,. As applied V is leading by 90°. The synchronous impedance Z of armature of synchronous motor and have resistance R and synchronous reactance E, and J angle Fig. 8.5. tana =% nOeR a =tont EB, =IZ Z=\(R? +X") E | Current Tax) | Fig. 8.5 shows the zero load condition of synchronous motor. In this current Jis leading the applied voltage. In Fig. 8.6 current (1) applied voltage is in phase.ee 130 In Fig. 8.7 current (J) applied voltage is lagging. Electrical Technology and Ete, Onicg Fig. 8.6 Fig. 8.7 V-Curve : We have seen that the power factor of a synchronous motor can be controlled by variation of field current J;. It has also been observed that the armature current J changes with the change in field current Tp. bs Let us assume that the motor is operating at no load. If the field current is increased from this small value, the armature current J, decreases until the armature current, minimum. At this minimum armature current the motor is operating at unity power factor. Upto this point the motor was operating at a lagging power factor. If the field current is increased further, the armature current is increased again as the motor starts to 1 Leading power factor region Lagging PF region , f Full load a A 2 “ E i of ef | srvvrtnie 30 Field current, |; —> Fig. 8.8 V-curves of a synchronous motor.rr Frere nor eet nous Machine yon . 131 SF goat a leading power factor, Ifa eutve is obtained as shown in Pig eh is plotted between J and J; at no load, the ne shape of these cury ove the shape ¢ 818 “VW” letter, Theso cur pq aynetironous motor, Those cury fas 7 nchronous Condensor '$ are commonly known as V-curves » moto ; When the mo! B unity. tha:D.G! excitution ia cai A recitation causes the motor to oper the D.C. excitation is said to be normal. owre rate at a leading power factor. Under-excitation operate at a lagging powe rading power factor. Under-cx ae i a tie it iy fe Hi er factor, When the synchronous motor is operated at noload a ie ee a it takes a current that leads the voltage by nearly 90°. In this yayit behaves AK pacitor and under such operating condition, the synchronous motor ‘ a nehronous capaci ig called c ‘ous capacitor. It is also known as synchronous compensator or “nehronous phase modifier, applications of Synchronous Motor 1, Itis used for constant speed, It is used in v: compres: Able speed applications such as high power and high speed sors, blowers, induced and forced draft fans. sed in power transmi 3. Itis ion system to regulate line voltages. Fill in the blanks 1. Adevice which converts an identical energy into a mechanical energy running only at synchronous speed is called .. 2, Synchronous motor works on the prineiple of ' 3. If graph of armature current drawn by the motor (J), field current J; is called winding is used to start the synchronous motor which helps to prevent hunting. 5. The synchronous motor is used as... Answers 2, magnetic locking, 3. V-curve, 4. Damper, 5. power factor 1. synchronous motor, correction device. 1. Explain the working principle of alternator. (2003) 2. Explain the construction of alternator with diagram, — (2003, 08) 3. Write the necessary condition of alternator to connect in parallel. . Derive the e.m.f. equation of alternator. . Write the application of synchronous generator, . Explain the working prineiple of synchronous moter nica) . Write the applications of synchronous motor. — ed ETT