Determiners / Pronouns Determiners are: indefinite article (a/an), definite article (the), demonstratives (this - these/that - those), possessive adjectives (my, your, his ete), quantifiers (some, any, every, no, both, each, ether, neither, ‘enough, several, al, most ete) and numbers (one, two et). i Demonstratives (this - these / that - those) This/These are used That/Those are used © for people or things near us. © ‘for people or things not near us. This dress is mine That woman over there isthe director. © for presentiuture situations. © for past situations. Im seeing George this Friday That month was the best (© when the speaker isin or near the place heishe is @ to refer back to something mentioned before. referring to “We're getting engaged in June.” “That's This room is quite spacious. (The speaker isin the marvelous!" room.) © wien speaking on the phone to ask who the other © to introduce people or to identity ourselves on the person is. phone, “Liz, this is Mary Hello? Ths is James Smith. Who's that, please?” ‘This/These - That/Those are not always followed by nouns. That's how he survived the shipwreck. ll in: this, these, that or thos Look at ...0se... hot air balloons, Aren't they spectacular? James and Ciaire have decided to get married year. Look! is the fabric | want for our bedroom curtains. people over there come from Swansea, itl over there is going to move in next door. buildings in the centre of town need to be pulled down. They are an eyesore. 7 “sonnsnone WORE the best days of my life!” grandpa said 8 “Is your Sister in, Jane? «on...» i§ Diana speaking,” 9 “Marilyn and lan are engaged!” “Isnt... brilliant! 10 “Rachel, lat me introduce you to Stephen. Stephen, is Rachel.” 11. I wish I'd bought one of jackets we saw last week. 12 “Tilget earrings.” ~ is a good choice. The others don't really suit you Car parked over there belongs to my boss. 14 "sunnnns {8 ON@ Of his earlier works.” explained the guide as we all looked at the painting. 45 Do you know . boy who has just walked past? 16 “Did you know that the director earns over £500,000 a year?" is scandalous!” 7 Peaches were extremely juicy, weren't they? 18 “Jason and Caroline were chosen for the lead roles.” is impossible!’ 19 Do you remember our holiday in Spain? ....1.n WaS One of the best times of my life 20 Could you take bags? I'm about to drop them. 21 “SO YOU 800, enum. 8 HOW we Met,” she explained as she reached the end of her story. 22 Hello, is Stephen. Can | speak to your mother, please? 23 “sonunon IS the house where Wordsworth lived,” said the quide as she stood outside the front door. 24 vn Curty we had last night was delicious, wasn't it? 25 Can you reach jars on the top shelf? v7Determiners / Pronouns = | Alot of - many - much - (a) few - (a) little countables uncountables Positive r alot (off/lots off t a lot (of)/lots off There are a lot of books in the library. many (formal) much (formal) ‘There i alot of sait in this omelet Interrogative | many F rmuch ‘Are there many paintings in the museum? Did you have much time to talk to him? Negative many much There aren't many tickets left. won't buy this. don't have much money. afew (= some)/ _allitle (= some)/ A few people were invited to the party. very few (= not very litle (= not Very few people are billionaires. many, not enough) much, not enough) A little sugar will make the pie sweeter. © Alot (of)/Lots of are followed by countable or uncountable nouns and are normally used in positive sentences, There were a lot of people at the reception. He's got lots of patience. A lot of can also be used in questions and negations in informal English. Were there a lot of arguments caused by the election? © Many is followed by countable nouns and much is followed by uncountable nouns. They are normally used in negations or questions. There isn't much sugar left. Are there many boxes? Many and much are often used in positive sentences after how, $0, too or in formal English. He didn't realise how much food he had eaten. You should go on a diet. You're eating too much, @ A few (= some, a small number) is followed by countable nouns. A little (= some, a small amount) is followed by uncountable nouns. Both a few and a little have a positive meaning. Ann has a litle flour left so she'll make a few cakes. @ Few (= not many, almost none) is followed by countable nouns. Little (= not much, almost none) is followed by uncountable nouns. Both few and little have a negative meaning and are rather formal. Very few/very litte, only a fewionly a litle are more usual, Few people are allowed to meet the Queen. I've had very little response fo imy offer. She had few doubts about marrying him even though she had known him only alittle while. ‘© Many, much, (a) few, (a) little, most, all, some, any, several, both, one, two, etc are followed by of when a noun follows, preceded by possessives or words such as: this, that, these, those, the or a. How much of tne ‘money you earn do you need for food? | have lent her so many of my books that | have nothing to read. BL_fittin: lot (of, much o many, 1. Not ..many.. people attended the opening ceremony. psy ie alas 2 Ittakes hard work to get a university degree. 3. [haven't got... money at the moment so | can’t go shopping, 4 He ate too food last night so today he's not feeling well, 5 Ihave too .+- Books to carry 80 my bag is very heavy. 6 He must have money if he has a big car lke that 7 Ihaven't got time, so please hurry up. 8 Thete Were 100 on runew misprints in te leter. 9 Have you invited . guests to your dinner party? 40. She doesn't have ‘of an appetite - that's why she's so thin 11 APe theFe wrneunwons English people living in Germany? 