DRRR REVIEWER

MODULE 1
Geological hazards are natural phenomena that cause major problems around the
world.
A landslide is a ground movement on a sloping terrain.
NATURAL CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
– Climate
Long-term climatic changes can significantly impact soil stability.
– Earthquakes
Any moment tectonic plates move, the soil covering them also moves along.
– Weathering
It is the natural procedure of rock deterioration that leads to weak, landslide-susceptive
materials.
– Erosion
Erosion caused by sporadic running water such as streams, rivers, wind, currents, ice and waves
wipes out latent and lateral slope support enabling landslides to occur easily.
– Volcanic eruption
If an eruption occurs in a wet condition, the soil will start to move downhill instigating a landslide.
– Forest fires
Burns vegetation that holds soil in place
– Gravity
Steeper slopes coupled with gravitational force can trigger a massive landslide.
HUMAN CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
– Mining
Mining activities that utilize blasting techniques contribute mightily to landslides.
– Clear cutting
Clear cutting is a technique of timber harvesting that eliminates all old trees from the area.

Rainfall-Induced landslides - Most rainfall-induced landslides are shallow (less than a

few meters deep), thin, and move quickly.

TYPES OF LANDSLIDES
1. Soil Creep Landslide is a very slow downslope movement of particles that occurs in
every slope covered with loose, weathered material
2. Slumping Landslide is a downward movement of rock debris, usually the
consequence of removal of buttressing earth at the foot of a slope of unconsolidated
material
3.Debris Flow Landslide happens when the slope becomes saturated with water, this
then triggers a landslide of water-soaked mass of rock and soil that slides down the
slope.
4. Rock Fall landslides are sudden slides caused by heavy rain the rock on the slope
loosens and then slides down the slope.

WARNING SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING LANDSLIDE

1. Earlier landslide as indicator
Multiple landslide events within the same place are retrogressive, piecemeal, or reactivated.
2. Tension cracks
 These are caused by the stress and friction produced by geologic materials moving apart which
forms steep lines of cracks in the terrain.
3. Things Moving
 Deformation and movement of non-living objects not caused by human manipulation can also
indicate a landslide.
4. Water Doing Something Different
 There are obvious changes in water flow.

A sinkhole is a topographic depression created when groundwater dissolves the

underlying limestone bedrock. Often known as "sink" or "doline,".
NATURAL CAUSES OF SINKHOLE
– Dissolution of sedimentary rocks
 Sinkholes occur when sedimentary rocks are dissolved. When these rocks are dissolved, it can
either form a void of water or air
HUMAN CAUSES OF SINKHOLE
– Underground water pumping
 Pumping water underneath the ground causes drainage to alter their flow which causes the soil
to be eroded by water.

TYPES OF SINKHOLES
1. Cover Collapse Sinkhole It develops suddenly (over an hour period) thus, causing
catastrophic damage.
2. Cover Subsidence Sinkhole It gradually grows where the sediment covers are
permeable and contain sand.
3. Dissolution Sinkhole It occurs in areas where calcareous is exposed on the ground
or where thin layers of soil and permeable sand are also covered.
4. Artificial Sinkhole Such types of sinks may be caused by various human activities,
including groundwater pumping and building.

WARNING SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING SINKHOLE

 Dips, depressions, slopes that appear in a yard

 Dead patches of grass or plants
 Sinkholes in the neighborhood
 Wilted vegetation in a limited area
 Well water that is discolored or contaminated with debris
 Cracking or buckling of home’s concrete slab
 Presence of odd bugs like slugs, centipedes in homes
 Earthly odor in home after rain
 New or widening cracks
 Separation between walls and ceiling or floors
 Cracks around door and window frames

Which of the following is a type of sinkhole that develops abruptly which cause catastrophic damage?
a. artificial
b. cover collapse
c. cover subsidence
d. dissolution
2. What type of sinkhole develops gradually where the covering sediments are permeable and contain
sand?
a. artificial c. cover subsidence
b. cover collapse d. dissolution

