Power plants

1.Steam power plant. 2.Hydel power plant. 3.Nuclear power plant

4.Gas turbine power plant. 5.Diesel power plant
Steam/ Thermal power plant: Working Principle: The working fluid is water and steam. This
is called feed water and steam cycle. The ideal Thermodynamic Cycle to which the operation of
a Thermal Power Station closely resembles is the RANKINE CYCLE. In a steam boiler, the
water is heated up by burning the fuel in the air in the furnace, & the function of the boiler is to
give dry superheated steam at the required temperature. The steam so produced is used in
driving the steam Turbines. This turbine is coupled to synchronous generator which generates
electrical energy. The exhaust steam from the turbine is allowed to condense into the water in
steam condenser of turbine, which creates suction at very low pressure and allows the
expansion of the steam in the turbine to very low pressure.
Components:1. Boiler – Boiler is an equipment to produce steam. 2. Steam turbine – High
pressure super heated steam is fed to the steam turbine which causes turbine blades to rotate.
Energy in the steam is converted into mechanical energy in the steam turbine which acts as the
prime mover. 3. Generator – It is coupled with the turbine rotor and converts the mechanical
energy of the turbine to the electrical energy. 4. Condenser – It is a heat exchanger in which
cooling water is circulated through the tubes. The exhaust steam from turbine enters the
condenser where it is cooled & converted to condensate. The use of condensers improves the
efficiency of the power plant by decreasing the exhaust pressure of the steam below the
atmospheric pressure. The deposition of the salt in the boiler is prevented with the use of
condensate instead of using feed water from outer source which may contain salt. The use of
condensers reduces the capacity of the feed water cleaning system. Water circulating through
the condenser may be taken from the various sources such as river, or lake. 5. Economizers –
Economizers are devices fitted to a boiler which saves energy by using the heat energy of
exhaust gases from the boiler to preheat the feed water thereby improving the boiler's efficiency.
5. Super-heater – Super-heater is a device that heats the steam generated by the boiler again
increasing its thermal energy. It converts wet steam into superheated steam. 6. Precipitator –
Precipitator is a device (dust collector) that removes particles from the flowing gas. 7. Air
pre-heater or air heater – Air pre-heater is used to recover the heat from the boiler exhaust
gases which increases the thermal efficiency of the boiler by reducing the useful heat lost in the
exhaust gases. 8. Deaerator – It is a device used for the removal of air and other dissolved
gases from the feed water to steam generating boilers. A steam generating boiler requires that
the boiler feed water should be devoid of air & other dissolved gases, particularly corrosive
ones, in order to avoid corrosion of the metal. 9. Forced and induced draught fans – The
small pressure difference which causes a flow of gas to take place is termed as a draught. In a
forced draught draught system, the draught is produced by a fan or a blower installed at the
base of the boiler forces the air through the furnace, flues, air pre-heater, economizer, etc. It is a
positive pressure draught. In induced draught system, a fan or blower is located at or near the
base of the chimney creating a partial vacuum so that the products of combustion pass up the
chimney.
Advantages: Less initial cost as compared to other generating plants.•The capital cost is low
compared to hydel plant. •Construction time is low.•Power generation does not depend on
nature’s climatic condition.•Power plant can be located near industrial areas.•The fuel used is
quite cheap.•It can be installed at any place irrespective of the existence of coal.•It requires less
space as compared to Hydro power plants.•Cost of generation is less than that of diesel power
plants.Disadvantages : Source of fuel i.e., coal reserve all over the world is considered to be
fixed and therefore coal mines are being exhausted. Hence, there is a limit in source of power.
•Power generation cost is considerably high compared to hydal plant.•Operating cost is more

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compared to diesel & nuclear power plant.•Maintenance cost is high as compared with that of
hydro and diesel power plants.•Fuel transportation and handling are difficult.

