Rainfall Data for 2023

Date Rainfall (mm) Duration (hours)

2023-01-01 27.44 11.01

2023-01-02 35.76 17.38

2023-01-03 30.14 9.58

2023-01-04 27.24 21.7

2023-01-05 21.18 16.56

2023-01-06 32.29 16.79

2023-01-07 21.88 7.87

2023-01-08 44.59 18.16

2023-01-09 48.18 15.27

2023-01-10 19.17 5.76

2023-01-11 39.59 3.85

2023-01-12 26.44 19.11

2023-01-13 28.4 23.02

2023-01-14 46.28 11.0

2023-01-15 3.55 14.18

2023-01-16 4.36 20.59

2023-01-17 1.01 10.97

2023-01-18 41.63 22.84

2023-01-19 38.91 13.82

2023-01-20 43.5 19.7

2023-01-21 48.93 21.81

2023-01-22 39.96 19.57

2023-01-23 23.07 3.83

2023-01-24 39.03 15.09

2023-01-25 5.91 9.56

2023-01-26 32.0 1.51

2023-01-27 7.17 10.18

2023-01-28 47.23 6.21

2023-01-29 26.09 20.38

2023-01-30 20.73 0.8

2023-01-31 13.23 23.02

2023-02-01 38.71 8.53

2023-02-02 22.81 8.56

2023-02-03 28.42 0.39

2023-02-04 0.94 4.45

2023-02-05 30.88 9.63

2023-02-06 30.6 22.3

2023-02-07 30.85 2.39

2023-02-08 47.19 22.69

2023-02-09 34.09 20.87

2023-02-10 17.98 10.9

2023-02-11 21.85 7.84

2023-02-12 34.88 5.59

2023-02-13 3.01 14.75

2023-02-14 33.34 0.79

2023-02-15 33.53 0.37

2023-02-16 10.52 10.29

2023-02-17 6.45 1.63

2023-02-18 15.77 6.05

2023-02-19 18.19 5.31

2023-02-20 28.51 6.08

2023-02-21 21.93 3.15

2023-02-22 49.42 0.29

2023-02-23 5.1 2.77

2023-02-24 10.44 14.84

2023-02-25 8.07 23.38

2023-02-26 32.66 23.77

2023-02-27 12.66 9.82

2023-02-28 23.32 3.91

2023-03-01 12.22 15.33

2023-03-02 7.95 11.77

2023-03-03 5.52 23.75

2023-03-04 32.82 1.57

2023-03-05 6.91 18.8

2023-03-06 9.83 6.92

2023-03-07 18.44 5.79

2023-03-08 41.05 15.9

2023-03-09 4.86 5.91

2023-03-10 41.9 15.98

2023-03-11 4.8 12.42

2023-03-12 48.82 10.18

2023-03-13 23.43 13.31

2023-03-14 48.84 6.89

2023-03-15 30.24 16.96

2023-03-16 36.96 9.96

2023-03-17 1.96 8.65

2023-03-18 14.14 19.89

2023-03-19 6.01 22.2

2023-03-20 14.81 1.1

2023-03-21 5.94 5.58

2023-03-22 15.9 8.36

2023-03-23 20.71 19.56

2023-03-24 3.21 23.65

2023-03-25 34.62 23.26

2023-03-26 28.33 21.72

2023-03-27 13.27 7.12

2023-03-28 26.16 23.81

2023-03-29 4.7 5.99

2023-03-30 28.8 2.54

2023-03-31 46.46 22.82

2023-04-01 15.93 5.6

2023-04-02 33.37 16.55

2023-04-03 6.59 1.4

2023-04-04 35.82 17.54

2023-04-05 14.47 21.16

2023-04-06 9.16 6.54

2023-04-07 29.33 9.1

2023-04-08 1.01 8.98

2023-04-09 41.45 17.97

2023-04-10 0.23 5.71

2023-04-11 33.89 4.12

2023-04-12 13.5 10.78

2023-04-13 36.76 7.31

2023-04-14 48.11 20.14

2023-04-15 12.44 5.71

2023-04-16 28.81 12.06

2023-04-17 29.6 22.62

2023-04-18 28.61 15.22

2023-04-19 11.15 20.81

2023-04-20 47.64 22.57

2023-04-21 22.36 18.02

2023-04-22 42.32 16.79