3. Which of the following occurs in areas where limestone is exposed at land surface?

a. artificial c. cover subsidence

b. cover collapse d. dissolution
4. Which of the following sinkholes is primarily caused by various human activities including groundwater
pumping and construction activities?

a. artificial c. cover subsidence

b. cover collapse d. dissolution
5. Which of the following is always true about sinkholes?

a. can only form holes c. can only occur on land

b. can be shallow or deep d. can form above igneous rocks
6. Which of the following is a landslide characterized by short distance movement down a slope, sliding
along concave-upward or planar surface?

a. debris flow
b. slumping
c. soil creep
d. topples
7. Which of the following is not a condition for a landslide to occur?

a. bare vegetation
b. flat terrain
c. heavy rain
d. inclined location
8. This is a depression in the ground that resulted from the collapse of the surface layer of the
soil.

a. earthquake
b. landslide
c. sinkhole
d. tsunami
9. Which of the following characteristics of a rock is essential in order to produce a sinkhole?

a. dense b. hard
c. lustrous
d. soluble

10. Which of the following is not an ideal environment for sinkholes to occur?
a. limestone saturated
b. salt beds
c. sedimentary deposits
d. volcanic craters
1. Landslide is the downward ground movement on a sloping terrain caused by gravity. It also comes
scientific term such as ________.

a. land agitation
b. landmass
c. landslip
d. land tremors
2. Which of the following is a natural agent of erosion which flows and loosens the soil?
a. air
b. alcohol
c. butane
d. water
3. What type of landslide has a very slow movement which is hardly noticeable?

a. debris flow
b. rock fall
c. slumping
d. soil creep
4. Which of the following pertains to a sudden slide of rocks downslope?

a. rock failure
b. rock fall
c. rock slip
d. rock stead
5. Which of the following happens when the slope becomes saturated with water triggering a landslide of
water sacked mass of rock and soil?

a. debris flow
b. rock fall
c. slumping
d. soil creep
Fire
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a flammable material accompanied by
the production of light and heat.

Elements of Fire and stages of fire

development
-Fire is composed of three elements, namely heat, fuel, and
oxygen.
-A fire starts when fuel is heated from an external source and
reaches its ignition temperature. Oxygen reacts with the fuel to
sustain the fire. Once fire has started, it will continue to burn until
an element of the fire triangle is removed.

Causes of fires
1. Faulty electrical wiring or connection
2. LPG-related
3. Neglected cooking or stove
4. Lighted cigarette butts
5. Left unattended open flame: torch or sulo
6. Left unattended open flame: candle or gasera
7. Matchstick or lighter kept near flammable materials
8. Direct flame contact or static electricity
9. Neglected electrical appliances or devices
10. Unchecked electrical types of machinery
11. Flammable chemicals
12. Incendiary device or ignited flammable liquid
13. Spontaneous combustion
14. Under planned pyrotechnics
15. Bomb explosion
16. Lightning
17. Others (forest fire, vehicular fire, etc.
Flammable materials could also ignite on their own in an event referred to as spontaneous
combustion. This happens when an object produces its own heat without absorbing heat from
its surroundings.

Precautionary and safety measures

-Uncontrolled fires, whether natural or man-made, may lead to injury, death, loss of livelihood,
and damage to property with its toxic fumes and high temperature.
-A person may die of asphyxiation as fire consumes oxygen and the concentration of carbon
monoxide and other toxic gases increase.

1. Never leave a fire unattended.

2. Always check the electrical equipment.

3. Keep a good distance between things that can catch fire.

4. Educate children and adults about fire safety.

5. Store flammable materials properly.

6. Keep a fire extinguisher of a bucket of sand handy.

7. Install fire alarms and smoke detectors.

8. Know what to do in case of fire.

9. Develop a fire preparedness plan.

Basic Response Procedures

1. Get out of the building. Gases in smoke can disorient an adult in under a
minute.
2. Don’t assume that anyone else has already called the fire department. If
you get a chance to call, do so.
3. Calling your friends & family may not be of immediate help. It can wait. Call
them once you are safe.
4. Stay calm when you call the fire department. Give the information they
a request like precise floor no, street, landmarks, the intensity of the fire.