12 How milk do you need? 13. She's working overtime as she's got so todo. 414. The house isnt finished yet; there's still work to be done. 15. There was so sn traffic that we were delayed for an hour. v8Ei_undertine the correct item. exonsens © Determiners / Pronouns ‘There are much/many/a lot skysorapers in Chicago. We spent a lot offmany/few money on holiday, A lot/Much/Few visitors are disappointed by our hotel. you add a littie/a few/many salt, it will taste better. There are much/a lot offlittle people on this bus. We've had manyllittie/too many rain this winter. Few/Much/A little people are as pretty as she is, ‘There's been fewivery little/a few news about the earthquake. ‘You must pay many/lots of/few attention to understand this. Lots of/Much/Little flowers were planted in the garden. 11 A fewiA little/Little students here have passed the exam. 42. Thero was manyifew/much annoyance caused by her outbreak of anger. t | Some - Any - No Adjectives Pronouns Adverbs people things places Positive ‘some someonelsomebody something somewhere any anyonelanybody anything anywhere Interrogative any anyonelanybody anything ~—=—anywhere Negative ‘nojnot any -nooneinot anyone nothing —~—nowhere nobodyinot anybody not anything not anywhere Positive/Negative/ every everybody (all people) everything everywhere Interrogative everyone (allthings) {inal places) © Some is used before countable or uncountable nouns. | want some strawberries. Sho asked for some holp. ‘Some and its compounds (somebody, something, ec) are normally used in postive sentences. They can also bbe used in questions to make an offer, a request or when we expect a positive answer. Thore’s someone in tho fitchen. (positive) Would you like something to drink? (offer) Could | have something to eat? (request) Is there someone in he garcen? (1 expect there is.) BUT Is there anyone in the garden? (I'm asking in general) © Every is used before singular countable nouns. Every candidal fas fo complete a form. (all the candidates) Every and its compounds take a verb in the singular. Everything he does is wrong. (al the things) Every person working in the laboratory has to wear a uniform. (ll persons) © Any is used before countable or uncountable nouns. Are there any apples lft? Is there any milk inthe fridge? Any and its compounds (anyone, anything, etc) are normally used in questions. is there anything for me? They can also be used in positive sentences meaning “It doesn’t matter how/whalwhen which/where/who” Take anything you lke. Any and its compounds can be used after itn a positive sentence. Ifyou et anyone in, you'l be in trouble. © Nojnot any are used before countable and uncountable nouns. There are not any pens in the drawer. There's ‘no news from him. Nofnot any and their compounds (no one/not anyone, nothinginot anything, etc) are used in negations. He cid nothing to helo me. He cht do anything fo help me. Any and its compounds are used with negative words (hardly, never, without, seldom, rarely, etc). She seldom goes anywhere these days. (NOT: She sokdom-goos-nowhere these days.) 79)Determiners / Pronouns [D_Unaeriine the correct item. 1. Don't worry, | said nothing/anything 2 Pete didn't see anyone/no one come out of the building, 7 3. We need to take some/any food with us, 8 4 It took him any/some time to recover trom his | 9 illness. 5 Anybody/Everybody was pleased with their exam results. 10 EL_Fitlin: some, any, no, every or their compounds. Is there any/some sugar in this coffee? It's very bitter. We didn't go nowhere/anywhere this year. Can | have some/any water, please? ‘The doctor told her there was anything/nothing ‘wrong with her. He does his homework any/every evening before dinner. Ron knows ....verything.. there is to know about computers, vsnon KNOWS Charlie Dut. ow fell likes him We could hardly see... in the dark, 1'm so tire! | just want to go to relax fora few days. 1 2 3 4 5 I've never been . 6 Are you doing 7 8 ‘more exciting than London. ‘on at the moment? | need to ask you Michael never does without asking ec St Is there vm milk in the fridge or shall I go and get 2 Dacia ‘was very pleased with their results; a was disappointed. 10 Has told you : ‘about what you have to do? 11 There is tat can say to make me feel better. 12 They looked for Helen but they couldn't fing her. B is wondering why i) before, 14 | want to go .. this weekend. | haven't been. for ages. 15 Has ‘seen my pen? I've looked for it butit’s to be found. positive meaning and takes a verb in the plural. It is the opposite of neither/not either. James anc) Robin are students. Both James and Robin are students, They are both students. Both of them are students. Both boys are students. has a positive meaning and takes a verb in the plural. ttis the opposite of none. Al the children laughed, All of them laughed. They all laughed. All three of them laughed. ia All + that-clause (= the only thing) takes a singular verb. All that she did was to stare at him without speaking. @ None refers to more than two people or things. It has @ negative meaning and isn't followed by a noun. “Are there any biscuits lef?” "No, none. None of is used before nouns or object pronouns followed by a verb either in the singular or plural. It is the opposite of all. None of the boysithem know(s) how to ride a bike, Note: no + noun. There's no place saler than one’s own house. Both refers to two people or things. It has a @ Al refers to more than two people or things. It Either (= any one of two) / Neither (= not one and not the other) refer to two people or things and are used before singular countable nouns. Neither boy kes spaghetti. Neither of/Either of take a verb elther in the singular or plural