2023-04-23 34.97 23.23

2023-04-24 14.87 23.87

2023-04-25 40.69 10.84

2023-04-26 19.83 1.7

2023-04-27 44.06 7.03

2023-04-28 29.06 3.66

2023-04-29 44.09 10.02

2023-04-30 34.63 3.15

2023-05-01 36.26 14.5

2023-05-02 25.07 9.19

2023-05-03 47.8 21.49

2023-05-04 32.2 23.23

2023-05-05 21.19 13.13

2023-05-06 30.32 6.6

2023-05-07 0.96 14.21

2023-05-08 15.08 21.52

2023-05-09 33.01 9.76

2023-05-10 14.5 13.25

2023-05-11 30.9 6.52

2023-05-12 21.44 10.93

2023-05-13 6.77 9.64

2023-05-14 14.91 5.96

2023-05-15 28.5 12.14

2023-05-16 29.54 7.45

2023-05-17 28.72 8.95

2023-05-18 32.66 12.6

2023-05-19 32.61 18.01

2023-05-20 21.57 8.0

2023-05-21 44.83 22.18

2023-05-22 18.38 20.7

2023-05-23 21.79 1.17

2023-05-24 44.6 6.09

2023-05-25 40.31 10.71

2023-05-26 35.19 2.51

2023-05-27 5.01 8.36

2023-05-28 45.97 17.76

2023-05-29 35.71 16.33

2023-05-30 49.94 14.94

2023-05-31 7.47 17.05

2023-06-01 43.41 4.92

2023-06-02 8.12 8.2

2023-06-03 30.78 16.23

2023-06-04 6.19 21.1

2023-06-05 42.4 13.05

2023-06-06 40.37 6.78

2023-06-07 28.46 0.73

2023-06-08 20.36 17.05

2023-06-09 3.46 0.19

2023-06-10 34.87 8.94

2023-06-11 22.68 12.73

2023-06-12 36.1 22.13

2023-06-13 43.32 2.15

2023-06-14 48.78 9.74

2023-06-15 42.79 0.58

2023-06-16 0.59 8.22

2023-06-17 18.0 14.93

2023-06-18 36.5 6.7

2023-06-19 8.58 5.03

2023-06-20 26.05 2.78

2023-06-21 2.72 13.85

2023-06-22 10.0 16.69

2023-06-23 0.93 16.13

2023-06-24 39.68 22.77

2023-06-25 11.2 0.06

2023-06-26 17.27 15.53

2023-06-27 46.4 14.41

2023-06-28 35.22 14.13

2023-06-29 1.59 23.11

2023-06-30 8.23 0.4

2023-07-01 31.07 16.72

2023-07-02 28.86 19.53

2023-07-03 11.89 12.24

2023-07-04 46.71 8.02

2023-07-05 30.7 18.98

2023-07-06 26.78 2.33

2023-07-07 29.5 10.61

2023-07-08 36.51 12.48

2023-07-09 15.6 16.65

2023-07-10 19.91 2.18

2023-07-11 10.49 5.47

2023-07-12 9.31 9.85

2023-07-13 47.22 14.96

2023-07-14 36.98 21.29

2023-07-15 24.52 14.85

2023-07-16 11.37 3.2

2023-07-17 12.72 23.53

2023-07-18 2.9 20.92

2023-07-19 21.72 12.07

2023-07-20 15.59 22.14

2023-07-21 34.82 12.99

2023-07-22 18.89 22.16

2023-07-23 8.98 19.92

2023-07-24 1.23 23.24

2023-07-25 3.36 22.07

2023-07-26 33.97 0.86

2023-07-27 22.68 4.19

2023-07-28 26.83 9.34

2023-07-29 44.83 22.85

2023-07-30 49.52 7.2

2023-07-31 10.84 3.85

2023-08-01 33.15 21.27

2023-08-02 13.17 10.71

2023-08-03 1.03 21.79

2023-08-04 37.92 3.85

2023-08-05 16.0 15.87

2023-08-06 19.17 10.57

2023-08-07 29.42 1.84

2023-08-08 41.55 16.72

2023-08-09 31.45 5.94

2023-08-10 43.63 0.95

2023-08-11 13.68 1.44

2023-08-12 39.9 1.47

2023-08-13 9.28 21.79

2023-08-14 47.64 17.76

2023-08-15 34.37 21.55