In your Workplace/School when you notice a fire:

1. Sound the fire alarm. SHOUT “FIRE! FIRE! FIRE!”
2. Evacuate as per normal fire procedure.
3. Leave the building immediately. Use the nearest fire exit.
4. Do not use elevators. Always use emergency stairs.
5. Walk quickly but don’t run. ALWAYS STAY CALM.
6. Do not delay your exit trying to collect your belongings.
7. Assemble at the fire evacuation area and report to fire officers.
8. Do not go home. Rescuers need to ensure that all occupants are safely out of the building &
are accounted for.
9. Do not return inside the building until told to do so.

If you are stuck in a room & there is a fire outside the door:
1. Feel the door with the back of your hand (more nerve endings, more

sensitive to touch). If the door feels warm to the touch, DO NOT attempt to open it. Stay in the
room.
2. Stuff the cracks around the door with wet towels, rugs, bedding, and cover vents to keep
smoke out. Fire is attracted to oxygen & room, not on fire has more oxygen than a room on fire.
3. Call BFP and tell them exactly where you are located. Do this even if you can see BFP on the
street below.
4. Wait at a window and signal for help with a flashlight or by waving a bright cloth.

5. If possible, open the window at the top and bottom, but do not break it,
you may need to close the window if smoke rushes in.

If your clothes catch on fire use STOP DROP & ROLL TECHNIQUE
1. DO NOT RUN. It will spread the fire across your body.
2. Stop where you are, drop to the ground & roll back and forth
3. Spread across flat on the ground. DO NOT curl up.
4. Roll from your back to your front repeatedly till the fire is squashed.
5. After the flames are extinguished, get up & remove the clothing.
6. Burnt clothing can burn you. This is no time to be shy. If you have to
remove all clothes, just get naked.

THE R.A.C.E. ACRONYM AND FIRE EXTINGUISHER USE

R = RESCUE anyone in immediate danger from the fire if it will not
endanger your life.
A = ALARM: sound the alarm by calling the emergency hotline in your area
and activating a pull station alarm box.
C = CONFINE the fire by closing all doors and windows
E = EXTINGUISH the fire with a fire extinguisher or EVACUATE the area if
the fire is too large for a fire extinguisher.

PROPER USE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS (P.A.S.S.)

P = PULL the pin on the fire extinguisher
A = AIM the extinguisher nozzle at the base of the fire
S = SQUEEZE or press the handle
S = SWEEP from side to side until the fire appears to be out.

Fire safety and evacuation plans

Your plan must show how you have:
1. A clear passageway to all escape routes.
2. Clearly marked escape routes that are as short and direct as possible.
3. Enough exits and routes for all people to escape.
4. Emergency doors that open easily.
5. Emergency lighting where needed.
6. Training for all to know the evacuation plan and how to use the escape
routes.
7. A safe meeting point for everyone.
 Disaster – the disruption of a community’s function which exceeds its ability to cope and
recover on its own

- Risk
- General usage: Emphasizes chance or possibility of an event and its negative
consequence (e.g., "the risk of an accident").
- Technical usage: Focuses on consequences in terms of potential losses for a specific
cause, place, and period.
- Disaster risk: Refers to potential (not actual) disaster losses in lives, health,
livelihoods, assets, and services in a community or society over a specified future time
period.

- Hazard
- Defined as a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity, or condition causing
potential loss of life, injury, health impacts, property damage, livelihood loss, social and
economic disruption, or environmental damage.
- Can be single, sequential, or combined in origin and effects.
- Characterized by location, intensity, probability, and likely frequency.
- Includes hazards from geological, meteorological, hydrological, oceanic, biological,
and technological sources, often in combination.

- Vulnerability
- Characteristics and circumstances of a community, system, or asset making it
susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
- Arises from physical, social, economic, and environmental factors.
- Includes conditions that increase susceptibility to hazards and factors affecting the
ability to respond to events.

