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THE HEALTHY MIND
In The Healthy Mind, Dr. Henry M. Vyner presents the findings of twenty-seven
years of research spent interviewing Tibetan lamas about their experiences of
the mind. The interviews have generated a science of stream of consciousness
that demonstrates that the healthy human mind is the egoless mind, given the
paradox that the egoless mind has an ego. Vyner presents this science and also
shows his readers how to cultivate a healthy mind. The Healthy Mind features
extensive interview excerpts, theoretical maps of the egoless and egocentric mind,
discussions of the history of science, and thought experiments that unpack the
implications of his findings. This is a useful book for all those interested in the
dialogue between Buddhism and psychology and in understanding the nature
of the healthy mind.
Henry M. Vyner
First published 2019
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 Taylor & Francis
The right of Henry M. Vyner to be identified as author of this work has
been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Vyner, Henry M., author.
Title: The healthy mind : mindfulness, the true self, and the stream of
consciousness / Henry M. Vyner.
Description: New York, NY : Routledge is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa Business, [2019] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018009364 (print) | LCCN 2018026501 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781315122649 (eBook) | ISBN 9781138564831 (hbk) |
ISBN 9781138564848 (pbk) | ISBN 9781315122649 (pbk)
Subjects: LCSH: Buddhism—Psychology. | Awareness—Religious aspects—
Buddhism. | Consciousness—Religious aspects—Buddhism. | Mindfulness
(Psychology) | Mental health—Religious aspects—Buddhism.
Classification: LCC BQ4570.P76 (ebook) | LCC BQ4570.P76 V96 2018 (print) |
DDC 294.301/9—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018009364
ISBN: 978-1-138-56483-1 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-56484-8 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-12264-9 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
PART I
Introduction 1
PART II
Science of the Stream of Consciousness 55
PART III
The Egocentric Mind 135
PART IV
The Egoless Mind 207
Index 298
PREFACE
of consciousness to run free and naturally transform itself into the goodness and
self-realization of the egoless mind.
The import of this discovery is that it defines the difference between the
egoless mind and the egocentric mind, which causes itself to be unhappy,
inauthentic and unhealthy by controlling its stream of consciousness.
DzogChen figured out that when you learn how to let your stream of
consciousness run free and remain in its natural state, your thoughts and emotions
will spontaneously dissolve and transform themselves into moments of the nondual
joy, goodness and self-realization of the enlightened mind, a mind that has no
ego. This phenomenon is called self-liberation in DzogChen.
Here’s an evocative and beautiful passage from a commentary by the twentieth-
century DzogChen lama, the late Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, in which he captures
the essence of this view of the naturally enlightened mind:
The wind blows through the sky and flies over continents without
settling anywhere. It traverses space and leaves no trace.
Thus should thoughts pass through our mind. In the natural mind,
thoughts are freed by themselves, like the wind.
mind. Nor did I realize that stumbling upon and discovering the virtues of the
unfettered stream of consciousness would lead me to do more than twenty years
of scientific research with Tibetan lamas that would generate a body of data that
could one day change our notions of the nature of the healthy mind. But all
of these things have happened.
At the time, I was just trying to be real and find an alternative to the egocentric
conformism in which we are all brought up. As I began to let my own stream
of consciousness run free, I realized right away that something worthwhile was
going on. I always felt more at peace and more authentic whenever I did this
thing that I was doing with my mind.
Being the son of an academic psychiatrist in a family in which we discussed
Freud over the dinner table, I decided to try and understand what it was I was
doing with my mind, and what it all meant. I wanted to figure out how to
make the positive states of mind that I was experiencing last, and although I
didn’t have the words to say it at the time, I also wanted to live a life of self-
realization. I wanted to be my genuine self, and I wanted to live amongst people
who were also being their true selves. This was the beginning of my research
on the nature of the healthy mind.
I began making systematic observations of the things that I was seeing in my
stream of consciousness right then and there as a kid. I also began to derive,
from those observations, a small body of theory, and then I used that theory to
guide my meditation.
One of my first theoretical ideas, which came early, was that it is important
to let the stream of consciousness run free and remain in its natural state. At
the time, I thought that this meant not repressing any of my emotions and
thoughts, and later on I would learn that this also meant not holding on to or
believing them either.