Neither of them is/are married. Every is used with singular countable nouns. It refers to a group of people or things and means all, everyone, everything, etc (it refers to three ‘or more). She cooks lunch every day. Each is used with singular countable nouns. It means one by one, considered individually (it usually means only two). Each student was awarded a diploma. Note that every one and each one have of constructions. Every one ofiEach one of the workers will be given a bonus. Whole (= complete) is used with countable nouns. We always use a, the, this, my etc + whole + ‘countable. the wiole morning = all morning One/Ones are used to avoid repetition of a ‘countable noun. "Which car is yours?” “That one.Determiners / Pronouns [L_unsertine the correct item, Both/All Margo and Steve are excellent skiers, ‘Neither/Either Julie nor Lucy enjoyed the film. He goes to the gym either/every afternoon. Both/Neither Rebecca and Charlie are teachers. You will have to talk to each/both person alone to find out what happened. All/Each eight men are working really hard. None/Every of the applicants he interviewed were suitable for the job, Every/All that he needs is a good rest. He's very tired Neither/Either the bride nor the groom arrived on time. They were all/both late. There's no/none need to do the washing up. The maid will doit. He spent whole/all evening studying for the exam. Jim speaks neither/elther French nor German. He only speaks English. ‘There was a good film on television yesterday but all/none of us saw it. Sam plays football nearly each/every weekend, [like both of these skirts but I'l take this ones/one because it's cheaper. Each/All flat will have central heating installed before November. Sally and Andrew all/both enjoyed themselves. Jane did not utter a single word the whole/all time she was here. Annette takes the bus to work neither/every day. Either/Neither you start doing some work or I'll fre you. ‘Do you like these trousers?” "No, | prefer those ones/one actually.” | spent alljwhole day answering the phone and had no time to do anything else. All of/None of us wanted to go to the party, but we couldn't refuse the invitation. Joe had no/none time to waste; the boat was leaving in five minutes. Both/Either Sonia and Rachel are nurses, ‘A teacher should know the names of every/all his students, None of/All of us eat meat so we went to a vegetarian restaurant. Each/Both time | try to call Jenny her phone is engaged. ‘Which perfume do you like best?” * | don’t really lke either/neither of them.” ‘The twins’ grandfather gave them all/each five pounds for their birthday. ial © Both ... and ... + plural verb. Both Frank and Terry enjoy scuba diving. © Either... or... / Neither .. nor. / Not only ... But also ... + singular or plural verb depending on the subject which follows nor, or, but also. Neither Paula nor Sue and Clare are in the office at the moment. [E_ Rewrite the sentences using both ... and, neither nor, either oF, not only. but also. Joe likes swimming and so does Tom. ..Soth Joe and Tom like swimming. Molly is going to the cinema tomorrow and so are the Smiths. James and Alex like riding horses. Jane has never been on an aeroplane and Victoria hasn't either. Nick worked late; 80 did Sue and Fiona Dr Green will see you or else Dr Howe will Daniel is going to Brighton by train and so is Guy. Justin doesn't watch television. Andrew doesn't either. 9 Katie will give you directions or else Paula will 10 Pete is a lawyer and so is Kathy. 11. Paul works as a cashier and so does Bob and Fred. 42 dill is having her hair cut and so is Sally. 43. Cath could give us a lit or else Laura could. 18)Determiners / Pronouns [B_ complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1. My father doesn't like cheese and neither does my brother. nor Neither my father ..nor my brother like(2).. cheese, 2 Wiliam is a dentist; John is too. re | Both snnnnnnnnnnn GORGE 3. Debbie enjoys scuba diving and so does her husband. enjoy Both Debbie se . scuba diving 4 Sandra can speak Portuguese and Spanish only Sandra . but she can also speak Spanish. 5 You can ask Tim fora lift to work or you can ask Sam. either Youcan .... 6 Its believed that Jack is quilty and that Pam Is 100. for a lift to work, both tis believed that... sn guilty. 7 We didn't realise that Tina wasn't there and that Ann wasn't either. nor We didn't realise that there, 8 The bank manager explained that Terry could co-sign the account or eise Janet could. either The bank manager explained that i co-sign the account. 9 He told me that Chester is worth a visit and so is York. and He told me that .... oe worth a visit 10 Did you know that Carlee geting marie this yer ‘and 0 is Amanda? not Did you know that .. . ‘Amanda is getting married this year? al © Ever can be added to question words to mean ‘any’. These are: however (= in any way tha. whatever (= anything that), whenever (= any time that), wherever (= any place that), whichever (= any off, whoever (= anyone who). Whoever di his must be punished (anyone who did it) whatev inichever, whenever? wherever, whoever or however. 1 My dog follows me ...iicrever... | go. He never leaves my side, 2 That chair is going to break again sen WAIN YOU fx 3 happens, I'l stil be his friend. 4 vn | ty t0 talk to Kate, she just ignores me. 5 The bus is leaving Wants a ticket must buy one now. Sam aaa Spanish fond, hhe goes to Spain, he stays with him. . hard | try, | can't seem to forget that awful night cea we go to the cinema, Julie pays for me. 9 Package you choose, you're guaranteed a fabulous holiday. 