Hydro power plant : Hydropower or hydroelectricity is a renewable source of energy that

utilizes the energy of fast -flowing water to generate electricity. The use of hydropower for
various purposes is not a modern concept; its application can be seen even a thousand years
ago. The ancient people used to run the wheels with the application of waterpower to grind
grains and wheat into flour. The hydroelectric power plants generate electricity from the potential
and kinetic energy of the water. It is one of the most cost-effective methods of electricity
generation, which is why it is the most preferred and widely used as compared to other methods
of electricity generation. As natural sources of fuels like oil, coal, and petroleum are exhaustible,
hydroelectric power plants are very useful to meet the high demands of electricity.
Various components of hydel power plant
1. Catchment area – Whole area behind the dam, draining into a stream or river across which
the dam has been built. 2. Reservoir –The purpose of the storing of water in the reservoir is to
get a uniform power output throughout the year. A reservoir can be either natural or artificial.
3. Dam – A dam is any barrier that holds water; the water stored behind the dam is used to
drive turbines that are connected to electrical generators. It acts as an artificial reservoir. Based
on structure and design, dams are classified as gravity dams, arch dams & buttress dams.
4. Trash rack – The function of trash rack is to prevent the flow of debris, sand & fishes to the
turbine. 5. Surge tank –It is a storage reservoir used to absorb the sudden rises of water
pressure, as well as to provide extra water during a drop in water pressure. 6. Turbine – The
function of turbine is to act as a prime mover to convert the potential energy of water in to
mechanical energy. It is explained in a later section in detail. 7. Runner – The runner is a
circular wheel on which a series of curved vanes are mounted. Vanes are so designed that
water enters and leaves the runner without shock. 8.Power house – The powerhouse
accommodates prime mover, generator, accessories and control room sometimes transformer
also. Water after passing through the turbine is discharged into a downstream called as tailrace,
which carries it into the river.
Advantages: The number of operations required is considerably small compared with thermal
power plants.• There is no problem with regards to the disposal of ash as in a thermal station.
• They can be switched on & off in a very short time.• The plant is relatively simple in concept &
self-contained in operation.•Modern hydro-generators give high efficiency over a considerable
range of load.• Hydro-plants provide additional benefits like irrigation, flood control, afforestation,
navigation & aqua-culture. Disadvantages: . Cost of transmission is high since most of the
plants are in remote areas. • Hydro-power projects are capital-intensive with a low rate of
return.• It takes considerable long time for the erection of such plants. •Power generation is
dependent on the quantity of water available.

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Factors affecting run-off
1. Nature of rainfall – Short & hard showers may produce relatively little run-off. Rains lasting
longer time results in larger run-off. 2. Topography of catchment area – Steep and impervious
areas will produce large percentage of run-off. The water will flow quickly and absorption losses
will be small. The size of catchment has a definite effect on the runoff. More the area, more will
be the runoff. So also, the shape will have a definite effect on the runoff. In case of a fan-shaped
catchment area, the period of the resulting hydrograph will be less and thus more peak flow may
be expected. 3. Geology of area – The run-off is very much affected by the types of surfaces
soil and sub-oil, types of rocks, etc. Rocky areas will give more run-off while pervious soil and
sandy soil will give less run-off. 4. Vegetation –Thick vegetation like forest consumes a portion
of rain fall and also acts as a obstruction for run-off. 5. Other climate factors – Other factors
such as temperature wind velocity, humidity, annual rainfall etc., affect the water losses from
watershed area.

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
The hydrologic cycle, also known as the water cycle describes the circulation of water in the
earth-atmosphere system. 1. Precipitation – It includes all the water that falls from atmosphere
to earth surface. Precipitation is of two types, viz., liquid precipitation & solid precipitation. 2.
Run-off – Run-off is the part of water cycle that is flows over the land as surface water instead
of being infiltrated into soil or evaporating. a) Surface runoff is that portion of rainfall which
enters the stream immediately after the rainfall. b) Sub-surface runoff is that part of rainfall,
which first reaches into the soil and moves laterally without joining the water - table to the
streams, rivers or oceans. c) Base flow is that part of rainfall which after falling on the ground
surface which get infiltrated into the soil and meets the water table and flow to the streams
oceans, etc. Runoff = Surface runoff + Base flow 3. Evaporation – Transfer of water from liquid
to vapour state is called evaporation. 4.Transpiration – The process by which water is released
to the atmosphere by the plants is called transpiration. 5.Sublimation – Sublimation results
from when pressure and humidity are low. It is not only liquid water that can evaporate to
become water vapor, but ice and snow, too. Due to lower air pressure, less energy is required to
sublimate the ice into vapour.