By the age of twenty, I realized that what I was actually doing was pursuing the
cultivation of an egoless mind. I can still see in my mind today the exact moment
in college when I first had that realization. I didn’t entirely understand it at the time,
but I was beginning to see that allowing the stream of consciousness to run free is
really the essence of cultivating an egoless mind. They are one and the same thing.
In medical school, that epiphany gelled into the conviction that I wanted to
practice a psychiatry centered on the healthy mind. It began to seem to me that
the goal of therapy should be to restore a person to a healthy state of mind. I
also began to wonder if it might be possible to prevent mental illness and perhaps
even create a healthier society by cultivating healthy minds.
Then, to my genuine astonishment, I found that no one was interested in,
much less doing, research on either the healthy mind or the stream of
consciousness! It actually took me another decade and a half to find other
scientists with whom I could collaborate on this line of work.
I couldn’t find anyone right away because no one in the behaviorist department
of psychology in which I studied as an undergraduate was studying the mind
xii Preface
or the stream of consciousness, much less the healthy mind. Nor was there
anyone studying the healthy mind or the stream of consciousness in the Freudian
department of psychiatry in which I later trained.
Nonetheless, I continued to hold dear the conviction that my life’s work was
the pursuit of the healthy mind, and I continued to pursue this work on my
own time. While I was looking for a way to do research on the healthy mind,
I went on to also get a degree in cultural anthropology, and then I did a body
of research on the psychological effects of ionizing radiation at the Radiation
Research Institute in Berkeley.1,2,3
In the fall of 1990, I finally found a group of scientists with whom I
could collaborate and do research on the healthy mind. Not only were they
studying the same group of phenomena that I had been investigating—the
phenomena that appear in the stream of consciousness—but they had also
come to several of the same theoretical conclusions about the nature of the
healthy mind.
These scientists had developed a systematic science of the stream of conscious-
ness, and they also understood the import of letting the stream of consciousness
run free. They had described the processes by which the mind becomes healthy
when you let the stream of consciousness run free, and the processes by which
the mind becomes unhealthy when the ego does not allow the stream of con-
sciousness to run free.
I found these scientists when I stumbled upon and read a book called Buddha
Mind, which is an anthology of writings by the fourteenth-century Tibetan lama
I mentioned earlier, Longchenpa.
As I read Buddha Mind, it became apparent right away that Longchenpa was
describing many of the same phenomena and states of mind that I myself had
observed and found crucial to understanding what I thought might be a healthy
mind. Not only that, Longchenpa seemed to have developed precise theories of
the nature of the healthy and unhealthy mind that were similar to my own theories.
Most of all, he seemed to know much more about the healthy mind than I did.
I then learned that Longchenpa had long been, and continues to be, a seminal
figure in one of the four principal schools of contemporary Tibetan Buddhism:
the Nyingma school. Nyingma means the “ancient ones” in Tibetan.
This turned out to mean that Longchenpa’s observations and theories of the
healthy mind were, and still are, common knowledge among present-day
practitioners of the Nyingma school. Longchenpa’s writings are the foundation
1. H. M. Vyner. (1988). The Psychosocial Effects of the Invisible Environmental Contaminants. Lexington:
Lexington Books.
2. H. M. Vyner. (1983). The psychological effects of ionizing radiation. Culture, Medicine and
Psychiatry, 3: 241–261.
3. H. M. Vyner. (1988). The psychological dimensions of health care for patients exposed to
radiation and the other invisible environmental contaminants. Social Science and Medicine, 27:
1097–1103.
Preface xiii
of contemporary Nyingma philosophy and mind science, and they are core texts
in the curriculum taught in their monastic universities.
In my own mind, this raised the possibility that the phenomena that
Longchenpa was describing were universal phenomena, phenomena that appear
in the minds of all meditators, and perhaps even in the minds of all human
beings. Longchenpa had experienced them. I had experienced them, and now
it seemed possible that perhaps many of the present-day practitioners of the
Nyingma school were familiar with them as well.
This also raised the possibility that Longchenpa’s theory of the healthy mind, and
my own similar theory, might be empirically correct; and that these theories might
actually provide a foundation upon which one could cultivate a healthy mind.
Was this a science of the healthy mind buried in a religion?