10 | won't accept that behaviour from anyone, they may be. a © Else (= more; diferent) is followed by a singular verb and can be used with indefinite pronouns and words such as everyone, something, nobody etc. / con't realy like Pam and / don't thnk anyone else foes either. Else can also be used with what, where, who and how to refer to people, places, things etc Who else can work on the project? Etse forms its possessive case with 's. That notebook isn't yours, its someone el Or else means ‘otherwise’. Get taxi or else you'll be late. [Li complete the blanks using else constructions. 1 I'd better get some money out of the bank ...0r else... won't be able to pay the rent 2 Someone told me that Jim was leaving and then sone tld me that he wasn't, 3. Iwent shopping on my Own BECAUSE ver wanted to come with me. | 12Determiners / Pronouns 4 You'd better be in bed by ten O'C10CK nn _. there'll be trouble. 5 Why don't you agroe with this plan? cnn does. 6 We always go to Nice on holiday; can't we Go son this year? 7 I'm atraid | can't answer that question. You'd better ask aoaiee & Why did they put a parking ticket on my car? has one. 9 You'd better write your essay, you'l fal 40 That bag isn't mine - it must belong to Jj ‘Other’ structures © the other(s) = the rest Oniy those books are mine; the others are from the library. © others = several more apart from the ones already mentioned At weekends some people like fo go out anh dance, while others prefer to stay at home and relax © each other = one another Her two small children are always fighting with each other. © every other = altemate | clean the house every other cay. © the other day = a few days ago / s2w’Joe the other day. / went fo his house for dinner. © the other one(s) = not thisithese but something else / quis lke this cress, but | iked the other one better. © another = one more apart from those already mentioned iay | nave another slice of cake, please? © Another can be used with expressions of distance, money and time i il ike us another two hours before we get to Plymouth. in: (the) other(s), each other, every other or another. Lisa goes riding ...every other... week. Ineed pair of shoes; these are faling apart. There was a good film on TV night. Did you see it? We're leaving now: will join us later. My mother telephones . day to see how | am. He has to write ‘two pages betore the article is finished. Have you got book | can read? I've finished mine. Some couples are very dependent on for companionship. | was the only one who liked the film; hated it Wile few weeks before | see my brother again. ‘Although they work together, they don't get on with ‘Sue has to go to the supermarket day to buy food. Simone came to $8€ US day; she looked very well There's only ‘week to go before the summer holidays begin. This was the only house that we Could afford: all ......sunnnenenrns WOME 100 EXPENSIVE, [E._ Replace the undertined words with an expression containing other’another. He plays football once a fortnight. ..He plays football every other week, would like one more piece of meat, please. ‘Sam left a few days ago, Ive only got these two dresses with me - the rest are at home worvonsens pone This car is certainly value for money but I'd prefer something else. a o ‘Some guests turned up with presents while several more came empty-handed ‘The Butlers went to Ohio a few Weeks gO... Do you think | could borrow £5 more this week, please? Pat visits her mother on alternate days. | woud Ke Gil and Tom to stay behine ater case, butte rest ‘of you can go home. Soon~Determiners / Pronouns J In Other Words Sally, Sue and Liz work as secretaries. Lynn is an actress. Sharon is an actress too. All three of them work as secretaries, Both Lynn and Sharon are actresses. Jim, Ted and Phil hate squash. Sheila doesn't like milk. Paula doesn't like None of them like/likes squash. milk either. Neither of them like(s) milk ‘There isn’t anyone in the room. Neither Sheila nor Paula like(s) milk. ‘There is no one in the room, Nothing can be compared to this. He's the best dancer of all There isn't anything that/which can be No one dances as well as he does. compared to this. [E1_ compete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five word! 1. Bob speaks French. Sam speaks French too. speak Both ...00b and Sam speak... French. 2 No one knows what the outcome will be. anyone Lee What the outcome will be 3. There isn't anything to watch on television tonight nothing There : snennnnnnnannsnean OM television tonight. 4 The gifs all disike playing tennis. likes None playing tennis. 5 Lucy is a doctor. Fiona is a doctor too. are Both doctors. 6 There isn’t anything | would like better. is There like better. 7 No one dances the way she does, anyone There ees the way she does. 8 These exercises are not hard to do. of None ee hard to do. 9 Tony lives abroad. Syivia does too. live Both eel ec abroad 10. There isn't anything Joanne can do to help me. nothing There oto helpime, Oral Development 12 Use both, all, neither and none as well as the cues below to compare the three animals. You can use ideas of your own. tails, legs, ears, teeth, horns, paws, furry skin fly, walk, talk, run fast, mammals, carnivorous, small, big, ete Ph fh All three animals have tails. etc. 14Determiners / Pronouns 4 Pronouns Personal pronouns _—Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns. Reflexive-Emphatic pronouns betore verbs after verbs as subjects as objects followed by nouns —_ not followed by nouns i me my | mine myself you you your yours yourselt he him his | his himseit she her her hers herself it it its — itself we us our ours ourselves you you your yours yourselves they them their theirs themselves [E._Fivin the correct pronouns or possessives. ‘The Smiths really enjoyed ...their. trip to Disneyland, Your camera is not as good a8... Ihave a bigger lens. We were told to help . to whatever we wanted for breakfast. Samantha, are such a good friend! are looking forward to seeing you on Saturday, I told ssn 10 Be Careful but he didn't listen. Holen did't want any help with the cooking. She did it al 1 2 3 4 5 My parents and 6 7 8 The heating switches... off automatically 9 I didn't see the twins so | couldn't thank... {or the present. 