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NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
➢ In nuclear power plant, heat energy available from nuclear fission is used for the generation
of steam. ➢ Nuclear fission can be defined as the process, in which a nucleus is split into two
divisions, more or less of equal mass releasing energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation
and kinetic energy. ➢ The heat produced by fission in the nuclear reactor is carried out of the
reactor by coolant. This heat is used to generate steam. This heat transfer takes place in a heat
exchanger such as boiler. ➢ The pressurized steam is then fed to a steam turbine which is
connected to a generator. COMPONENTS : 1. Nuclear reactor – It is an apparatus in which
nuclear fuel is subjected to nuclear fission. 2. Heat exchanger – The coolant gives up heat to
the heat exchanger, which utilized for generating steam. After giving up heat, the coolant is fed
back to the reactor. 3. Steam turbine – The steam produced in the heat exchanger is fed to
turbine for doing useful work. 4. Generator – The steam turbine drives the generator which
converts mechanical energy in to electric power.
Advantages : No problem of fuel transportation, storage, etc.•Less man power is required.
• It is more economical compared to thermal plant.•Power capacity of plant is very high.
•Capital cost except for reactor is very less.•It does not depend up on the condition of the
weather.•By this process we can conserve the fuels like oil, coal gases & other by-products.
Disadvantages: Nuclear radiation causes severe environmental problems. •Disposal of
radioactive nuclear waste is menace. • Varying load conditions are not suitable.
•Capital cost is very high for the reactor.

TYPES OF REACTORS
Light water-cooled and moderated reactors (LWR) using slightly enriched uranium fuel are the
type most commonly used for power production. These reactors are further divided into :-
1) Pressurized water reactor (PWR) 2) Boiling water reactor (BWR).
Pressurized Water Reactor : Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) make use of two loops viz.,
primary and secondary loops to convert the heat generated by the fuel into electric power.
➢ In the primary loop, the pressurizer maintains a high pressure in the water in the range of 150
bar. The pressurized water (coolant) is circulated in the reactor. Due to the high pressure of the
water, the water does not boil. ➢ The coolant gets heated in the reactor and the hot water
enters the boiler and transfers heat to the feed water in the boiler in the secondary loop. The
transfer of heat is accomplished without mixing the two fluids, which is desirable since the
primary coolant might become radioactive. ➢ Feed water evaporates and runs the turbine.
Advantages : Because the water used in the high-pressure water loop is isolated from
water in the steam loop, no radioactive material is contained in the steam.• PWR has high
power density and has compact size. Disadvantages: Capital cost is high as high primary
circuit requires strong pressure vessel. •In the secondary circuit, the thermodynamic efficiency
of the plant is quite low.
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) : In Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), the coolant used in the
reactor absorbs heat produced during the fission reaction in the reactor. ➢ The fuel used is
enriched uranium oxide. Water evaporates & steam is generated in the reactor itself. In this type
of reactor, there is no need of separate boiler. ➢ In BWR, the coolant is in direct contact with
turbines, so if a fuel rod had a leak, radioactive material could be placed on the turbine.
Advantages: A major advantage of the BWR is that the overall thermal efficiency is greater
than that of a pressurized water reactor because there is no separate heat exchanger.• The
pressure inside the pressure vessel is not high so, a thicker vessel is not required.
Disadvantages: Possibility of radioactive contamination in the turbine mechanism.

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Components of Nuclear reactor
Nuclear reactor is an apparatus in which nuclear fuel is subjected to nuclear fission. 1. Fuel –
Nuclear fuels usually used in the reactors are isotopes of Uranium and Plutonium. Isotopes like
U-233, U-235 and Pu-239 can be fissioned by neutrons of all energies, whereas isotopes
U-238. Th-232 and Pu-240 are fissionable by high energy only. Usually pellets of fissionable
materials are arranged in tubes to form fuel rods. 2. Moderator – Moderator is used to slow
down the kinetic energy of fast moving neutrons. This has to be done as only the slow neutrons
maintain the fission chain reaction. The neutrons collide directly with the moderator and thus
slowed down. Substances like light water, heavy water, carbon, beryllium are used as
moderator. 3. Control rods – Control rods are used to control the nuclear chain reaction. It
is an essential part of a reactor and serves the following purposes . a) For starting the reactor.
b) For maintaining at that level. c) For shutting the reactor down under normal or emergency
conditions. • Control rods are usually made up of cadmium and boron. Control rods control the
chain reaction by absorbing neutrons. 4. Coolant – Purpose of coolant is to extract heat
generated by the fission process. The various fluids used as coolant are water, gas and liquid
metal cooled reactors etc. 5. Reactor vessel – It is a strong walled container housing the
reactor core, shield and the reflector. It is strongly built so as to withstand high pressures
developed. 6. Reflector – Reflector is used to reduce the loss of neutrons by reflecting back
into the core of the nuclear reactor. Reflector is generally made of the same material as the
moderator. 7. Shield – Shield prevents the transfer of radiation o the external world.

