AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

SEC 46 GURUGRAM
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE NOTES – PT 2

UNIT 1 – AI REFLECTION(1.1)

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

Artificial Intelligence is ability of computer or computer aided machines to perform tasks like thinking,
analysing, problem solving, speech recognition, visual perception, translating languages and decision
making, inspired by human intelligence. Since AI has evolved from wide range of subjects like
Computing, Mathematics, Science, Philosophy etc., it can widely used to be integrated in teaching and
understanding these subjects to explore further.
John McCarthy coined the term artificial intelligence and is regarded as the father of AI.

OBJECTIVES of AI
The basic objective of AI is to enable computers to perform such intellectual tasks as:
• decision making,
• problem solving,
• perception,
• understanding human communication

This objective is proved with the blind test suggested by Alan Turing in the 1930s: if an observer who
cannot see the participants (computer and human) cannot tell the difference between them, the
objective is satisfied.

APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:

AI can be used in the vast fields like Business, Education, Transportation, banking etc. Some of the
applications are discussed below:
AI Robot: Sophia is a social humanoid robot developed by Hong Kong based company Hanson
Robotics. Sophia uses artificial intelligence, visual data processing and facial recognition. She is able
to display more than 60 facial expressions.
On October 11, 2017, Sophia was introduced to the United Nations with a brief conversation with the
United Nations Deputy Secretary-General, Amina J. Mohammed. On October 25, at the Future
Investment Summit in Riyadh, the robot was granted Saudi Arabian citizenship, becoming the first
robot ever to have a nationality.

1. AI in Astronomy
o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology
can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.
2. AI in Healthcare
o In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry and
going to have a significant impact on this industry.
o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI
can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical
help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in Gaming
o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess,
where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
4. AI in Finance
 o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine
learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security
o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly
in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples
such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug and cyberattacks in a
better way.
6. AI in Social Media
o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles,
which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage
massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and
requirement of different users.
7. AI in Travel & Transport
o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel
related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and
best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can
make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast response.
8. AI in Automotive Industry
o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better
performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make
your journey more safe and secure.
9. AI in Robotics:
o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can
create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-
programmed.
o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid
robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
10. AI in Entertainment
o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment
services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show
the recommendations for programs or shows.
11. AI in Agriculture
o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best
result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field.
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive
analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
12. AI in E-commerce
o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more
demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated
products with recommended size, color, or even brand.
13. AI in education:
o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be accessible
easily at any time and any place.
Some more AI Applications
Face Lock in Smartphones Smartphones nowadays come with the feature of face locks in which the
smartphone’s owner can set up his/her face as an unlocking mechanism for it. The front camera detects
and captures the face and saves its features during initiation. Next time onwards, whenever the features
match, the phone is unlocked.
Smart assistants
Face Lock in Smartphones Smartphones nowadays come with the feature of face locks in which the
smartphone’s owner can set up his/her face as an unlocking mechanism for it. The front camera detects
and captures the face and saves its features during initiation. Next time onwards, whenever the features
match, the phone is unlocked.
Smart assistants like Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa recognize patterns in speech, then infer meaning
and provide a useful response.
Fraud and Risk Detection Finance companies were fed with bad debts and losses every year. However,
they had a lot of data which used to get collected during the initial paperwork while sanctioning loans.
They decided to bring in data scientists to rescue them from losses. Over the years, banking companies
learned to divide and conquer data via customer profiling, past expenditures, and other essential variables
to analyse the probabilities of risk and default. Moreover, it also helped them to push their banking
products based on customer’s purchasing power.
Medical Imaging: For the last decades, computer supported medical imaging application that has been a
trustworthy help for physicians. It doesn’t only create and analyse images, but also becomes an assistant
and helps doctors with their interpretation. The application is used to read and convert 2D scan images into
interactive 3D models that enable medical professionals to gain a detailed understanding of a patient’s
health condition.
DOMAINS/ELEMENTS/STRANDS OF AI

1)Data – AI is capable of processing large amounts of data at a very fast speed and within very less time.
Data, including data processing, is an important domain of AI. Data is the collection of raw facts and
numbers. Anything that is composed of letters(A-Z), numbers(09), or any special character(*,#) comes
under the category of Data. In todays times, a lot of data is being generated on a daily basis. Different data
collection and processing techniques are employed by AI to process data. Processing data includes
analyzing patterns and trends and thus facilitating in making future predictions.
For example, AI can build a store of knowledge that will enable accurate predictions about consumer
behavior that are based not only on what a customer buys but also on how much time a consumer spends
on a particular part of a site or store, in addition to the items viewed or purchased by the customer.
2)Natural Language Processing – Alexa, Siri and the Talking Tom game are applications that obey the
voice commands given by user. Have you ever thought how these applications and devices are able to
understand the language spoken by us ? Not only do these applications understand what we are saying, but
they also follow the instructions given by us. What makes it possible?
This is because of NLP. NLP helps computers understand human language. It deals with the interaction
between computers and humans using a natural language. The main objective of it is to read, interpret,
understand and make sense of the human languages in a manner that is valuable. Virtual digital assistant
is the most common example of NLP.
Google Translate, Google Webspeech and Vocalware and Spam Filter in E-mail are few examples of NLP.
3)Computer Vision - Computer vision (CV) is a process (and a branch of computer science) that involves
capturing, processing and analysing real-world images and video to allow machines to extract meaningful,
contextual information from the physical world. CV collects information from digital images or videos and
processes them to define the attributes. The entire process involves image acquiring, screening, analysing,
identifying and extracting information. This extensive processing helps computers understand any visual
content and act on it accordingly.
UNIT 1 – AI PROJECT CYCLE(1.2)