10 Donna, Ben, Kim and | are going tothe party. Pease come with . Jenny! 11 Mrand Mrs Jones said no-one’s garden is as good as vn I, 12 The boys really enjoyed : at the summer camp. 19 Is this soos Dike, Garry? 14 Please forgive .. for forgetting your birthday. | wil ry to remember it next year. 15 The bird made nest out of twigs and leaves. 16 Has John already left? | think that's sees SAL 17 My friends and | lke to go shopping together. . have so much fun! 18 I bought smu: @ NEW pair of shoes yesterday. 19 | really ike Jane... vm a Such a good sense of humour. 10 George didn't take the car to the garage. He fixed it © We use the instead of a possessive adjective with parts of the body after prepositions, Verbs used in this pattern include: bite, hit, kiss, pat, punch, slap, sting, touch, etc. 42 punched his opponent on the ‘nose. (NOT: on-hie-#060) © Possessive adjective + own is used to emphasise the fact that something belongs to one person and ‘no one else. They've got their own house. or They ve got a house of their own. [E._Fitin the bianks with the or possessive adjective (+ own). 1. The boxer was disqualified after kicking his opponent in ..rhe... leg 2 Now that they have i computer at home, they ve stopped going to the Internet caté. 3 Someone hit him in face on his first day of school. 4 She kissed 1 father on cheek before she went to bed. 5. Abee stung her on vw arm while she was sunbathing, 6 Adog bit Sharon On wn. leg, 7 He used to share a room with . brother, but now he has room. 8 A brick fell and hit her on smn: HAG, SO She had to Spend two weeks in hospital 9. She patted her daughter on sone back and told seesenenees MOL LO WOFTY. 0 . 80 she has to borrow her mother's She hasn't got a car of 185}Determiners / Pronouns Fill of one’s ow n one’s own or one’s ov ‘She enjays being ...0n her own. can borrow my father's car, but I'd really love to have a car of en He couldn't atford to rent a fiat semen 80 he Rad to share with a friend, He's quite a sociable person, but there are times when he just wants to spend some time I'd love to set up .... business one day. | think I'd find it very challenging. ‘Thank you for your offer of help, but this is my problem and | shall handle it He couldn't paint the house = ‘so he asked his brother to help him [offered to help her, as she wouldn't have been able to prepare all that food They're saving all their money so they can buy a car : She started... hairdressing business when she was only sixteen, Searvoa 4d Reflexive - Emphatic Pronouns (myself - yourself etc) © Reflexive pronouns are used after certain verbs (behave, burn, cut, enjoy, hurt, kill, look at, etc) when the subject and the object of the verb are the same. Dic! you enjoy yourself? They can also be used ater be, feel, ook, seem to describe emotions or states. She doesn't seem herself these cays. Reflexive pronouns can be used after prepositions but not after prepositions of place. He is ashamed of herself. BUT She looked in front of her. (NOT: introni-oF horse) Certain verbs (wash, shave, dress, undress, meet, rest, relax, stand up, get up, sit down, wake up, etc) do rot normally take a reflexive pronoun, Sire sar down ano relaxed. (NOT: She sat down and relaxed herselt) Wash or dress can be used with a reflexive pronoun to talk about young children or animals. The litle boy is trying ‘© dress himself. The cat is washing itself ‘@ Emphatic pronouns have the same form as reflexive pronouns but a different meaning. They give emphasis to the noun, or the fact that a certain person performs an action. Sie booked everything herself. They can also ‘mean without help. He repaired! the car himself. (without help) ‘© Note these idioms: Enjoy yourselves! (= Have a good time!) Behave yourself! (= Be good!) He likes being by himself. (= He likes being alone.) He lives by himselt. (= He lives on his own.) By myself, by yourself, by himself, ete (= on my own, on your own, on his own, etc) Help yourself to tea. (= You're welcome to take some tea it you want some.) Do it yourself. (= Do it without being helpec.) Make yourself at home! (= Fee! comfortable) Make yourself heard. (= Speak loudly enough to be heard by others.) Make yourselt understood. (= Make your meaning clear.) Note: a) Each other means one another. Compare: Brother and sisters look alter each other. Children without brothers or sisters have to look after themselves. b) On (my) own means alone and is the same as by (my)self. Own can also be used in the same way ‘as myselt. | painted my own room. oF | painted my room myself. Fill in the correct pronoun, then identity ther flexive or emphatic. 1. There was nobody to help me so | had to do all the cleaning ...yseit.. (emphatic) 2. Ifyou don't behave | shall put you all to bed early. i 3. The music atthe party was so loud that | had to shout to make... heard. 4 The teacher tried to make... understood but she failed to get the class to understand, 5 We painted the room = 6 Sho was very pleased with ‘when she got such a good job. 7. My mother wamed my brother to behave sonnewe at the Wedding. 