Within months, I left everything I was doing, got a small grant and headed
off to Asia to find and interview contemporary Nyingma lamas who were living
in the Tibetan diaspora that had sprung up in Nepal and India after the Chinese
invasion of Tibet in 1950. Later on that search would take me to Ladakh, Sik-
kim and Bhutan.
To do this research, I have traveled to, and lived in, villages and monasteries
all over Nepal, Bhutan, Ladakh, Sikkim and India. I have often trekked a week
or more to get to sixteenth-century villages and monasteries to do interviews
with a lama. Before my recent return to America, I trekked eight days to get
to a sixteenth-century village in north central Nepal to do a round of interviews
with a lama living at the foot of Mount Manaslu (26,781 feet).
The interviews that the lamas and I have been doing together are generating
a science of both the healthy mind and the stream of consciousness that will,
with time and further work, change the way that we see the healthy mind.
For one, this science is establishing that the egocentric mind, the type of
mind that almost all socialized human beings have, is an unhealthy mind. The
study of the stream of consciousness has made it altogether clear that the
egocentric mind is a mind that imposes upon a human being an ongoing sense
of unhappiness, conflict and inauthenticity.
Second, our findings are also establishing that the egoless, or natural mind, is
a healthy mind, given the paradox that you have to have an ego to become
egoless. We have found that the egoless mind is a mind that forgoes the conflicts,
fictions and moods of the ego; and that at the same time, it is a mind lives in
an authenticity born of joy and goodness.
I chose to interview Tibetan lamas for this research on the healthy mind for
two pivotal reasons. For one, many lamas are accomplished scientists of the
healthy mind and the stream of consciousness. It is part of their religious tradition.
Second, as advanced practitioners of Buddhism, the central purpose of their
life is to cultivate the wisdom and goodness of the egoless mind, which they
call an enlightened mind. The cultivation of the egoless mind has been the
central concern of the Buddhist tradition ever since its inception, and the lamas
know a great deal about it.
xiv Preface
The lamas are a living cultural experiment, if you will, that tests whether or
not the egoless mind is a healthy mind. By studying the lamas, we can determine
whether or not the egoless mind is a healthy mind. Interviewing the lamas is
not quite as empirically elegant as it would be to do controlled experiments
with a group of people who grew up on another planet where everyone is raised
to be egoless, but they are an excellent second best.
When I first began to do this work, I was fully aware, of course, that I was
treading outside the paradigmatic and methodological boundaries of contemporary
science. There was, and still is, a taboo against directly studying the mind and
the stream of consciousness. That taboo is evolving, but still very present. It is
now acceptable to study the brain, cognitive behavior, verbal reports of cognitive
and emotional states and computer models of the mind; but not the phenomena
that appear in the stream of consciousness.
Once I committed myself to the decision to do this healthy mind research,
it became clear that it would go better if I abandoned a traditional career. In
additional to the paradigm problem, there was an immense amount of work to
do, and I felt that it would not be possible to do it all in a life of occasional
research junkets.
Even though it meant abandoning a traditional career as an academic
psychiatrist, it was an easy decision to go ahead and pursue the study of the
healthy mind for the simple reason that I believed in it. I chose to take this path
with the hope that if the work was done well, that a time would come when
it would bear fruit and be accepted by both the scientific community and the
larger public.
That time to broach that possibility has now come. Enough data has been
accumulated to bring this research back in from the cold. The Healthy Mind is
going to present an overview of our findings and make the case that (1) the
healthy mind is the egoless mind; (2) the egocentric mind is an unhealthy mind;
(3) it is possible to empirically study the phenomena that appear in the stream
of consciousness; and (4) the structural conflict of the egocentric mind may well
be the template upon which the sociopolitical conflicts of racism, religious
intolerance, terrorism and war are built.