A project is defined as a sequence of tasks that requires planning and execution to achieve the desired
outcome. A project cycle provides a structured approach to manage the project from start to end.
A project cycle consists of a set of activities,resources and constraints that contributes to the success
completion of project.
What is AI Project Cycle?
AI project cycle is a systematic and sequential process that involves effective planning, organizing,
coordinating and development of the project starting from initial planning phase and progressing
through execution, completion and review.

The AI Project Cycle mainly has 5 stages.

1. Problem Scoping
2. Data Acquisition
3. Data Exploration
4. Modelling
5. Evaluation

1. What is Problem Scoping?

Problem scoping is the process of defining and understanding the specific boundaries and details of a
problem before starting an Al project. It helps us clarify what needs to be solved and what is the best
approach to solve our problem. It involves the process of identifying a specific problem and developing a
clear vision and understanding of how to solve it.
We can figure out exactly what needs to be done, who will benefit from it and what resources we have. It
helps us set clear goals and plan our actions. It also helps us understand the limits of what can be achieved
and ensures that our solution is realistic and achievable.
This step is important because it helps us understand the problem better and find the right
solution. Problem scoping for AI can be simplified using the 4Ws Problem Canvas
approach.
What is 4Ws Problem Canvas?
The 4Ws Problem canvas helps in identifying the key elements related to the blem. The 4Ws are :
a) Who
b) What
c) Where
d) Why
a) Who? : This block helps in analysing the people who are getting affected directly or indirectly
due to a problem. Under this, we find out who are the ‘Stakeholders’ (those people who face this
problemand would be benefitted with the solution) to this problem.
b) What? : This block helps to determine the nature of the problem. What is the problem and
how do we know that it is a problem? Under this block, we also gather evidence to prove
that the problem you have selected actually exists.
c) Where? : This block will help us to look into the situation in which the problem rises the
context of it and the locations where it is prominent.
d) Why? : In the “Why” canvas, we think about the benefits which the stakeholders would get from
the solution and how it will benefit them as well as the society.

2. What is Data Acquisition?

This is the second stage of AI Project cycle. This stage involves gathering relevant datafor the AI
project. Whenever we want an AI project to be able to predict an output, we need to train it first using
data i.e. called Training Data.
For example, If you want to make an Artificially Intelligent system which can predict the salary
of any employee based on his previous salaries, you would feed the data of his previous salaries
into themachine. The previous salary data here is known as Training Data.
 Once the AI system is trained,we test its performance using new data that it hasn’t seen before i.e. called
Testing Data. For better efficiency of an AI project, the Training data needs to be relevant and
authentic.
Authenticity: The authenticity of the training data refers to its accuracy, reliability and credibility,
i.e., the data Should be a true representation of the real-world picture or domain that the Al system
aims to understand or predict.
Relevance: The training data must be relevant to the problem statement scoped for the Al project.
This means that the data should capture the essential features, patterns and relationships that are
necessary for the Al system to learn and make accurate predictions or decisions. Irrelevant or
unrelated data can lead to poor performance. Data Features
Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect. In above example, data features would
be salary amount, increment percentage, increment period, bonus, etc.
Some common types of data features are:
1. Numerical features: These types of data represent numeric values.eg: age, weight, temperature.
2. Categorical features: These represent qualitative data eg: gender (male or female),
colour, country etc
3. Binary features: These features represents data that can take only two distinct values
eg: yes or No, True or False, 0 or 1 etc
4. Image features: These represents visual data, typically in the form of pixels.
5. Time series features: These feature represents data collected over time.eg: stock prices, temperature
measurements or website traffics etc
These data’s can be collect using different ways(Data Source). Some of them are:
1. Surveys
2. Web Scraping
3. Sensors
4. Cameras
5. Observations
6. API (Application Program Interface)
One of the most reliable and authentic sources of information, are the open-sourced websites
hosted by the government. Some of the open-sourced Govt. portals are: data.gov.in, india.gov.in.