2023-08-16 10.78 16.14

2023-08-17 47.37 12.69

2023-08-18 36.54 7.31

2023-08-19 12.7 23.95

2023-08-20 10.67 8.69

2023-08-21 25.91 11.3

2023-08-22 1.28 9.08

2023-08-23 10.37 23.51

2023-08-24 21.23 4.19

2023-08-25 18.71 7.87

2023-08-26 23.18 16.33

2023-08-27 13.88 1.52

2023-08-28 29.34 14.57

2023-08-29 43.19 11.46

2023-08-30 5.88 6.82

2023-08-31 25.87 5.72

2023-09-01 6.6 12.35

2023-09-02 35.84 8.83

2023-09-03 19.8 10.96

2023-09-04 28.27 8.1

2023-09-05 9.16 23.29

2023-09-06 7.24 3.2

2023-09-07 24.4 2.32

2023-09-08 17.78 8.24

2023-09-09 47.02 14.18

2023-09-10 38.27 15.82

2023-09-11 37.43 9.53

2023-09-12 45.19 23.98

2023-09-13 4.17 8.45

2023-09-14 27.61 17.31

2023-09-15 29.22 15.3

2023-09-16 48.1 19.51

2023-09-17 14.61 23.43

2023-09-18 12.04 21.36

2023-09-19 5.01 18.35

2023-09-20 0.82 16.76

2023-09-21 46.48 8.05

2023-09-22 33.5 3.54

2023-09-23 39.26 1.5

2023-09-24 14.09 5.81

2023-09-25 29.32 10.37

2023-09-26 3.2 12.53

2023-09-27 24.28 18.55

2023-09-28 48.87 23.01

2023-09-29 43.83 2.82

2023-09-30 16.91 2.57

2023-10-01 48.08 14.15

2023-10-02 11.59 17.89

2023-10-03 47.47 20.36

2023-10-04 47.07 22.46

2023-10-05 39.96 23.6

2023-10-06 31.52 9.6

2023-10-07 43.71 9.13

2023-10-08 14.65 3.55

2023-10-09 42.45 16.44

2023-10-10 30.89 15.76

2023-10-11 0.66 20.69

2023-10-12 17.36 2.33

2023-10-13 7.41 11.95

2023-10-14 49.09 13.95

2023-10-15 23.92 5.8

2023-10-16 24.87 4.06

2023-10-17 31.97 20.63

2023-10-18 18.43 1.4

2023-10-19 6.85 11.29

2023-10-20 41.11 2.78

2023-10-21 9.49 10.97

2023-10-22 25.57 23.52

2023-10-23 11.22 10.17

2023-10-24 4.89 20.57

2023-10-25 43.11 2.82

2023-10-26 48.65 6.51

2023-10-27 48.04 9.69

2023-10-28 45.33 9.6

2023-10-29 38.7 16.11

2023-10-30 16.66 8.27

2023-10-31 4.06 17.13

2023-11-01 20.36 15.34

2023-11-02 11.61 9.58

2023-11-03 6.62 10.36

2023-11-04 2.67 14.75

2023-11-05 36.28 1.68

2023-11-06 0.57 19.74

2023-11-07 38.53 15.68

2023-11-08 7.35 17.43

2023-11-09 3.98 12.89

2023-11-10 4.48 2.65

2023-11-11 33.6 9.72

2023-11-12 12.27 9.73

2023-11-13 21.03 7.71

2023-11-14 27.87 0.72

2023-11-15 43.03 17.69

2023-11-16 36.35 2.63

2023-11-17 13.52 14.55

2023-11-18 6.57 16.88

2023-11-19 2.77 15.23

2023-11-20 15.08 23.02

2023-11-21 13.11 2.48

2023-11-22 22.81 20.81

2023-11-23 34.16 0.7

2023-11-24 34.78 12.84

2023-11-25 14.18 9.7

2023-11-26 19.0 12.58

2023-11-27 9.06 8.76

2023-11-28 39.43 4.57

2023-11-29 2.84 0.46

2023-11-30 34.85 12.44

2023-12-01 38.93 20.23

2023-12-02 38.87 8.96

2023-12-03 12.97 5.35

2023-12-04 18.69 1.93

2023-12-05 29.38 2.05

2023-12-06 13.64 5.31

2023-12-07 18.54 2.4

2023-12-08 9.85 6.36