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Ezüst sziklák közt haladtak végig s ennek a végén vaskapuhoz
értek, amely olyan nagy volt, hogyha három akkora Nagy Bűbájos,
mint amekkora, meghajlás nélkül is átférhet rajta. Itt azonban
szörnyű nagy sárkánykutya állott, s amikor meglátta Nagy Bűbájost,
kitátotta rettentő nagy száját, úgy rohant Nagy Bűbájos felé. Szikra
vissza is kapta nagy hirtelen a fejét az ő kicsi ablakából, de a Nagy
Bűbájosnak még a szemepillája sem rebbent meg. Varázsvesszejével
csak megérintette a kutyát, az nyomban meglapult, nyöszörgött,
vinnyogott, farkát behúzta s félre oldalgott a kapu mellől. Nagy
Bűbájos ismét elmormogta a varázsszavakat, s szörnyű nagy
csikordulással nyilt ki az ajtó. Amint ez a kapu is bedöndült utánuk,
volt mit lásson Szikra, aki most nekibátorodott és kinézett az
ablakán. Mint a hangyák, úgy futkostak szerte-széjjel, össze-vissza a
kis fekete manók, törpék, tengeri sellők, vizitündérek, bámulták a
Nagy Bűbájost, ráncigálták a vállára vetett köpenyeget, huzgálták
övig érő szakállát, aztán ráfonódtak a lábára, úgy, hogy az óriás
Nagy Bűbájos meg sem tudott moccanni. Egyideig csak nézte, nézte,
mosolyogva nézte Nagy Bűbájos, hogy ezek az apró jószágok mint
lábatlankodnak körülötte, Szikra is az ablakán keresztül fel-
felfricskázta, akit csak elért a kezével, de végre is csak úgy tudott
megszabadulni tőlük Nagy Bűbájos, hogy istenesen megrázta magát,
s nagy csomókban, sikoltozva hullottak le róla ezek a furcsa
apróságok. Ugyancsak kellett vigyáznia a jó Nagy Bűbájosnak, hogy
rá ne lépjen valamelyikre, amig elébb-elébb lépdegélt.
A vaskapú kristály üvegterembe nyilt, beragyogott oldalán Isten
áldott napja s amerre lépett Nagy Bűbájos, a földön mindenütt virág
és gyümölcs hevert, a sellők, a manók, a tündérek hangos
kacagással játszadoztak köztük s dobálták egymást arany almával,
arany körtével, arany dióval s arany mogyoróval. Bezzeg, hogy
jószivvel kiugrott volna Szikra a Nagy Bűbájos zsebéből, hogy
játszadozzon velük s lakmározzon a sok minden jóból, de a Nagy
Bűbájos félre sem pillantva ment, mendegélt előre, mignem egy
selyem kárpithoz ért, azt félrehúzta, s most egyszerű nagy terembe
jutottak, ahol nagy lánggal égett a tűz. A tűz mellett egy nagy-nagy
öblös karosszék állott üresen, a Nagy Bűbájos e szék elé lépett,
varázsvesszejét maga körül megforgatta s ezt mondotta:
– Föld Szelleme, te nagy úr, mindenek ura, parancsolója,
Bűbájosok ellensége, jere elő hívásomra föld alól, víz alól, a
levegőégből, akárhol vagy, halld meg hívásomat!
Amint elhangzott Nagy Bűbájos hívása, egyszerre megrendült az
üvegterem, magasra csapott a tűz lángja, ekkor a Nagy Bűbájos
köpönyegébe burkolózott, az üvegterem keleti sarkába nézett, s im,
halljatok csudát, ahogy odapillantott, nagy darab helyen meghasadt
a föld, sűrű, fekete füst gomolyodott ki belőle, s a füst közül
halványan tünedeztek elő egy óriás alak körvonalai. Még a vér is
megfagyott Szikra ereiben, amikor a Nagy Bűbájos hangjánál
százszorta erősebb hang dördült végig a sziklafalak között.
– Hogy mertél munkámban megzavarni, Nagy Bűbájos? Mit
gondolsz, ki s mi vagyok én, a Föld Szelleme! Hogy nagy
munkámban akárki megzavarhat?
– Oh, Föld Szelleme, – hajolt meg mélyen a Nagy Bűbájos, – jól
ismerem én a te nagy hatalmadat, s azt is tudom, mennyire gyűlölsz
minket, bűbájosokat.
– Hogyne gyűlölnélek, – vágott a Nagy Bűbájos szavába a Föld
Szelleme, – amikor belekontárkodtok az én munkámba. Többet
akartok tudni nálam. Im, ezt még meg megbocsátom, de azt soha
meg nem bocsátom nektek, hogy hét esztendővel ennekelőtte,
holdtöltekor, elraboltátok tőlem legkedvesebb kutyámat, a
Mindentudót.