3. What is Data Exploration?

Data exploration is a way to discover hidden patterns, interesting insights and useful information from the
data we have. We can use different tools and techniques to explore the data, such as charts, graphs and
statistical analysis.
For example, imagine we have a big dataset of students' test scores. Through data exploration, we can find
out in which subjects students are doing well and which ones they are struggling with. We can also see if
there are any patterns, like whether studying for more hours leads to better scores.
Data exploration helps us make important decisions and find insights that can be used to improve things.
There are several techniques we can use to explore data and uncover interesting patterns, Some of which
are
listed below:
Visualization: This is the most commonly used data exploration technique. It involves creating colorful
charts, graphs and diagrams to represent data visually. For instance, we can make a bar graph to compare
the popularity of different sports or a line graph to show how temperature changes over time.
Visualizations make it easier to understand data and spot trends.
Filtering and Sorting: We can use filters to focus on specific parts of the data For example, we can filter
a list of movies to show only those released in the past year. Sorting allows us to arrange data in a specific
order.
Summarization: Summarizing data involves finding key information or statistics that give us an
overview.
Pattern Recognition: This technique involves looking for repeated patterns or trends in the data. For
example, we might notice that the sales of ice cream increase during the summer months or that there is
an increase in website traffic on weekends. Recognizing patterns helps us make predictions and
understand how things might change in the future.

4 What is Modelling?
The graphical representation makes the data understandable for humans as we can discover trends and
patterns out of it, but machine can analyse the data only when the data is in the most basic form of numbers
(which is binary – 0s and 1s). AI modeling refers to the process of creating a mathematical or statistical
representation of real world system or problem. Al machines require mathematical models because
mathematics provides a means for understanding and representing complex patterns, relationships and
calculations.
Few Important terms in Modelling
Artificial Intelligence, or AI, refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic human
intelligence. The AI-enabled machines think algorithmically and execute what they have been asked
for intelligently.
Machine Learning, or ML, enables machines to improve at tasks with experience. The machine
learns from its mistakes and takes them into consideration in the next execution. It improvises itself
using its own experiences.
Deep Learning, or DL, enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of data. In
deep learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it into training itself
around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for themselves.
Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial Intelligence out of these three. Then comes
Machine Learning which is intermediately intelligent and Artificial Intelligence covers all the concepts
and algorithms which, in some way or the other mimic human intelligence.

The process of Al modelling has three essential components:

1. Data: High quality and relevant data is essential for Al modelling. It serves as the input for training
and testing the models.

2. Algorithms: Algorithms are mathematical formulas or instructions that process the data to make
predictions or decisions.

3. Training/Rules: Al models need to be trained using labelled data, unlabelled data or rules. During
training, the model learns patterns and relationships in the data to make accurate predictions or decisions.
Generally, AI models can be classified as follows:
This classification is based on how they make decisions and solve problems.
 Rule Based Approach:
Rule-based Al approach is a type of Al modelling that uses a set of predefined rules and logic
to make decisions or take actions. These rules are defined by developers and are based on IF-
THEN and ELSE statements and are designed to mimic human decision-making processes,
The rules used for decision- making may range from very simple to extremely complex.
Example determine the grade of a student
If mark>=90:then
grade=’A’ Else if
mark>=80:then grade=’B’
Else if mark>=70:then
grade=’C’

• This rule-based approach to create an Al system is simple and easy-to-understand

• The learning is static, i.e, the system cannot learn from new data or adapt to new situations.
• A decision tree is a decision support tool that uses a tree-like model of decisions and their possible
consequences, including chance event outcomes, resource costs, and utility. It is one way to display an
algorithm that only contains conditional control statements. It is a rule-based AI model which helps the
machine in predicting what an element is with the help of various decisions (or rules) fed to it.
Decision Trees are made on the basis of the dataset we have and change according to the parameters
which we take into consideration for modelling

Learning Based Approach :

Learning-based Al approach, also known as Machine Learning, is a type of Al system that can learn
from data and improve its performance over time. Unlike rule-based AI, machine learning systems do
not rely on predefined rules but instead use statistical models to learn patterns and make decisions.

• This learning-based approach to Al is more flexible and powerful approach as it can learn from
new data and adapt to new situations.
• It requires more data and resources and more difficult to understand as compared to rule-based AI.
 Rule Based Approach Learning Based Approach
It refers to the AI modelling where It refers to the AI modelling
the rules are defined by the where the machine learns
developer. by itself
In this learning is static In this learning is dynamic
The machine once trained, does not The machine once trained, does take
take into into consideration any changes made in
consideration any changes made in the the original training dataset.
original training dataset.

5. EVALUATION

After training, the model's performance needs to be evaluated. Evaluation helps us understand how
well the model is performing and whether it meets the desired objectives. Evaluation of any AI system
is important because of the following reasons:

1. Measure performance: Evaluate AI systems to see how well they perform on specific tasks. This
helps us know if they are accurate and ready for real-world use.
2. Find areas to improve: Evaluation helps us identify where the AI system is not doing well and
needs to get better. We look for patterns in mistakes and find out where it struggles with certain
inputs or situations.
3. Check our assumptions: Evaluation lets us check if our assumptions about the AI system and its
data are correct. We want to make sure the data we used to train the system is like what it will face in
the real world.
4. Ensure ethical use: Evaluation helps us make sure the AI system is used ethically and follows the laws.
We look for biases or unintended effects and ensure the system is used fairly and responsibly.