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GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
Gas turbine engines derive their power from burning fuel in a combustion chamber and using
the fast flowing combustion gases to drive a turbine in much the same way as the high pressure
steam drives a steam turbine. A simple gas turbine is comprised of three main sections a
compressor, a combustor, and a power turbine. The gas-turbine operates on the principle of the
Brayton cycle, where compressed air is mixed with fuel, and burned under constant pressure
conditions. The resulting hot gas is allowed to expand through a turbine to perform work.
blades. PRINCIPLE : In principle, a gas turbine plant consists of a compressor in which the
working medium is raised to a high pressure. So, generally, a centrifugal or an axial compressor
is employed. ➢ The turbine drives the compressor and so it is coupled to the turbine shaft.
From the compressor, the working medium is taken to a combustor where its temperature is
raised. This high pressure & high temperature working medium is then expanded in a gas
turbine. In the turbine blading, the expansion of the working gas takes place & the heat energy
is converted first into the kinetic energy & then into the work of the turbine shaft rotation.
Advantages: ➢ Most efficient to convert fossil fuel to energy. ➢ Compared with steam plants,
they have lower initial cost per unit output. ➢ Smaller in size and no release of harmful gases.
➢ The machine is simple to operate and is smooth running.➢ It requires little or no water for
cooling.➢ They have relatively low maintenance costs. Disadvantages: High rotor speeds. ➢
Low life and efficiency➢ The noise of operation is a source of extreme annoyance unless the
plant design includes sound control features.
COMPONENTS: Gas Turbine : A gas turbine is used to convert the kinetic energy of hot gases
into rotational energy, which in terms is used to drive the synchronous generator. It also has
multiple stages, High-pressure stage, intermediate pressure stage, & then low-pressure stage.
The combustion process takes place in the turbine, so, in order to save the blades from melting,
the cooling process also occurs here. Most of the time, a cooling fluid is constantly passing
through the blades. ➢ Compressor : It is mounted on the same shaft, it compresses the
normal air and delivers it to the combustion chamber. It also has multiple stages, low -pressure
stage, intermediate pressure stage, and then high-pressure stage to increase the efficiency.
➢ Combustion Chamber: The compressed air is entered here and it mixes with the fuel. It is
then ignited here, which causes an increase in temperature and pressure. The temperature can
go as high as up to 1400 °C. At this very high temperature, the nitrogen can combine with
oxygen to produce nitrogen oxides, but this is controlled such that all the oxygen is utilized in
the combustion process.

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DIESEL POWER PLANTS
WORKING: Air from atmosphere is drawn into the compressor & is compressed.• The
compressed air is sent to diesel engine through filter.• In the filter, dust, dirt from air are filtered
& only clean air is sent to diesel engine. •Fuel oil from tank is passed through filter where it gets
filtered and clean oil is injected into the diesel engine through fuel pump and fuel injector•
Mixture of compressed air & spray of fuel oil are ignited into the engine & combustion takes
place. •The heat energy is utilized for driving the generator, which produces power.
COMPONENTS: 1.Engine – For electric power generation, 4-stroke engines are
predominately used. Horizontal engines are used for comparatively smaller outputs, while
vertical engines with multi-cylinder construction are used for larger outputs. It is generally
directly coupled to the generator. 2.Air supply system – Air from atmosphere after filtering is
admitted to the engine. In large plants supercharger uses an air compressor that increases
the pressure of air supplied to the engine so that more fuel is burned and do more work
/turbocharger is used to increase the output power. 3.Exhaust system – Exhaust system is
used to discharge the engine exhaust to the atmosphere outside the building. A silencer is
incorporated to reduce the noise level. 4.Fuel system – Fuel is stored in the storage tank is
pumped to a smaller service tank at daily or short intervals. Fuel stored in the service tank is fed
to fuel filter and is finally injected in to the engine. 5.Cooling system – Hot water from the
engine is carried to the surge tank. From the surge tank, hot water is fed through the heat
exchanger. In the heat exchanger, cold water from the cooling towers is circulated which takes
away the heat of the water from the engine. Cold water is then pumped back to the engine.
6.Lubricating system – It includes the oil pumps, oil tanks, filters, coolers & pipe lines.
Lubricating system provides lubricating oil to moving parts of the system to reduce the friction
and wear & tear of the engine parts. 7.Starting system – This is an arrangement to start the
engine initially, until firing starts & the unit runs with its own power. There are mainly three
types (1) petrol driven auxiliary engine (2) use of electric motors (3) use of compressed air from
an air compressor. 8.Governing system – The function is to maintain the speed of the engine
constant respective of load on the plant.