8 think I'l get a cat. They're very clean animals which are always washing 9. She prepared all the food by 10 I think I'd go back to Austria, We really enjoyed conn ANT. 11 My sister is very vain, She never stops looking at... in the mirror. $21 dON 16 renner today. I don't know what's wrong with me. 13. My father decorated the house a e 186Determiners / Pronouns J There = It © There + be is used for something mentioned for the first time or to say that someone or something exists, There are several parcels to be delivered before noon. © We use a personal pronoun + be/other verb to give more details about something or someone already ‘mentioned. There's someone in the waiting room. He wants to give you something, @ It + be is used for identification or to talk about the details of something mentioned before. There's someone in . e the siting room. i's your aunt. It + be ... o-infithat-clause is used to begin a sentence. It's nice to be with you. It's a pity that he didn't come. {tis also used for distance, temperature, time expressions, weather and in the following expressions: It seems that, It appears that, It looks lik, Itis said that, It doesn't matter etc. It's freezing today, isnt i? It appears that he's been promoted: he's just bought a new car. It seems that inere is a problem with the machine. (BUT we also say: There seems to be a problem with the machine. It looks like i's going to rain.) [E1_firin: there or 1. ..If.’s sugh a pity you can't come with us. is said that Rome is beautiful at this time of the year. 2 's such a lovely day today - let's go for a picnic, 's a. good picnic site only 5 km from hete. 3 We'd better take our anoraks. «nnn aF@ lots of clouds in the sky. looks like it's going to rain, 4 Let's go by car. ummm will only take us 2 hours to drive there, 5 's nothing on the television tonight sa shame we didn't go to the cinema. 6 Mum, ..'$ a man at the door. He wants to talk to you. 7 '3 50 nice to see you. seems thal we haven't had a proper chat in ages. 8 ..'8 a pity you can't come to the cinema tonight, ’s.a new film on, -.'8 someone waiting to see you. are some new magazines on your desk. appears that she has quit her job, 12 This toc machine doesnt work prope seems to be faulty 8 seems tobe heavy tate. We may be late, s "4 's a shame he lied to you. Fontana di Trevi - Rome 45 are several letters for you on your dosk 16 another tity mies to Brighton 4 Possessive case 8 (people or animals) of (inanimate things) © singuiar noun +'s he Gin's skit the dog's teeth, “© of + inanimate thing/abetract noun my motheriniaw’s fat the hee! of the shoe, the top ofthe stars regular paral noun + "the farmers ractors © of + possessive case/pronouns when there isa @ regular plural noun not ending in-s +s Geterminer this, any ec) before the noun Lien the women's department, the chlsen’s bedroom io this recor of Jo's (one of Jo's records), 2st @ compound noun + 's a police officer's duty of hers (one of her hats) (© ‘Sater the last of wo or more names to show —-—«@ of + people {in longer phrases) She's she methor common possession Jane and George's house of one of my fans (they share the same house) BUT Jane's and (© ‘Slot tak about places or organisations George's houses (each one has gota house) Britain's histone histor of Brain phrases of place + 's (at the dentist's) time/distance expression + 's/' (ast month's issue, three months’ work) 17Determiners / Pronouns [L_Rewrite the following in the correct possessive form. 1 the child - the toys ..che child's toys 47 Brian and Jack - the father 2 the women - the clothes 48 Katy and Sarah - the cars .. 3 the cats the Kittens... 49 the key - the house 4 the fridge - the door ee 20 Emily - the hair 5 my parents - the car 21 the doctors - the conference .. 6 the house - the rO0F «rm 22 the box- the lid 7. the man - the trousers 223. the twins - the mother 8 the dogs - the kennels 24 my fatherniaw - the garden 9 the teachers =the FOO srerrmmninimininennnn |25 my brother's fiend - the yacht 40 the woman the MONeY vvncncnnnnnnnnnsne | stnnnnnnnnn 41 the men - the changing rooms... 26 the boy - the shirt 27, my sister's husband - the office 42 the train - the windows 13. the old man - the wheelchair 28 the apples - the price 14 the club - the rules 29 the old woman - the umbrel 15. the girl - the eyes 30. the gate - the garage 16 tho water - the temperature |] Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1. In the company where | work, Mr Jones is the boss. of Mr Jones ...i= che bose of... the company where | work 2. This jumper used to belong to my mother. was This ee jumper. 3. Ittakes twelve hours to drive to Scotland. hour this. soonneen 10 Scotland. 4 | know that John dislikes playing golf and so does Simon. nor know that... playing gott 5 Inthe USA the President lives in the White House. of The win the White House. 6 Are you sure that you can drive to London on your own next week? yourself Are you sure you CaM «nn 7 There are only a few people here tonight. not There tonight. 8 She wanted to sit down but another person had taken her seat. someone She wanted to sit down 9 He doesn't know very much about cars. a next week? her seat. knowledge He se CNS, 10 | enjoy being alone sometimes, by I sometimes. 11 He enjoys reading books as well as going to the cinema. both He 12. Bob doesn't ike playing football and Sam doesn't either. likes Neither 43. You must do the work on your own if you want to pass the exam, yourself You must ones 14 She waited all evening for him to come. whole She 15 She had done everything except the ironing, thing The i 16 The journey to France takes four hours. going to the cinema. playing football. if you want to pass the exam. {for him to come. done was the ironing. is Wan to France. 