International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 12, No. 2, Jun 2021, pp. 1034~1044

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i2.pp1034-1044  1034

Performance analysis and enhancement of direct power control

of DFIG based wind system

Mohamed Amine Beniss, Hassan El Moussaoui, Tijani Lamhamdi, Hassane El Markhi

Electrical Department, Intelligent systems, geosources and renewable energy laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and
Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The paper proposes a complete modeling and control technique of variable
speed wind turbine system (WTS) based on the doubly fed induction
Received Sep 16, 2020 generator (DFIG). Two levels back-to-back converter is used to ensure the
Revised Jan 15, 2019 energy transfer between the DFIG rotor and the grid. The wind turbine to
Accepted Apr 20, 2021 operate efficiently, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is
implemented. Then, direct power control (DPC) strategy has been combined
with the MPPT technique in order to guarantee the selection of the
Keywords: appropriate rotor voltage vectors and to minimize the active and reactive
power errors. Finally, the simulation is performed by using
Active and reactive powers MATLAB/simulink platform basing on 7.5KW DFIG wind generation
Direct power control system, and the results prove the effectiveness of our proposed control
Doubly fed induction generator technique.
MPPT
Wind energy conversion system This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Mohamed Amine Beniss
Electrical Department
Intelligent systems, geosources and renewable energy laboratory
Faculty of Sciences and Technologies
Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
In the last few decades, the dangers of fossil fuel exhaustion have led research centers and
companies involved in the field of renewable energy to offer more affordable and less expensive technical
solutions. Among these solutions, the doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) which is become extensively
employed in the wind power generation systems. This is due to their remarkable characteristics compared to
the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) [1]. Some of these characteristics are the adaptability
with variable wind speed by simply changing the rotor operating frequency and the regulation of the active
and reactive power injected into the grid. Also, the converter related to the rotor is designed to support energy
exchange rates between 25% and 30% of the generator's global energy [2]. Many research works have
addressed the control of DFIG, the most known strategies are the field-oriented control (FOC), the direct
torque control (DTC) and the direct power control (DPC) [3], [4].
The first method has some difficulties, among them, the necessity to use coordinate transformations,
the current PI regulators must be tuned and they depend strongly on DFIG parameters, in other words, this
method is not robust. The DTC strategy has been introduced in the aim to overcome these problems [5]. It is
known for being performing, robust and less sensitive to parameters variations of the DFIG. Unfortunately,
the high ripple in developed torque and power, in addition to the non-constant switching frequency led to a
non-linear behavior in the torque and the power hysteresis comparators. The progress of power electronics
permitted the emergence of rapid switches, this has enabled the development of new control strategies such

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1035

as the direct power control (DPC) Figure 1 [12], [3]. This method has mitigated considerably the problems
mentioned.

P,Q
Wind GRID
GEARBOX STATOR
TRANSFORMER

DFIG

RSC GSC

P,Q ROTOR
DC link
β Ωm

Pitch Control Sa Sb Sc

Direct Power
Control
Test A

Pref
Qref=0

CPmax Pref
Test B

MPPT
λOpt Qref=0

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the DFIG-based wind energy generation system

The existing DPC strategies are classified into two major categories; the voltage-based DPC and
virtual flux-based DPC [6]. Figure 2 gives more details about the different sub-classes of these control
strategies. Our proposal aims to analyze and enhance the performances of classical DPC. Also, the
assessment of the DFIG response to a variable wind profile [7].

Figure 2. Block diagram of DPC strategies

This paper aims generally the study of the direct power control strategy (reactive-active) applied to
the rotor-side converter (RSC). The main contributions of this work are, a) design of direct power control
strategy that ensures a high level of performances, b) guarantee the extraction of the maximum power and
reaching a unit power factor by a decoupled control of active and reactive powers, and c) applying a fixed
and aleatory wind profile to wind energy conversion system to assess its capability in different usage
situations.
The remainder of this article is organized as follows: First, Section 2 presents the model of the
Performance analysis and enhancement of direct power control of DFIG based … (Mohamed Amine Beniss)
1036  ISSN: 2088-8694

studied wind energy conversion system. Then, section 3 describes the adopted DPC strategy. After that,
Section 4 discusses the simulation results. Finally, section 5 provides some conclusions of this work.