- Capacity
- Combination of strengths, attributes, and resources available within a community,
society, or organization to achieve agreed goals.
- Includes infrastructure, physical means, institutions, societal coping abilities, human
knowledge, skills, and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership, and
management.

B. Exposure – the degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard
events of different magnitudes.

C. Disaster Risk – the potential loss in human lives, health status, livelihood, assets, and
services due to the effects of a disaster.

D. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) – the concept and practice of analysis and
management of the causes of disasters, through reducing exposure to hazards, lessening
vulnerability, wise management of the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse
events, to reduce disaster risks

E. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) – the systematic process of

using all available manpower and resources to implement various methods to lessen the impacts
of hazards and the likelihood of a disaster
Pre-Event

- Prevention
- Aim: Outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and disasters.
- Method: Actions taken in advance, such as proper land use or suitable engineering design.
- Note: Complete avoidance is often not feasible, leading to a focus on mitigation.

- Mitigation
- Aim: Lessen or limit adverse impacts of hazards and disasters.
- Method: Strategies and actions ranging from engineering techniques to environmental policies
and public awareness.

- Adaptation
- Aim: Adjust natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli.
- Method: Actions to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities, addressing climate
change concerns (source: UNFCCC).

- Preparedness
- Aim: Develop knowledge and capacities to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from
hazard impacts.
- Participants: Governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities,
and individuals.

Post-Event

- Response
- Aim: Provide emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster.
- Focus: Save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety, and meet basic subsistence
needs.
- Nature: Immediate and short-term, sometimes referred to as "disaster relief."

- Recovery
- Aim: Restore and improve facilities, livelihoods, and living conditions of disaster-affected
communities.
- Method: Rehabilitation and reconstruction based on pre-existing strategies and policies.
- Note: Begins soon after the emergency phase and involves clear institutional responsibilities
and public participation.

Four Thematic Areas of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)

Thematic Area 1: Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Disaster Prevention includes the measures taken to avoid the unfavorable impacts of hazards
and related disasters. Disaster Mitigation is the lessening or limiting the adverse impacts of
hazards and related disasters

Overall responsible government agency: Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

Thematic Area 2: Disaster Preparedness

It is the knowledge and capacity to effectively foresee, respond, and recover from the impacts of
hazard events or conditions.

Overall responsible government agency: Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)
Thematic Area 3: Disaster Response
This includes the availability of services to assist affected groups during or immediately after a
disaster, intending to save lives, reduce impacts, ensure safety, and meet the basic needs of
affected groups.

Overall responsible government agency: Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

Thematic Area 4: Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery

Rehabilitation refers to the ability of affected communities to return to their normal functions by
increasing their organizational capacity to restore livelihood and damaged facilities. Recovery
includes the actions and measures taken after a disaster to rebuild, restore, or improve the living
conditions of the affected community while reducing the risks of disaster.

Overall responsible government agency: National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)
The significant activities under the 4 thematic areas include:

1) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

• Early warning systems
• Flood forecasting and monitoring
• Hazard and risk mappings
• Structural and non-structural interventions

2) Disaster Preparedness
• Contingency planning
• Prepositioning and stock-piling
• Capacitating and organizing responders
• Training, drills and exercises
• Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment

3) Disaster Response
• Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis (RDANA)
• Issuance of advisories and situation reports
• Activation of Response Clusters and Incident Command System (ICS)
• Mobilization of responders
• Humanitarian assistance (eg relief distribution)
• Provision of financial assistance
• Management of evacuation centers

4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery

• Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA)
• Enhancement of policies and plans
• Reconstruction using “build back better” approach
• Resettlement
• Provision of new sources of livelihood

Importance of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

1. Identification, assessment, and monitor disaster risks and improve early warning systems.
2. The reduction of underlying risk factors.
3. Utilization and application of knowledge, innovation, and education to establish a culture of
safety and resilience at all levels.
4. To intensify disaster preparedness for effective response and recovery at all levels, from
national down to local levels.