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5 History of AI

Notes by University of Lucknow

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Omisha Agarwal
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16 views11 pages

5 History of AI

Notes by University of Lucknow

Uploaded by

Omisha Agarwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW
LUCKNOW

Artificial Intelligence
CS-703

Er. Zeeshan Ali Siddiqui


Assistant Professor
Deptt. of C.S.E.
HISTORY OF AI
The Beginning: 1943 - 1952
• 1943: J. McCulloch, W. Pitts: model of the artificial neuron

• 1949: D. Hebb: rule to modify the connection strength between two


neurons

• 1950: A. Turing: Turing test, machine learning, genetic algorithms,


reinforcement learning

• 1951: Minsky and Edmons: the first neural network containing 40


neurons (vacuum tubes)
Early Enthusiasm, High Hopes: 1952 – 1969 1/2

• 1952: A. Samuel: game of checkers, a program that learns

• 1956: Newell, Shaw and Simon: Logic Theorist (LT) - a shortened proof of a theorem
from the book Principia Mathematica

• 1957: Newel & Simon: GPS (General Problem Solver), the first program that
embodied the human way of thinking

• 1958: J. McCarthy: LISP

• 1960 - 1962: Widrow i Hoff: ADALINE (Adaptive Linear Neuron or later Adaptive
Linear Element) is an early single-layer artificial neural network and the name of
the physical device that implemented this network

• 1962: F. Rosenblatt: proof of perceptron convergence. A perceptron is a neural


network unit (an artificial neuron) that does certain computations to detect
features or business intelligence in the input data.
Early Enthusiasm, High Hopes: 1952 – 1969 2/2

• 1965: Joseph Weizenbaum - ELIZA chatbot (an early natural language


processing computer program)

• 1965: Robinson - resolution rule

• 1966: Quillian - semantic networks. A semantic network is a graphic


notation for representing knowledge in patterns of interconnected
nodes.

• 1969: Minsky & Papert: "Perceptrons" - a limitation of neural


networks
Knowledge-based Systems:1970 - 1979
• DENDRAL, Fiegenbaum, Buchanan (Stanford) - a knowledge based
system performs reasoning about molecular structures of organic
compounds based on mass spectroscopy - 450 rules

• MYCIN, Shortliffe (Stanford), 550 rules, different from DENDRAL: no


theoretical model as a foundation, introduces the "certainty factors“.

• Advances in natural language processing

• PROLOG - logical programming language popular in Europe

• 1975, Minsky: frame theory. Frames are an artificial intelligence data


structure used to divide knowledge into substructures by
representing "stereotyped situations".
AI Industry: 1980 - 2010
• 1980 - AI becomes an industry! (from several million dollars in 1980
up to a billion dollars in 1988)

• 1980 - Comeback of neural networks (Werbos - backpropagation


algorithms)

• 1982 McDermott - DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) R1 expert


system

• Intelligent agents (agent - perception of the environment through


sensors and acting on it through actions)

• Robotics

• Machine learning
Era of Deep Learning: 2010 - Today
• Deep learning - machine learning of multilayered data abstractions

• Typically using neural networks on large amounts of data

• Stunning advances in computer vision

• Promising improvements in natural language processing


Deep Learning: Example
• A deep learning system estimates the calories based on dish photo

– Counting calories (Google)


– http://www.popsci.com/google-using-ai-count-calories-food-photos
References

1. Stuart Russell,Peter Norvig, “Artificial Intelligence-A Modern Approach”, Pearson.

2. Elaine Rich and Kevin Knight, “Artificial Intelligence”, McGraw-Hill.

3. E Charniak and D McDermott, “Introduction to Artificial Intelligence”, Pearson.

4. Prof. Bojana Dalbelo Basic and Jan Snajder, "Introduction to Articial Intelligence",
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing.
Thank You.

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