2. MODEL OF THE WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

2.1. Mathematical model of the wind turbine
The wind turbine aerodynamic input power can be expressed as [8]-[10].

1
PV =    S V 3 (1)
2

where ρ refer to the air density, while S represents the area of the wind wheel, V denotes wind speed.
The formula expresses the mechanical power gained by the turbine from the aerodynamic input
power.

1
Pmec = CP ( ,  )  PV =  CP ( ,  )    S V 3 (2)
2

Where the coefficient CP represents the efficiency of the wind turbine blades. It is a function of λ and β which
refer respectively to the tip speed ratio and the blade pitch angle. The parameter λ can be obtained by
using (3).

t  R
=
V (3)

With:
R: the blade radius.
 t : The angular speed of the turbine.
The function CP can be approximated by this well-known expression [1], [8].

  ( + 0.1) (4)
CP = 0.5 − 0.0167  (  − 2))  sin( )
10.5 − 0.3  (  − 2)

The coefficient CP reaches it maximum value CPmax=0.4998 when β=0 degree and λ=8.095. Based
on this point one can define the rotor speed that corresponds to the (MPPT) [9]. Figure 3 depicts the time
variation of the power coefficient CP. This result has been obtained after the simulation of our system, the
simulation curve of CP Figure 3 proves the robustness of our MPPT algorithm. The CP maximum value is
maintained at about 0.4985 despite the variation of the wind speed [8], [11].

Figure 3. Power coefficient ( C P )

2.2. DFIG modeling

Many research works have been devoted to the modeling of wind power generators. Especially the

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1037

DFIG, in order to simplify the control of the DFIG we have to model the system in the two-phase reference
Figure 4 [12]. By using Park transformation, we convert the three-phase representation of the system to
another one in the d-q frame. Thus, the overall electrical model can be obtained. The explain this clearly [3],
[13], [14].
− Voltages across the stator terminals

 d sd
Vsd = Rs .isd + − s . sq (5)
 dt

V = R .i + d sq +  .


sq s sq
dt
s sd

− Voltages across the rotor terminals

 d rd
Vrd = Rr .ird + − r . rq (6)
 dt

V = R .i + d rq +  .


rq r rq
dt
r rd

With: s − r = m
The basic magnetic equations related to the flux expressions in the reference frame (d, q) are given
as.
− Flux at the stator

 sd = Ls isd + M .ird
 (7)

 sq = Ls isq + M .irq


− Flux at the rotor

 rd = Lr ird + M .isd
 (9)

 rq = Lr irq + M .isq


The electromagnetic torque expression as a function of the rotor flux and the rotor currents is given
by [15].

3
Cem = p(Irq  rd − I rd rq ) (9)
2

By using the fundamental equation of dynamics, we deduce [16].

d  mec (10)
Cm − Cem − f v  mec = J
dt

Where Cm, fv and J are respectively the mechanical torque applied to the DFIG, the viscous friction and the
wind turbine inertia.

Figure 4. d-q equivalent circuit of the DFIG in synchronous coordinates

Performance analysis and enhancement of direct power control of DFIG based … (Mohamed Amine Beniss)
1038  ISSN: 2088-8694

2.3. Voltage converter modeling

In this subsection, the IGBT transistors are considered as ideal switches. Consequently, one can
derive the relationship between control configurations and the electrical voltages of the AC and DC sides of
the inverter. The general topology of the two-level voltage source inverter (VSI) is shown in Figure 5 each
inverter arm contains two electronic switches IGBT [25].
All the information mentioned are summarized in the mathematical model [17]-[19].

Var   2 −1 −1  S1 
  UC  −1 2 −1  S 
Vbr  = 3   2
Vcr   −1 −1 2   S3 

Where, Var, Vbr, and Vcr are are the output voltages of the inverter.
It is underlined here that the switches states can be represented by three Boolean variables such as,
a) Si = l if 𝑇̄𝑖 is closed and 𝑇𝑖 is open, and b) Si = 0 if 𝑇̄𝑖 is open and 𝑇𝑖 is closed. With (𝑖 = 1,2,3).