47 Atmy school, Mrs Forrester is the headmistress. of Mrs Forrester nese my school, 188Determiners / Pronouns 18 There were very few quests at Sharon’s wedding, many There : sss: at Sharon's wedding. 19. She went alone to see the film. own ‘She 110 see the film, 20 They just sat on the beach all day. nothing — They 21. She spent all evening at her friend's house. whole SHE nn 22 You are free to leave at any time you choose on the beach all day, at her friend's house, whenever You are free .. you choose. 23. He has been to every continent except Asia, continent The been to is Asia. 24 We could go to Holland. Alternatively, we could stay in England. or We could - stay in England, 25. | was supposed to meet Tony a few days ago but he didn't turn up. the | was supposed to meet Tony but he didn't turn up. 26 We haven't had any time to see each other. no We to see each other. 27. We invited both Diane and her fiance to the pe at only We . but also her fiance to the party. 28 She finished the book in one night. whole She ... in one night. 29. She drank from another person's cup by mistake. someone — She drank o ee by mistake, Use the words in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the ] ‘space in the same line. Adventure Tourigm Nowadays, a (0)...growing... number of travel companies are GROW adding adventure holidays to their Ist of getaways, The reason? More ‘and more people are looking to do something a bit (1) DIFFER ‘when they go on holiday. Today's traveller is (2) likely tobe INCREASE Unsatisfied with simply lying on a beach all day or visiting the usual eo spots. Instead, he/she is seeking @ more unique , TOUR experience. One that might involve travel to an (4) or ISOLATE ® ‘area for example, or one which offers activities that EXPLORE provide an adrenaline rush. In short, today’s traveller wants a holiday where he/she can expect a ile more (6) EXCITE Trekking, mountaineering expeditions, bungee jumping, rock climbing. safaris, @) ‘work, overiand journeys, cultural CONSERVE exchanges, deep sea diving: all these ore just a few of the types of adventure holidays that are growing in (8) In fect, the POPULAR different types of adventure holiday are limited only by the o So, if you are the type of traveller who loves new IMAGINE ‘experiences, enjoys challenges, and seeks (10) why not INSPIRE ‘consider on adventure trip for your next holiday? 189)Determiners / Pronouns Read the text below and decide which word A, B, C or D best fits each space. There is an example at the beginning ( living in @ foreign country and working as a volunteer. Working as a volunteer meas that you can not conly help others, but a0 develop a (2) Understanding of the world and yourself 4 Many young people choose fo (@)....6 year orto of he ives whe they rel (1) ea 90 You must have a university degree and (3) ct least one years experience before you can o Suitable appicants are invited to ) a series of interviews and are then sent on a training programme. Applicants are usually offered a post (6) months ond can be sent conywhere from the Sahara fo Seri. The advantages of being a volunteer far 7) the disadvantages. Being @ volunteer can enable you to get (8) ‘experience thot you would otherwise not have had. it can help you ‘move up the career ladder faster. You will make fiends and return with ain) (10) of ‘another culture and language However, volunteering Is not for everyone. It can be difficut being (11) from friends and omiy. Living on a (12) ‘ilowance & challenging, But, it you do choose fo go, you wil retum a \\ stronger. wiser person, 0 A take B pass © spend D stay 1A individual B alone © unique D single 2 A greater B longer © larger D bigger 3A win B eam © deserve D gain 48 write B enter © apply D compete 5 A visit B attend © go D come 6 A during B by © within D before 7 A outweigh B outrun © outdo D outgrow 8 A worthless B invalid € invaluable =D worthwhile 9 A Iifeless B long-lost € life-saving —_D ifelong 10 A gratitude B recognition © appreciation D_ enjoyment 11 A cutback B cutoff © cut out D cut across, 12 A middle B mixed © minimal D modest[took at Appendix 2, then fill in the correct particle( 1 2 1 2 10 "1 2 8 1“ 15 My brother left for France last night so the whole family went to the airport to see him ...0f. ‘The butler will see you "said Lord Thornton to his visitor as he stood up to leave. We asked if we could see ......... the vacant house, thinking we might want to buy it, “I'm going to see it that you never work in this town again!” shouted John’s boss. James was not fooled by Helen’s charm. He could see right her. “Don't worry about your university fees. We've got some money set ‘for your education,” said David to his son, Look at Appendix 3, then fill in | won the competition more ..by.. luck than by. sil Jane's bad behaviour left everyone 08s for words. The old building was....... danger of collapsing We must catch this man armed and dangerous. once in your life think of someone besides yourself!” said Tom to his brother. My name's William but people call me Bil... short Before a plan is carried out, it must be studied detail to make sure everyone knows what they have to do. The sign by the beach said *Motorboats and jetskis hire” When Jenny went to buy the dress she had been saving up for, she was disappointed to find that the shop did not have her size stock It was only chance that Kathy leamed about her friend's wedding, wonder if we could discuss my salary all costs! He is, private," said Bob to his boss. I've never been introduced to Patricia but | know er anne Sight In our hi-tech world there are many things that we take granted, Ann collapsed tears upon hearing of her grandfather's death. Why don't we do something else a change? I'm tired of going to the cinema every Saturday. 