International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2021, pp. 2451~2458

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i4.pp2451-2458  2451

Intensifications reactive power during of asymmetric network

outages in dual-stator winding generators

Qasim Al Azze, Balasim М. Hussein, Hayder Salim Hameed

Department of Electrical Power & Machine Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Diyala, Baquba, Diyala,
Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The paper proposes a protection to dual stator generator, reluctance rotor,
from asymmetrical fault. This prevents the dual stator generator, reluctance
Received Apr 8, 2021 rotor, from electrical sage through the working process in order to avoid any
Revised Sep 14, 2021 interruption in the generator-grid connection. The procedure was
Accepted Sep 21, 2021 consummated by injecting suitable reactive power during the fault period.
The proposed method makes it possible for wind turbine application via dual
stator winding generators (DSWRG) synchronous mod to stay connected to
Keywords: the grid during asymmetrical faults. It has been built according to trusted
simulating mode considering all tested parameters according to experiment
Asymmetrical fault work. The experiment, consider the DC link side stability and care about the
Brushless dual-stator winding behavior and performance of machine side parameter. As well the
reluctance generator machineability is evaluated to ride through asymmetrical fault by observing
Low voltage ride through the secondary side current which has a big role in saving grid side converter.
Stator-field oriented control The control takes a response within 200 ms after fault trigger recognition.
Wind turbine The generator's ability to dynamically remaining connected stable and
existing in the network, which is sustained a series voltage disturbance by
injecting an appropriate amount of reactive power. The main interest required
in this paper is the capability of a machine to overcome the asymmetrical
fault.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Qasim Al Azze
Department of Electrical Power and Machine Engineering
College of Engineering, University of Diyala
Baquba, Diyala, Iraq
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The impact of escalation wind farms penetrating due to the remarkable success in supporting green
clean energy during the recent years provided serious cooperation with different resources to achieve an
integrated and stable power generation system [1]-[3]. The urgent need for a reliable protection system to
protect (turbo generators) from the potential symmetrical and asymmetrical fault that occurs in the
distribution network become under the process of study and evaluations [4], [5]. That inflicts new
requirements to ensure the quality energy distribution named grid code requirements [6]. The code of the grid
states winds generator capability to promoter power system [7] thru powering auxiliary services like control
of voltage and secure, reliable, and safe operations of the power system. Power electronics are the promoting
technology still practical solutions for grid interfacing of wind turbines with the grid requirements [8]-[10].
Due to green electrical power needs worldwide, they start to build large wind power farms such as
Thant’s offshore wind turbine farms in the UK. Accordingly, all renewable energy requires to connect to the
network of the power system. Therefore, the connection between the existing wind power generators and the

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

2452  ISSN: 2088-8694

Network distribution stability becomes a concerning issue. Even that, most wind generators are suddenly
disconnected from the grid in fault situations the performance of the power system distribution becomes
unstable. That considers the greatest problem of integrating wind generators into the grid [11]. That's
enlightening on the quality of the energy correlated with the traditional wind generators, which require an
extended time to return to the previous stable performance again [12]-[14].
Then, under this case, there is an idea to compensate suitable rechargeable power for probable short-
term asymmetrical fault by adopting new system requirements [15]. The trusted MATLAB software
simulation model has been done to enable this study to take into account the grid side machine performance
and evaluate the machine's ability to ride through an asymmetrical disturbance. The observing of both side
stator windings has a major role in providing the grid side fluctuations during short term fault and evaluate
the machine behaviors through it [16].