ADVANTAGES: Design layout of diesel power plant is simple and cheap.➢ Part load efficiency
diesel power plant is very high.➢ Diesel power plant can be started quickly.➢ Maintenance of
diesel power plant is easy.➢ Thermal efficiency of diesel is quite higher than of steam power
plant.➢ It can also be designed for portable use.➢ Diesel plants can be located very near to
the load centers. DISADVANTAGES: ➢ The cost of diesel is very high compared to coal.
Hence, the running cost of this plant is higher compared to steam and hydro power plants.
➢ There is a limitation for size of a diesel engine.➢ Life is less.➢ Noise pollution is very high.
➢ High maintenance and lubrication cost.➢ Capacity of diesel plants is limited.

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RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
They are sources of energy that can be naturally replenished or renewed within a human
timescale. They are considered environmentally friendly because they produce little to no
greenhouse gas emissions or other harmful pollutants. Here are some examples of renewable
energy resources: ➢ Solar Energy: Energy derived from sunlight. Solar panels convert sunlight
into electricity through the photovoltaic effect.➢ Wind Energy: Energy harnessed from the
wind using wind turbines. The rotating blades of the turbine generate electricity through a
generator.➢ Hydropower: Energy obtained from flowing or falling water. Dams or turbines in
rivers or tidal areas convert the kinetic energy of water into electricity.➢ Geothermal Energy:
Energy derived from the heat generated by the Earth's core. Geothermal power plants use
steam or hot water reservoirs beneath the surface to produce electricity.➢ Biomass: Energy
derived from organic matter, such as wood, crops, agricultural residues, or dedicated energy
crops. Biomass can be burned directly for heat or converted into biogas or biofuels.
➢ Ocean Energy: Energy harnessed from the ocean's tides, waves, and thermal gradients.
Various technologies, including tidal turbines, wave energy converters, and ocean thermal
energy conversion, are used to capture this energy.➢ Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Energy stored in
hydrogen molecules that can be used in fuel cells to produce electricity and heat with water as
the only byproduct.

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How do Industry Nation and Globe would benefit from energy efficiency programs.
•Benefits for Industrialized Nations: ➢ Cost Savings ➢ Enhanced Productivity:
Energy-efficient measures often involve optimizing industrial processes, equipment, and
systems. ➢ Job Creation: This can lead to job creation and economic growth within the
country, boosting employment opportunities and fostering a skilled workforce.➢ Reduced
Environmental Impact: By consuming less energy, industries can significantly reduce their
carbon footprint and environmental impact. ➢ Energy Security: By optimizing energy use and
diversifying energy sources, countries can become less vulnerable to price fluctuations.

•Benefits for the Global Community: ➢ Climate Change Mitigation: By reducing energy
consumption, industries can decrease the demand for fossil fuels, which are major contributors
to greenhouse gas emissions. ➢ Sustainable Development: It enables industrialized nations
to meet their energy needs while minimizing resource depletion and environmental degradation.
➢ Reduced Pressure on Resources: This helps preserve these resources for future
generations and reduces the environmental impact associated with their extraction and
consumption.➢ Health and Well-being: Cleaner air quality leads to fewer respiratory problems
and other health issues, benefiting both individuals and communities.➢ International
Cooperation: It promotes cooperation in addressing common energy challenges, facilitates
sustainable development, and builds stronger international partnerships.

