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Lect8 BAS

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Lect8 BAS

Lecture not

Uploaded by

shahd.abdelmjeed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Why would engineers designing pipelines

include these strange loops?


Today’s Applications
Lecture 8

Temperature
Thermometers
 A thermometer is a device that is
used to measure the temperature of a
system
 Thermometers are based on the
principle that some physical property of
a system changes as the system’s
temperature changes
Thermometers, cont
 These properties include:
 The volume of a liquid
 The dimensions of a solid
 The pressure of a gas at a constant volume
 The volume of a gas at a constant pressure
 The electric resistance of a conductor
 The color of an object
 A temperature scale can be established on
the basis of any of these physical properties
Thermometer, Liquid in Glass
 A common type
of thermometer is
a liquid-in-glass
 The material in
the capillary tube
expands as it is
heated
 The liquid is
usually mercury
or alcohol
Constant Volume Gas
Thermometer
 The physical change
exploited is the variation of
pressure of a fixed volume
gas as its temperature
changes
 The volume of the gas is kept
constant by raising or
lowering the reservoir B to
keep the mercury level at A
constant
 Mercury cannot be used
under –30o C & Alcohol
cannot be used above 85o C
Constant Volume Gas
Thermometer, final
 To find the
temperature of a
substance, the gas
flask is placed in
thermal contact with
the substance
 The pressure is
found on the graph
 The temperature is
read from the graph
Absolute Zero
 The thermometer readings
are virtually independent of
the gas used
 If the lines for various
gases are extended, the
pressure is always zero
when the temperature is
–273.15o C
 This temperature is called
absolute zero
Absolute Temperature Scale
 Absolute zero is used as the basis of the
absolute temperature scale
 The ice point of water is defined to be
0o C, the steam point of water is
defined to be 100o C
 To convert:
Tk = TC + 273.15
Linear Thermal Expansion
 Assume an object has an initial length L
 That length increases by DL as the
temperature changes by DT
 We define the coefficient of linear
thermal expansion as
DL / Li
a
DT
 A convenient form is DL = aLi DT
Linear Expansion, cont
 This equation can also be written in
terms of the initial and final conditions
of the object:
 Lf – Li = a Li (Tf – Ti)
 The coefficient of linear expansion, a,
has units of (oC)-1
Area Expansion
 The change in area is proportional to
the original area and to the change in
temperature:
 DA = 2aAi DT
Volume Expansion
 The change in volume is proportional to
the original volume and to the change
in temperature
 DV = 3a Vi DT
 b is the coefficient of volume expansion

 For a solid, b  3a

 This assumes the material is isotropic, the


same in all directions
 For a liquid or gas, b is given in the table
Thermal Expansion, Example
 In many situations,
joints are used to allow
room for thermal
expansion
 The long, vertical joint
is filled with a soft
material that allows the
wall to expand and
contract as the
temperature of the
bricks changes
Do Holes Become Larger or
Smaller?

 As the washer shown at


right is heated, all the
dimensions will increase
 A cavity in a piece of
material expands in the
same way as if the cavity
were filled with the material
 The expansion is
exaggerated in this figure
Bimetallic Strip
 Each substance has its
own characteristic
average coefficient of
expansion
 This can be made use
of in the device
shown, called a
bimetallic strip
 It can be used in a
thermostat
Example
 A segment of steel railroad track with
linear expansion coefficient
has a length of 30.000 m when the
temperature is 0.08C.
(A) What is its length when the
temperature is 40.08C?
Solution
Problem
Water’s Unusual Behavior
 As the temperature
increases from 0oC to
4oC, water contracts
 Its density increases
 Above 4oC, water
expands with
increasing temperature
 Its density decreases
 The maximum density
of water (1.000 g/cm3)
occurs at 4oC
An Ideal Gas
 For gases, the interatomic forces within
the gas are very weak
 We can imagine these forces to be
nonexistent
 Note that there is no equilibrium
separation for the atoms
 Thus, no “standard” volume at a given
temperature
Ideal Gas, cont
 For a gas, the volume is entirely
determined by the container holding the
gas
 Equations involving gases will contain
the volume, V, as a variable
 This is instead of focusing on DV
The Mole
 The amount of gas in a given volume is
conveniently expressed in terms of the
number of moles
 One mole of any substance is that amount of
the substance that contains Avogadro’s
number of molecules
 Avogadro’s number NA = 6.022 x 1023
 The constituent particles can be atoms or
molecules
Moles, cont
 The number of moles can be
determined from the mass of the
substance: n = m /M
 M is the molar mass of the substance
 m is the mass of the sample
 n is the number of moles
Ideal Gas Law
 The equation of state for an ideal gas
combines and summarizes the other gas laws
PV = nRT
 This is known as the ideal gas law
 R is a constant, called the Universal Gas
Constant, n number of moles
 R = 8.314 J/mol ∙ K = 0.08214 L ∙ atm/mol ∙ K
 From this, you can determine that 1 mole of
any gas at atmospheric pressure and at 0o C
is 22.4 L
Ideal Gas Law, cont
 The ideal gas law is often expressed in terms
of the total number of molecules, N, present
in the sample
 PV = nRT = (N/NA) RT = NkBT
 kB is Boltzmann’s constant
 kB = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
 It is common to call P, V, and T the
thermodynamic variables of an ideal gas
Problem
 A spray can containing a propellant gas at twice
atmospheric pressure (202 kPa) and having a volume
of 125.00 cm3 is at 228C. It is then tossed into an
open fire. (Warning: Do not do this experiment; it is
very dangerous.) When the temperature of the gas in
the can reaches 1958C, what is the pressure inside
the can? Assume any change in the volume of the
can is negligible.

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