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Science 8 Reviewer

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11 views

Science 8 Reviewer

reviewer

Uploaded by

amandasln.sa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Potential Energy

Potential Energy
- is the capacity to do work stored in a body.
- also defined as energy stored in a body due to its position or state.

Gravitational Potential Energy


- energy due to the relative position of an object
- it is the result of the gravitational attraction
- this energy is affected by the weight and the relative height of a body

*** Gravitational potential energy changes when an object is brought to a higher place.

Elastic Potential Energy – energy stored due to the strain exerted on an object
Force constant – the force needed to produce a unit elongation of the spring
Elastic constant – the measure of the stiffness of an object being deformed

Units for PE are joule and erg 1 J = 1 N·m


1 erg = 1 dyn·cm

Properties of Sound

SOUND - a mechanical wave that arises from the back and forth motion of the particles in
the medium through which the sound wave propagates.
- produced by a vibrating body
- reinforced by resonance – the quality or condition wherein vibrations or waves are
intensified or prolonged by an external force or by another vibration

echo – reflection of sound when it bounces back from a hard surface


reverberation – a series of echoes

Some examples of how sound is produced:


• plucking of guitar strings;
• clanging of tuning fork to a solid object; and
• voice production through vibration of vocal cords.

Sound travels through the different states of matter. It travels fastest in solids than in liquids
and gases.

The speed of sound increases with increasing temperature.


Properties of Sound

1. frequency
-- the number of vibrations of a sound per unit of time

2. wavelength
-- the length of a sound wave

3. amplitude
-- the measure of the amount of energy of a sound wave

4. intensity
-- the magnitude of sound energy as it travels through a unit area

5. power
-- the measure of energy per unit of time

6. quality
-- the fullness and richness of a sound

7. speed
-- the distance travelled per unit of time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic
medium.

The loudness of a sound depends on the wave’s amplitude.

The measure of the amount of energy of a sound wave is its amplitude. It is numerically
equal to the height between the topmost part of the wave and the equilibrium or between the
bottom-most part of the wave and the equilibrium. The intensity or loudness of sound is
proportional to the square of the amplitude. The greater the intensity of a sound, the greater
the amplitude.

The system used to measure the loudness of sounds is the decibel system, given the unit dB.

• The decibel system is based on logarithms, which means for every step up by one, the
sound is actually ten times louder. For example, a 15dB sound is ten times louder than a
14dB sound.

The decibel is actually a fraction of a bel, the original unit for measuring sound (1 dB = 0.1
b). The "bel" was originally named after Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the
telephone. Because the bel was too high a value for day to day situations, the decibel became
a standard.

Most concerts you go to will have sound levels between 100 – 130 dB… easily into the
permanent damage range.

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