Figure 5. Simplified topology of the two-level VSI

3. DPC CONTROL STRATEGY

3.1. DPC principal
The DPC strategy aims to directly control the stator active and reactive power of the DFIG [24]. It is
based on the change of the rotor flux vector in the d-q coordinates. This can be done by controlling the
voltage vector at the output of the rotor side converter (RSC). As mentioned before the control of IGBTs
generates the desired voltage vector [13], [20].
To select the appropriate state of the converter's switches. The instantaneous sector zone of the
rotor’s vector flux, the error between the real active power and the reference one and the error between the
estimated reactive power and its reference must be calculated. Two hysteresis comparators are used to
guarantee that both powers are confined between the predefined upper and the lower bounds. These operating
steps are illustrated more clearly in Figure 6 [21].

Figure 6. Detailed scheme of the DPC strategy

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3.2. Active and reactive powers formulation

The expression of the rotor vector voltage can be formulated as [13], [17].

Vr = (3 / 2)Uc (S1 + S2 e(j2 /3) + S3 e(j2 /3) ) (11)

Figure 7 displays all possible orientations of the voltage applied to the rotor. It is noticed that there are eight
different voltage possibilities two of them are zero vectors (𝑉0 and 𝑉7 ).
At this stage, we establish the mathematical relationship between rotor flux and voltage in the d-q
reference frame.

d rr
Vrr = Rr ir r + (12)
dt

For the sake of simplicity, we neglect the rotor resistance for the high and medium power machines (6).

d rr
Vrr = (13)
dt

Knowing that both simulation platforms and electronic calculation units work in discrete time. The (6) needs
to be discretized. Therefore, applying this process to (6) yields.
T0

V =  rr (fin) − rr (int) (14)

r
r
0

We obtain:

 rr ( fin ) − rr ( int ) = Vrr T0 (15)

The (16) and (17) give the expression of stator active and reactive powers in the d-q reference frame,
respectively.

3
Ps = (Vsd I sd + Vsd I sq ) (16)
2

3
Qs = (Vsd I sd − Vsd I sq ) (17)
2

After the development and simplification of the equations mentioned before, we can obtain the
results [13].
Ps = K1  r sin ( ) (18)

Qs = K 2  K 3 −  r cos ( )  (19)

K1 , K 2 and K 3 are constant parameters of appropriate dimensions. It is remarkable that changing  r sin ( )
and  r cos ( ) will influence Ps and Qs . Figure 8 graphically explains the equations. It clearly shows how
the rotor voltage vector can modify the direction and magnitude of the rotor flux. The module and the phase
of the rotor flux in the d-q reference frame are provided by.

  rd 
 r = arctan   (19)

 rq 

 r =  rd2 + rq2 (20)

Performance analysis and enhancement of direct power control of DFIG based … (Mohamed Amine Beniss)
1040  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 7. Voltage vectors delivered by the Figure 8. Vector diagram describing some possibilities
inverter for changing the location of the rotor flux

3.3. Hysteresis power regulators

Many solutions offer the possibility of maintaining very efficient operation of the DFIG, but among
them, the use of two or three-level hysteresis regulators remains the most appropriate choice for controlling
the active and reactive power levels. By inserting these comparators in the DPC diagram, we guarantee that
the exchange of active and reactive power between the DFIG and the grid follows the reference values.
Hence, the selection of a rotor voltage vector must reduce errors between the measured and the reference
powers (active and reactive) and confine them between the hysteresis upper and lower bounds [22] [9]. To
maintain Qs between the desirable bounds, we choose a two-level hysteresis regulator as depicted in Figure 9.
The Boolean function SQ increase QS when its value is equal “1” and decrease QS otherwise. Here are the
instructions that control the behavior of the hysteresis regulator at two levels.

if Q  Q  SQ = 1

if −  Q (21)
 Q   Q and 0  SQ = 0
 Q
dt

if −  Q
 Q   Q and 0  SQ = 1
 Q
dt
if Q − Q  SQ = 0


While to control the active power PS we use Three-level hysteresis regulator as displayed by Figure 10. In
this case, the function SP can take three values: if “1” increase Ps ,”-1” decrease Ps , and “0” to hold PS. The
algorithm contains the instructions that govern the functioning of the three-level:

if P  P  S P = 1

if 0  P   P and P 0  S P = 0
 dt (22)
 Q
if 0  P   P and 0  SP = 1
 dt

if P − p  S P = −1
 P
if −  p  P  0 and 0  SP = 0
 dt
 P
if −  P  P  0 and 0  S P = −1
 dt

Figure 9. Hysteresis reactive power controller. Figure 10. Hysteresis active power controller.