2023-12-09 22.99 1.59

2023-12-10 2.23 1.57

2023-12-11 39.99 20.55

2023-12-12 3.85 3.89

2023-12-13 25.94 13.43

2023-12-14 15.34 18.56

2023-12-15 28.88 10.95

2023-12-16 47.97 3.68

2023-12-17 32.28 4.79

2023-12-18 1.77 10.39

2023-12-19 21.52 12.68

2023-12-20 25.5 8.39

2023-12-21 26.81 18.76

2023-12-22 34.07 18.02

2023-12-23 13.88 22.25

2023-12-24 6.44 0.69

2023-12-25 19.63 21.5

2023-12-26 47.82 9.42

2023-12-27 9.36 21.08

 2023-12-28 45.2 16.58

2023-12-29 27.19 23.7

2023-12-30 22.85 18.22

2023-12-31 44.1 8.75

Question

1 calculate the intensity of each rainfall duration

2 calculate the cumulative rainfall for each month and use it to plot a graph on cumulative
rainfall against month

3 plot intensity duration curve for each month

 Infiltration Table
Time (min) Water Level (mm) Infiltration Rate (mm/hr) Comments
0 0 0
5 10 120
10 14 84
15 18 72
20 21 60
25 23 54
30 25 48
40 28 42
50 30 36
60 32 32
75 33 28
90 34 24
105 35 24
120 36 24

Calculate cumulative infiltration rate

Calculate infiltration at any time K using hortons equation

plot a graph of cumulative infiltration rate against Time

Plot a graph of infiltration against time.

Sample Raw Anemometer Data (Counter Values)
Timestamp Counter Value (Revolutions/Counts) Comments

08:00:00 100 Initial reading

08:00:10 120 Slight increase

08:00:20 110 Decrease

08:00:30 115 Small fluctuation

08:00:40 130 Gust detected

08:00:50 150 Strong gust

08:01:00 140

08:01:10 135

08:01:20 125 Wind stabilizing

08:01:30 118 Slight decrease

08:01:40 110 Wind calming

08:01:50 105 Further drop

08:02:00 108 Small rise

08:02:10 115

08:02:20 120 Slight increase

08:02:30 130 Gust

08:02:40 140 Another gust dete

08:02:50 135 Stabilizing after g

08:03:00 125 Settling down

1. Counter Value (Revolutions/Counts): Represents the raw counts recorded by

the anemometer over a short interval (e.g., 10 seconds). Each count corresponds
to a specific number of revolutions of the anemometer's cups or blades.
2. Timestamp: Time at which the count was recorded.
 3. Comments: Notes on changes in the counter values, such as gusts or stabilization.

Conversion to Wind Speed:

To convert the counter values into wind speed (m/s), you would typically apply a
calibration factor specific to the anemometer model. The conversion equation is often
something like:

Wind Speed (m/s)=Counter Value×Calibration Factor\text{Wind Speed (m/s)} = \

text{Counter Value} \times \text{Calibration
Factor}Wind Speed (m/s)=Counter Value×Calibration Factor

For example, if each count represents 0.1 m/s, you would multiply the counter values by
0.1 to obtain the wind speed.