2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The asymmetrical fault does not affect each of the three phases of primary voltages equally. This
study deals with temporary, and short-term period duration fault, not with permanent fault. The fault
commonly happens in outdoor networks, not in the underground distribution system. The wind power
generation is the most system affected by this fault which is considered less harmful than 3 phase dip voltage
or (symmetrical fault) as it is named. This study started with the case of drop voltage to zero in one of three
phases (first Phase). The same circumstance of the simulation software, control algorithm, and machine
parameters for the 2 MW machine which was involved in analyzing full drop voltage (symmetrical fault) in
BDSRG, but with symmetrical fault condition. Asymmetrical low voltage rides through confirming the
capability of the BDSRG to overcome the disturbance voltage when one phase of the 3 phases of the grid
supplies dropped down and the ability of the machine to handle the fault duration impact with adopting a
suitable amount of reactive power.
A brushless dual-stator winding reluctance generator (BDSWRG) with a silence rotor is one the
machine has inherited save mode to protect the converter from over current and voltage disturbance (save
mode) [17] as shown in Figure 1 is make this emerging machine more attractive compared with another
Brushless Dual stator induction machine (BDSIM) wounded rotor [18]. BDSWRG is free maintenance,
brushless design, higher reliability in comparison with other brush machines. Moreover, it can run in varied
modes of operation. Such as Synchronous Machine, Indication Machine, and Doubly Excited Indication
Machine. Therefore, the machine becomes very interesting for further modeling consideration. Unique and
unwound rotor structure, earn it new characteristic for the specification. The owing of low leakage
inductance comparing with other generators models, the ability to tolerate, such as induction machine (safe
mode) improves a property of this machine, to the self-protect inverter circuit. Which considers mainly
significant benefits that can be derived from this machine [19].

----Direct indirect
Magnetic Magnetic Coupling
Coupling
X by Rotor

U1 U2

V1 Wr
V2

W1 W2

Starting Winding Set 1 Various Rotor Starting Winding Set 2

(PW ) (CW )
Typology
P1 Pole pairs P2 Pole pairs

Figure 1. Turn-on and turn-off of the sr switch

3. PROPOSED SOLUTION (RESEARCH METHOD)

3.1. Asymmetrical control methodology
The stator-field oriented control (SFOC) is achieved approximately decouple Active Power and
Reactive Power as well special trend to design PI regulators. Active power can be directed by control
winding (CW) as the first branch and q-axis current. Whereas, reactive power is directed by d-axis

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2453

component. Cross coupling between current component (q-d component), in the outer power-speed loop, that
introduced by resistance effects of the rotor was compensated and addressed in both axis by PI regulator in
[20]. This is considering a complementary attempt to test the validity and efficiency of BDSWRG to Ride
Through asymmetric disturbance, after their marked efficiency to ride through the symmetric drop voltages
[21]. While the superiority of the control algorithm has been derived to prevent power line outage through
this short-term fault between grid-generator, by compensating suitable reactive power and dispensing the
common crowbar circuits [22]. The reactive power compensating to the grid is one of the low voltage ride-
through (LVRTH) requirements to avoid the drop-in voltage through fault occurrence [23]. Therefore, the
establishing trigger fault command estimator model for estimating reactive power should take into account
the essential dynamic model d-q equation of the excited doubly stator winding reluctance machine, Figure 2
shows control algorithm configuration as well exited trigger fault command of the machine, the following
equations are dynamic model d-q of DSWRG [24].

d ψpd
Upd = R p ipd + − ωp ψpq (1)
dt

d ψpq
Upq = R p ipq + + ωp ψpd (2)
dt

t Normal condition
t= 0 Fault condition
t
200 ms

Isd
- usd
PI
Q*
+

+
PI
- Id * Trigger Fault
Q command
Id* PI estimator
Fault Scenario
Iq* PI usq
ω* +
PI
-
+
- PI Isq
Iq*
ω

Figure 2. Configuration of control algorithm and exited trigger fault command

The reactive power loop can be identified according to the convention equation starting from the primary side
as source power:

QP = 3/2(Upq ipd − Upd ipq) (3)

Substituting (1) and (2) in (3) and solve it mathematically can gain more options to simplify.

3 dψ pq d ψpd
Q p = [(R i + + ωp ψpd ) ipd − (R
⏟ p ipd + − ωp ψpq ) ipq ] (4)
2 ⏟ p pq dt dt
Upq Upd

By taking into account steady-state case ipd =0.

3
Q p = (ωp ψpd ipd + ωp ψpq ) (5)
2

Satisfying the magnitude of the primary side ψpd = |ψp |.

