Lecture 5

Engineering Applications Today

Lecture 5

Oscillatory Motion
(1)
Periodic Motion
 Periodic motion is motion of an object that
regularly repeats (What is light !)
 The object returns to a given position after a fixed
time interval
 If the force is always directed toward the
equilibrium position, the motion is called simple
harmonic motion SHM
Motion of a Spring-Mass
System
 A block of mass m is
attached to a spring,
the block is free to
move on a frictionless
horizontal surface
 When the spring is
neither stretched nor
compressed, the block
is at the equilibrium
position
 x=0
Simple Harmonic Motion
An Experiment To Show SHM
 This is an experimental
apparatus for
demonstrating simple
harmonic motion
 The pen attached to the
oscillating object traces
out a sinusoidal on the
moving chart paper
 This verifies the cosine
curve previously
determined
Hooke’s Law
 Drive equations to estimate x, v and a
 Hooke’s Law states Fs = - kx
 Fs is the restoring force
 It is always directed toward the equilibrium
position
 Therefore, it is always opposite the
displacement from equilibrium
 k is the force (spring) constant
 x is the displacement
Acceleration
 The force described by Hooke’s Law is
the net force in Newton’s Second Law
FHooke  FNewton
kx  ma x
k
ax   x
m
Acceleration, final
 The acceleration is not constant
 Therefore, the kinematic equations cannot
be applied
 If the block is released from some position
x = A, then the initial acceleration is –kA/m
 When the block passes through the
equilibrium position, a = 0
 The block continues to x = -A where its
acceleration is +kA/m
Vertical hanging of the Spring
 When the block is hung from a vertical
spring, its weight will cause the spring
to stretch
 If the resting position of the spring is
defined as x = 0, the same analysis as
was done with the horizontal spring will
apply to the vertical spring-mass system
before equilibrium
Simple Harmonic Motion –
Mathematical Representation
 Model the block as a particle
 Choose x as the axis along which the
oscillation occurs 2
d x k
 Acceleration a  2   x
dt m
k
 We let w  2

 Then a = -w2x
Simple Harmonic Motion –
Mathematical Representation, 2
 A function that satisfies the equation is
needed
 Need a function x(t) whose second
derivative is the same as the original
function with a negative sign and
multiplied by w2
 The sine and cosine functions meet these
requirements
Simple Harmonic Motion –
Graphical Representation
 A solution is x(t) =
A cos (wt + f)
 A, w, f are all
constants
 A cosine curve can
be used to give
physical
significance to
these constants
Simple Harmonic Motion –
Definitions
 A is the amplitude of the motion
 This is the maximum position of the
particle in either the positive or negative
direction
 w is called the angular frequency
 Units are rad/s
 f is the phase constant or the initial
phase angle
Simple Harmonic Motion, cont
 A and f are determined uniquely by the
position and velocity of the particle at t = 0
 If the particle is at x = A at t = 0, then f = 0
 The phase of the motion is the quantity (wt
+ f)
 x (t) is periodic and its value is the same each
time wt increases by 2p radians
Period
 The period, T, is the time interval
required for the particle to go through
one full cycle of its motion
 The values of x and v for the particle at
time t equal the values of x and v at t + T
2p
T
w
Frequency
 The inverse of the period is called the
frequency
 The frequency represents the number
of oscillations that the particle
undergoes per unit time interval
1 w
ƒ 
T 2p
 Units are cycles per second = hertz (Hz)
Summary Equations – Period
and Frequency
 The frequency and period equations can
be rewritten to solve for w
2p
w  2p ƒ 
T
 The period and frequency can also be
expressed as:
m 1 k
T  2p ƒ
k 2p m
Period and Frequency, cont
 The frequency and the period depend
only on the mass of the particle and the
force constant of the spring
 They do not depend on the parameters
of motion
 The frequency is larger for a stiffer
spring (large values of k) and decreases
with increasing mass of the particle
Motion Equations for Simple
Harmonic Motion
x (t )  A cos (w t  f )
dx
v  w A sin (w t  f )
dt
d 2x
a  2  w 2 A cos (w t  f )
dt
 Remember, simple harmonic motion is
not uniformly accelerated motion
Motion Equations for Simple
Harmonic Motion
x (t )  A cos (w t  f )
dx
v  w A sin (w t  f )
dt
d 2x
a  2  w 2 A cos (w t  f )
dt
 Remember, simple harmonic motion is
not uniformly accelerated motion
Maximum Values of v and a
 Because the sine and cosine functions
oscillate between 1, we can easily find
the maximum values of velocity and
acceleration for an object in SHM
k
vmax  w A  A
m
k
amax  w A  A
2

m
 Graphs
 The graphs show:
 (a) displacement as a
function of time
 (b) velocity as a
function of time
 (c ) acceleration as a
function of time
 The velocity is 90o
out of phase with the
displacement and the
acceleration is 180o
out of phase with the
displacement
 SHM Example 1
 Initial conditions at t
= 0 are
 x (0)= A

 v (0) = 0

 This means f = 0
 The acceleration
reaches extremes of 
w2A
 The velocity reaches
extremes of  wA
 SHM Example 2
 Initial conditions at
t = 0 are
 x (0)=0

 v (0) = vi

 This means f =  p/2

 The graph is shifted
one-quarter cycle to
the right compared to
the graph of x (0) = A
 Problem
 A 200-g block connected to a light
spring for which the force constant
is 5.00 N/m is free to oscillate on a
frictionless, horizontal surface. The
block is displaced 5.00 cm from
equilibrium and released from rest
as in the Figure.

(A) Find the period of its motion.

(B) Determine the maximum speed of the block.
(C) What is the maximum acceleration of the block?
Solution
Energy of the SHM Oscillator
 Assume a spring-mass system is moving on a
frictionless surface
 This tells us the total energy is constant
 The kinetic energy can be found by
 K = ½ mv 2 = ½ mw2 A2 sin2 (wt + f)
 The elastic potential energy can be found by
 U = ½ kx 2 = ½ kA2 cos2 (wt + f)
 The total energy is K + U = ½ kA 2
Energy of the SHM Oscillator
Energy of the SHM Oscillator,
cont
 The total mechanical
energy is constant
 The total mechanical
energy is proportional
to the square of the
amplitude
 Energy is continuously
being transferred
between potential
energy stored in the
spring and the kinetic
energy of the block
Energy of the SHM Oscillator,
cont
 As the motion
continues, the
exchange of energy
also continues
 Energy can be used
to find the velocity

K.E= E - P.E
Molecular Model of SHM
 If the atoms in the
molecule do not
move too far, the
force between them
can be modeled as if
there were springs
between the atoms
 The potential energy
acts similar to that
of the SHM oscillator