Would you like to proceed with an example of calculating wind speed from these raw
counter values?
 Sample Raw Data for Evaporation Pan
Water Wind Solar
Temperature Humidity
Date Time Level Speed Radiation Comments
(°C) (%)
(mm) (m/s) (W/m²)

Initial water
2024-09-05 08:00 200 25 3.0 60 550
level

Evaporation du
2024-09-05 12:00 196 30 4.2 50 750
to higher temp

Wind and sun

2024-09-05 16:00 192 33 5.0 45 820
increase

Evening drop i
2024-09-05 20:00 190 28 3.8 55 400
temp & wind

Overnight
2024-09-06 08:00 188 26 2.8 65 520
evaporation

High
2024-09-06 12:00 183 31 4.5 50 700 evaporation
midday

Peak sun and

2024-09-06 16:00 180 34 5.5 40 850
wind

Slow evening
2024-09-06 20:00 178 29 4.0 55 450
evaporation

Cumulative
2024-09-07 08:00 176 25 3.0 60 500 daily
evaporation

Key Variables:

1. Water Level (mm): This is the raw height of the water in the evaporation pan,
which decreases as water evaporates.
2. Temperature (°C): A higher temperature generally increases evaporation rates.
3. Wind Speed (m/s): Wind increases evaporation by moving air over the water's
surface.
4. Humidity (%): Lower humidity promotes more evaporation since drier air
absorbs more water vapor.
5. Solar Radiation (W/m²): Solar radiation drives evaporation by heating the water.
How Evaporation is Calculated:

To compute the evaporation rate, we would subtract the water level at the start from the
water level at the end of a given time period. For example, between 08:00 and 12:00 on
2024-09-05:

Evaporation (mm)=200 mm−196 mm=4 mm\text{Evaporation (mm)} = 200 \, \text{mm}

- 196 \, \text{mm} = 4 \, \text{mm}Evaporation (mm)=200mm−196mm=4mm
 Constant Head Permeability Test

This test is typically used for granular soils like sands and gravels. The constant head test
assumes a steady flow through a soil sample, with a fixed hydraulic gradient.

Given Parameters:

 Sample length, L=10cm

 Sample cross-sectional area, A=50cm2
 Hydraulic head difference, h=15cm
 Volume of water collected, V
 Time interval, t

Flow Rate Q=V/t

Trial No. Volume of Water (cm³) Time (sec)
(cm³/s)

1 200 50 4.0

2 220 55 4.0

3 210 52 4.04

4 190 48 3.96

5 205 50 4.1

Permeability = Permeability k =(Q∗L)/( A∗h)

1) Calculate the Permeability of the soil

2) Plot a graph of Q VS t
Falling Head Permeability Test

This test is suitable for fine-grained soils like silts and clays. In this test, the water level
falls over time, and the rate of decline is measured to calculate permeability.

Given Parameters:

 Initial head, h0=100 cmh_0 = 100 \, \text{cm}h0=100cm

 Final head, ht=30 cmh_t = 30 \, \text{cm}ht=30cm
 Sample length, L=10 cmL = 10 \, \text{cm}L=10cm
 Sample cross-sectional area, A=50 cm2A = 50 \, \text{cm}^2A=50cm2
 Standpipe cross-sectional area, a=2 cm2a = 2 \, \text{cm}^2a=2cm2
 Time taken for the head to fall from h0h_0h0 to hth_tht

Generated Data:
Initial Head Final Head
Trial No. Time (sec)
h0(cm) ht(cm)

1 100 30 120

2 100 40 130

3 90 30 140

4 100 25 135

5 95 35 125

2.303∗L
Permeability k = log ⁡(h 0 /ht)(cm/ s)
t

1) Calculate Permeability
2) Find the average permeability of the soil
 Measurement of flow rate of a River

Divide the river into 3 sections:

 Section 1: Width = 2 meters, Average Depth = 1.5 meters

 Section 2: Width = 3 meters, Average Depth = 2 meters
 Section 3: Width = 4 meters, Average Depth = 1.8 meters

Velocity

 Section 1: V1=0.8 m/s

 Section 2: V2=1.0 m/s

 Section 3: V3=0.9 m/s

1) Calculate discharge Q of the river

Bernoulli’s Equation (Simplified):

Calculate P2 for all velocities
 Electro Resistivity Method

Data Structure:

 Depth (m): Measurement depth where the electrodes are placed.

 Apparent Resistivity (Ωm): Calculated from the potential difference and current

applied, this value gives an estimate of the subsurface material's resistivity.

 Layer Type: Soil, rock, or aquifer indication (based on resistivity range).