Intensifications reactive power during of asymmetric network outages… (Qasim Al Azze)

2454  ISSN: 2088-8694

ψpq = 0 The reactive power will minimize requirements to be contingent only with:

3
Q p = ωp ψpd ipd (6)
2

Hence the linear relation exists between primary current iPd and reactive power; the loop of reactive power
can be drawn as:

i∗sd = ipd = PI(Q∗ − Q) (7)

when the Ipd serve as a main proportional variable in the (isd*) estimated currents equation, that estimated
(isd*), in the first stage controller. Faults give rise to unsymmetrical currents (current differ in according to
the stator field-oriented control (SFOC) hypotheses alignment λpq =0.

3Pr Lm
Te = ψpd isq (8)
2Lp

This proves of the analogy relationship between, speed and secondary current basis torque expression.

i∗sq PI (ωr∗ − ωr ) (9)

=

With the presence of secondary side machine currents isd, isq and the reference current which derived
in the circumstances of a fault condition in (7,9) the second stage of stator field-oriented control strategy will
be developed to match:
∗
𝑢𝑠𝑑 =
PI (i∗sd − isd ) (10)

∗
𝑢𝑠𝑞 =
PI (i∗sq − isq ) (11)

Actually, the inner loop (7), of flux-oriented control is quite similar to the voltage-oriented control. It is
building his performance on the amount of the reference currents isd*, isq* is obtained from the first stage and
through the unit compensation PI brought up to the appropriate voltage Usd, Usq. The Usd, Usq control voltages
were established in order to build the appropriate voltage for insulated-gate bipolar transistor inverter gates.
On the other hand, depending on secondary voltages, the PI controller in this control algorithm became one
of the rations requirements; the stator field-oriented control relied on outside loop speed indicate of axis
rotation and encoded data to be integrated with a variable speed that responds to the dynamics of rotor
generator rotation performance impact in addition to the fault challenge [25]-[27]. It produces encoder data
and isq reactive current. The active energy gained from the primary lateral device is that open-loop data can
be injected into the natural and fault control system as well. It was developed for the convenience of the
appropriate voltage input to reverse the insulated-gate bipolar transistor for the production of secondary
voltages supplied to the lateral control machine [28]. In this control algorithm, SFOC adopts a loop of speed
to reflect the impact of the performance machine as well as the challenge of failure. The evolution of the
rotary machine in torque reflects the expected action of the laboratory when the machine's rotation has
evolved in the encoded data based on the reference frame and the dynamic current that respects the torque
[29]. The active energy gained from the primary side device is that the open-loop data can be injected into the
normal and disturbance control system conditions as well [30].

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

2 MW BDSRG grid-connected supplied by 690 volts, DC voltage 1000 voltage depending on
trusted parameters illustrated in Table 1 this simulation describes the performance generator facing short term
drop or missing phase voltage for duration 200 ms the fault condition defers from the symmetrical an
approach that it occurs in one or 2 phase not in all phases.

va = 0
2π
Uc = vb = Vr cos (2πf. t − 3
) (12)
2π
{ vc = Vr cos (2πf. t + 3
)

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2455

The single-phase drop considers asymmetrical nature's fault which the grid suffers under ionizations
condition or temporary phase contact in outdoor distribution networks. The duration of the fault which was
adopted in this research is 200 ms according to the EON standard. So, it requires from trigger fault estimator
unit to provide suitable reactive power to recover fault drop voltage as illustrated in Figure 3.