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3.4. DPC Switching table

Based on instantaneous input values such as the rotor flux vector sector and the state of the
hysteresis output signals the switching table selects the next rotor voltage vector to get the estimated rotor
flux (Table 1). Each rotor voltage vector corresponds to a specified switches state combination of the RSC
[23].

Table 1. Switching table for DPC method of DFIG

Sector  N
1 2 3 4 5 6
[330◦,30◦] [30◦,90◦] [90◦,150◦] [150◦,210◦] [210◦,270◦] [270◦,330◦]
Qs Ps Voltage vector
1 V5 V6 V1 V2 V3 V4
1 0 V7 V7 V7 V7 V7 V7
-1 V3 V4 V5 V6 V1 V2
1 V6 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
0 0 V7 V7 V7 V7 V7 V7
-1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V1
V0=[0;0;0]; V1=[1;0;0]; V2=[1;1;0]; V3=[0;1;0]; V4=[0;1;1]; V5=[0;0;1]; V6=[1;0;1];
V7=[1;1;1];

4. SIMULATION
Table 2 shows in details the DFIG parameters used in this simulation. In this section, a 7.5KW
DFIG have been simulated by MATLAB/Simulink. In order to observe the regulation behavior of our system
Figure 1, two main tests have been applied, a) fixed wind profile operation mode and b) aleatory wind profile
with MPPT control operation mode.

Table 2. Simulation settings

Simulated DFIG parameters
Rated power 7.5kw
hub height 43,5m
Moment of inertia 0.3125 kg.m2
Gearbox Gain 90
𝐿𝑠 = 0.084𝐻, 𝑅𝑠 = 0.455  , 𝐿𝑟 = 0.081𝐻, 𝑅𝑟 = 0.62  , 𝑀 = 0.078𝐻, 𝑃 = 2, 𝑓 = 50𝐻𝑧

4.1. Fixed wind profile operation mode (test a)

In this first test, a fix wind speed is applied to the wind turbine blades. It generally consists on
applying active and reactive power steps that will help us checking the decoupling between the DFIG two
powers.
Figure 11 and Figure 12 shows that active and reactive power follows perfectly the reference ones. For
Figure 13 the sinusoidal waveform of the stator currents is presented. In Figure 14 depicts the variation of the
mechanical speed versus time. It tracks the wind but with a delay which is due the very fast variation of the
wind against the slow dynamics of generator. Figure 15 shows the curve of the electromagnetic torque of the
DFIG. The latter follows the variation of active power.

Figure 11. Profile of the stator active power Figure 12. Profile of the stator reactive power

Performance analysis and enhancement of direct power control of DFIG based … (Mohamed Amine Beniss)
1042  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 13. Stator current versus time Figure 14. Variation of the rotor speed

Figure 15. Time variation of the electromagnetic torque

4.2. Aleatory wind profile with MPPT control operation mode (test b)
In the results of the second test, the reference of the reactive power Figure 17 is set zero to ensure a
unit power factor in the stator side and to optimize the quality of the energy delivered to the grid. While the
reference of the active Figure 18 power makes it possible to keep the power coefficient of the wind turbine
optimal whatever the wind speed Figure 16, these results are obtained thanks to the use of the MPPT
technique. In Figure 19 displays the waveform of stator currents, we notice that the current magnitude varies
as predicted, and the current frequency is reasonable. In Figure 20 exhibits that the mechanical speed follows
the desired value computed based on the wind speed. With significant variations around the reference. This is
because of the fast variations of the wind when we compare it to the generator dynamic. For the (Figure 21)
shows, the electromagnetic torque of the generator varies according to that of the turbine that is a function of
the wind speed.

Figure 16. Wind speed profile Figure 17. Profile of the stator reactive power

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Figure 18. Profile of the stator active power Figure 19. Stator current versus time

Figure 20. Time variation of the rotor speed Figure 21. Time variation of the electromagnetic
torque

5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

In this paper, we have presented the modeling of a wind turbine and a doubly fed induction
generator DFIG. Then, the DPC control strategy has been explained in detail. After that, the simulation
results demonstrate the effectiveness of the DPC technique. One can notice that the power ripples are
bounded and the generated power tracks the reference one for both the step the aleatory wind profiles. As a
perspective of this work, we will compare the performances of DPC classic with those of fractional order
sliding mode based DPC control by simulation and hardware implementation.

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