– Oh, hatalmas Föld Szelleme, megesmérem, hogy van okod a
gyűlöletre, de nem maradtál adósunk, mert te nevelted fel a
csudafát Tündérországban, s most neveled a másikat Mirkó király
országában. Ahol pedig ezek a fák felnőnek, ott vége a mi
hatalmunknak.
Hej, Szűz Mária, Szent József, akkorát kacagott most a Föld
Szelleme, hogy csak úgy táncolt belé az üvegterem, s szegény Szikra
két kézzel kapaszkodott belé a Nagy Bűbájos zsebébe, hogy ki ne
repüljön onnét.
– Hát, ezt jól eltaláltam, úgy-e, Nagy Bűbájos? Nem is nyugszom
meg addig, amig annyi csudafa nem nő, hogy valamennyien vissza
nem húzódtok Bűbájos-országba, ott aztán tőlem bűbájoskodhattok,
ahogy nektek jólesik. De nincs időm arra, hogy veled fecsegjek,
mondd el szaporán, hogy miért jöttél, mert azt tudom, hogy nem jó
kedvedből jöttél ide.
– Azért jöttem, – mondá a Nagy Bűbájos – mert vissza akarom
adni neked a te Mindentudó kutyádat, hadd legyen vége köztünk az
örökös háborúskodásnak.
– Úgy? Visszaadod? – kacagott hangosan a Föld Szelleme – aztán
mi kéne érte?
A Nagy Bűbájos erre kevés szóval elmondta, hogyan lett virággá
Bűbájos a csudafán, s kérte a Föld Szellemét, hogy szabadítsa meg
őt s ennek fejében visszaszerzi a kutyáját.
Mély hallgatásba merült a Föld Szelleme, végre aztán megszólalt:
– Hát jó, teljesítem kérésedet, mert Mindentudó kutyám ezer
Bűbájosnál is többet ér. Nem szívesen teszem, mert hiszen azért
ajándékoztam meg Tündérországot a csudafával, hogy
megmenekedjen tőletek. De nyisd ki a füledet s hallgass ide: ha még
egyszer valamelyitek a lábát Tündérországba beteszi, hozzám ugyan
hiába jöttök, kis ujjamat sem mozdítom azért, aki oda merészkedik.
– Hallottam szavaidat, Föld Szelleme, minden szavad parancs
nekem s parancs az összes bűbájosoknak. De hát gyerünk gyorsan,
mert, ha sok időt vesztünk, hiába szabadítjuk meg ezt a
szerencsétlen Emberfiát, a szabadulásból nem sok haszna lesz.
– És én Mindentudó kutyámat mikor kapom meg? – kérdezte a
Föld Szelleme.
Mondá Nagy Bűbájos ünnepélyesen:
– Abban a pillanatban, amelyben előttem áll az Emberfia,
melletted fog sündörögni, ugrándozni a Mindentudó is.
Többet egy szót sem szóltak, azt is lassan mondták, a Nagy
Bűbájos maga körül összevonta a köpönyegét, s Föld Szellemével
együtt eltüntek a föld hasadékán át. Sem akkor nem tudta, sem
azután nem tudta Szikra, hogy ébren volt-e, aludt-e, mert olyan
nagy sötétségben szálltak, hogy még az ujja hegyét sem látta.
Egyszerre aztán megtorpant a Föld Szelleme is, Nagy Bűbájos is, im,
ott voltak Tündérországban, mégpedig a csudafa előtt.
Holdas éjszaka volt, a teli hold megvilágította a csudafát, s most
tán még szebb volt, ragyogóbb, szemkápráztatóbb, mint nappal. És
csend volt, mélységes csend a csudafa körül, hogy Szikra még egy
elkésett méhecskének a zümmögését is hallotta. A Föld Szelleme
odalépett a csudafához, s mielőtt még megkondultak volna a
virágok, kezét rátette a fa egyik ágára. Szegény szív-virág, még most
is könnyezett.
– Nézd, nézd, Föld Szelleme, – mondá Nagy Bűbájos, s
rámutatott a szív-virágra, – ez az a Bűbájos, akit egykori alakjára
vissza kellene változtatnod.
Fölemelte most mind a két kezét Föld Szelleme s mondá halkan,
alig hallhatóan:
Aludjatok, aludjatok,
Ne tudjátok, hogy itt vagyok,
De te ébredj, oh, szép leány,
Kék szemeddel tekints reám!