Table 1. Offline parameter BDSWRG [8]

S Value Definition
fp 50 Line Frequency [Hz]
Vp 690 Grid voltage [V]
Pr 4 Rotor poles
J 3.8 Total drive shaft inertia [kgm2]
Rp 0.0375 Resistance of Primary Winding [Ω]
Rs 0.0575 Resistance of Secondary Winding [Ω]
Lp 1.17 Inductance of Primary Winding [mH]
Ls 2.89 Inductance of Secondary Winding [mH]
Lps 0.98 Mutual Inductance [mH]

Figure 3. Primary voltages and current under asymmetrical fault

The relics left by such crash appear clearly in the form of uneven sustained repels which described
the given crash as a serious fault in the primary parameters Figure 4. The system control follows the desired
currents produced from the fault trigger unit as reference currents isd* ,isq* Figure 5, satisfying from the PI
controller can be achieved the suitable reactive power to recover the fault. The currents isd tuned to zero that
decrees the repel effects which are transferred from the primary side to enable the isq to provide reactive
power to the secondary side stage during fault period (8-8.2) s, the complete action can be seen in Figure 5
showing the dq secondary current when the isq take the role of the direct current in faulty condition to the
clearance asymmetrical fault the isq declare to zero and return to follow the master control in normal
condition. One of the facts could be concluded in this study is the range of severity asymmetrical faultless
than symmetrical fault so it was easy to recover.

Figure 4. dq primary current and the period asymmetrical fault

Intensifications reactive power during of asymmetric network outages… (Qasim Al Azze)

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Figure 5. Secondary currents after compensating reactive power

5. CONCLUSION
Referring to the extracted results the investigation exceptionally demonstrates the ability of
BDSWRG to overcome asymmetric faults, especially when the case is losing one of the three phases of grid
voltage (dip voltage). Тhis difference in-phase and a drop in the voltage. Obvious deformation in the
magnetic field and voltage profile during the fault period (8-8.2) ms at the primary side of the machine which
is directly faced the drop of voltage especially in the first figures before the reactive power is pumped from
the fault and the degree of improvement has been driven by injecting the reactive power from the fault unit
in. the following figures. The results confirmed well the capability of FOC control advantages over rest
control algorithms to handle drop voltage during the short-term fault period due to the inherited decoupling
behavior of the Id-Iq currents and high performance and precision tracking of the change in the desired
voltages. The rest of the important outcome from this experimental work is confirming the validation and
capability of BDSWRG in manufacture requirements and WECS applications to ride through the
asymmetrical fault. The asymmetry of phase tolerance led to the unbalance and fluctuation in magnetic flux
and voltage could harm the machine or losing control in offshore plants. So, the adoption of the LVRT
requirement will enable the system to recover the drop-in voltage and unwanted glitches and returned the
power distribution stability without any interruption between the generators and grid.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Qasim Al Azze has obtained a Master Degree of Electrical Engineering, in 2014, in area of
Electrical Power and Control Machines Engineering from SIUE, USA. In 2005, he resived a
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Power and Machines Engineering from college of Engineering
University of Diyala, Iraq. At present, he is lecturer at Electrical Power & Machines Depart.
University of Diyala. He teachs Electrical Machines and Drives Course and its LAB, at Dep. of
Electrical Power and Machines. Previously, graduated projects in the department. His interesting
area are Power System, Power Electronics, Electrical Drives Machine, Renewable Energy, Smart
Grid, and Electric Vehicles.

Balasim M. Hussein received a PhD from Russian South State University (Russia), in 2015.
In 2008, he obtained Msc degree from University of Technology, Iraq, in Electrical Power
field. In 2004, he obtaind Bachelor of Science in Electrical Power and Machine from
Univeristy of Diyala. Presently, he is a lecturer at the Department of Electrical Power &
Machine Engineering at University of Diyala. His area of research interesting are Power
system, Power system Stability, Power Generation, power system operation and control. He
has published several research papers several journals including Science Direct,
Electromechanical Journal, Modern Problems in a Science Journal, measurement and control
journal and International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering.

Hayder Salim Hameed received his bachelor’s degree from Diyala University, College of
Engineering, Department of Power and Electrical Machines Engineering in 2002, and he obtained
a master’s degree from the University of Baghdad in Electrical Engineering / Power and
Electrical Machines in 2014. Currently he is a lecturer in the Department of Power and Electrical
Machines Engineering, with practical experience in the field of electrical engineering. His
research interests focus on electrical power systems, electrical machines and their control, power
electronics and their control through FPGAs. (Email: [email protected])

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2021 : 2451 – 2458