CURRENT GLOBAL ENERGY SUPPLY SCENARIO

The current global energy supply scenario is characterized by a mix of energy sources, with a
gradual transition towards cleaner and more sustainable options. key aspects:
Fossil Fuels Dominance: Fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas, continue to dominate
the global energy mix. They account for a significant portion of the world's energy consumption
and electricity generation.➢ Growing Renewable Energy: Renewable energy sources, such
as solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass, have been experiencing significant growth in recent
years. Falling costs, technological advancements, supportive policies, and increasing public
awareness of environmental issues have accelerated the deployment of renewable energy
infrastructure globally.➢ Expansion of Solar and Wind Power: Solar and wind power have
emerged as the fastest-growing sources of renewable energy. The decreasing costs of solar
panels and wind turbines, coupled with improved efficiency and capacity, have made these
technologies increasingly competitive. ➢ Hydropower Generation: Hydropower remains a
significant contributor to global energy supply, particularly in countries with ample water
resources. Large-scale hydropower plants, such as dams, provide reliable and renewable
electricity. ➢ Nuclear Energy: It provides a baseload source of electricity without direct
greenhouse gas emissions. It high capital costs, and waste management issues. The future
growth of nuclear energy varies by country. ➢ Energy Transition Efforts: These include
policies, incentives, and regulations to promote renewable energy deployment, energy efficiency
improvements, and the adoption of cleaner technologies. The aim is to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, enhance energy security, and achieve sustainable development goals.
➢ Electrification and Decentralization: This involves the electrification of various sectors,
such as transportation and heating, to replace fossil fuel-dependent technologies. ➢ Energy
Access Challenges: Despite progress in the energy sector, a significant portion of the global
population still lacks access to reliable and modern energy services. Efforts are being made to
bridge this energy access gap, particularly in developing regions, through initiatives such as
off-grid solar systems and mini-grids. ➢ Continued Energy Demand Growth: Global energy
demand continues to grow, driven by population growth, economic development, and rising
living standards. Balancing this increasing demand with the need for sustainability and emission
reductions remains a challenge.

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Open Cycle Gas Turbine : Advantages: pre-cooler is required because of burnt gas from gas
turbine exhausted to atmosphere. ➢ For the same power developed size & weight of the open
cycle gas turbine unit are less.➢ Initial cost and maintenance cost of the plant are less.
➢ Combustion efficiency is more.➢ Coolant is not required. Therefore, it is used for moving the
vehicle such as air craft, jet propulsion etc.➢ The response to load variation is greater than the
closed cycle gas turbine. Disadvantages: Part load efficiency rapidly decreases for the
considerable % of power developed by the turbine & is used to drive the compressor. ➢ Turbine
blades are fouled by combustion products.➢ Starting of the plant is difficult.➢ As direct heating
is used in open cycle plant, high quality fuels are required.

Closed Cycle Gas Turbine: Disadvantages: separate pre-cooler arrangement is necessary.

➢ The size and weight are more. ➢ Initial cost and maintenance cost are more. ➢ Combustion
efficiency is less. ➢ Coolant is required for pre cooler. Therefore, it is used for stationary
applications such as power generation etc. ➢ The response to load variation is less. ➢ Closed
cycle gas turbine Advantages: ➢ Efficiency is same throughout the cycle. ➢ The turbine
blades do not wear away since the combustion is external.➢ Starting of the plant is easy. ➢
Low quality fuels can be used since the combustion is external.

Renewable energy is energy obtained from naturally repetitive and persistent flows of energy
occurring in the local environment. ➢ An obvious example is solar (sunshine) energy that
persists' and 'repeats day after day, but is obviously not constant but variable.

Non-renewable energy is energy obtained from static stores of energy that remain
underground unless released by human interaction. Examples are nuclear fuels and the fossil
fuels of coal, oil, and natural gas. With these sources, the energy is initially an isolated energy
potential and external action is required to initiate the supply of energy for practical purposes.

Classification of Energy
➢ Based on nature of availability of energy : •Primary resources. •secondary resources
➢ Based on utilization of energy : •Conventional energy •Non-conventional energy
➢ Based on availability of energy: •Non-Renewable energy •Renewable energy
➢ Based on commercial application of energy: •Commercial energy •Non-commercial energy

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