7 8 9 10 1" 12 13 16 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 28 29 Folder i Ittook only a few weeks to set... the business. We set at 6.00 am. in order to reach Birmingham by lunchtime, In the north of Scotland, once bad weather sets . it usually lasts for a long time. A problem at the Nantes office has set the programme by about three months. It wasn't his fault that he lost his job - somebody had set him If we want to get this done by five o'clock, we'd. better set work immediately. He said he would set his dogs they came into his garden again. the boys it correct preposition. When the teacher opened the door to the classroom he was pleased to see all the pupils hard work. AAs the time came for Daniel and Jessica to part, they promised each other that they would stay touch. “I pushed Sarah over ‘mean to hurt her,” cried Tina. “You'll be charge of the children until 12.00 when we get back," | told the babysitter. This diet seems to work fine. Take Mrs Jones, instance. She has lost three kilos in a accident. | didn't week. When | went to make a phone call all the telephones were Use, so | had to wait ‘This time Im back ‘good. I'm never going back to Australia again,” Nick's brother assured him, Jane was a hurry and didn't notice she had dropped her purse. Dora was still pain atter her operation; she couldn't even get out of bed. ‘Until | know certain that I've passed my driving test, | won't buy a car. The room was ‘a mess because Joanna had not had time to clear it up. | would like to see your proposal before | make a decision. She's staying with her aunt until she finds a flat. Most shops sell goods a profit because they have bought them very cheaply. writing the time being, wl)Folder nol 10 " 2 13 “ 5 4 5 6 Complete the senten using the words in bold. Us‘ “You ruined my dress!" she said to me. of She ...accused me of ruining... her dress. It takes 2 hours to reach the countryside by car. drive this .. . the countryside, it was luck and not talent that helped Judy get the leading role inthe play. more ‘Judy got the leading role in the play ‘According to the news report, the demonstrators were taken away by the police. been The demonstrators Were ern so away by the police. Mark took care of is stor during thet parents absence. Tooked = Mark s ee soon their parents were away. Perhaps he forgot our date. have He ... In my opinion, these two paintings are completely diferent from each other. ‘comparison In my opinion, there is . : Police are diverting the tratfic, diverted The traffic «the police, He didnt leave the office unti his secretary photocopied the report. had He conve he lett the office, ‘These chairs and coffee tables are so lovely! How did dyou get them? come How did you om lovely furniture? H only someone hadn't stolen Tom’s wallet! pity I. {sit OK with you if | lower the volume of the radio? turning Would you in all honesty, | was the one responsible for cancelling the wedcng who Tobe She arrived late because she missed the 8 o'clock bus. turned If'she had caught the 8 o'clock buS, She «1mm ee soe time, You should always write down the errands you have to run every day. note You should always vo the errands you have to run every day. because of her talent our date. these two paintings. . his wallet stolen, the radio? cancelled the wedding, Complete the sentenc then explain the idiom at a loose end, on all fours, over the moon, down the drain, from scratch, cn the house, under the thumb, for donkey's years, out of the blue, for a song an the mode ft pieces Mary ha to build it again «from rath «(from she beginning) That's the second bad film we've seen in two weeks. Another £5 s He bought the house ten years ago belore property prices started to rise. Please get what you want for dinner. Meals are tonight... haven't heard from Diane wonder where she may be. The news of the wedding came quite = Everyone thought they had split up, When Pauline finally retired She WAS wsn:mnnnnnnee @8 She didn't know what to do all day. Cath was . ‘when her team won the championship. Charlie is really vow Of his wife, He does whatever she says. Young children very often walk 7 for a while before they get strong enough to make their first steps.Practice Test (IQ) _| Part 1 For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits | each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Example: 0 Astays B places C lies D keeps VETNAMESE CUISINE ‘Shaped ike an elongated 'S’, Vietnam (0) ..C.. on the fresh ingredients. Dishes are (7)....... with vegetables eastern part of Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. such as bean sprouts, carrots, water spinach, eggplants, Vietnamese cuisine differs ‘cucumbers and bok choy, and (1) cnn Fadically in the north, seasoned with herbs like lemon ‘centre and south of the country 4 ‘9rass, coriander, basil, chili and but two key features stand out mint. The characteristic flevours Firstly 68 (2).nue an essential of Vietnamese food are sweet, tole in the nation’s det and so do spicy and sour. As in many Asian oodles. In fact, the Vietnamese countries, the Vietnamese do not ‘are crazy about noodles! Made eat their meals in (8) ‘rom wheat, rice or mung beans, _ Instead, all the food is served at noodles are eaten at any time of ‘once and people (9) wun ftom the day. They come in (3) the dishes in the centre of the shapes and thicknesses and are table. Vietnamese cuisine has eaten in soups, as (4)... | been growing in (10) on. dishes or simply plain. Secondly, | worldwide because itis not oniy fresh vegetables and herbs are a delicious but also extremely | healthy, Food is rarely tried a) it is steamed or shop for food at least twice a day simmered. Salads are ol fee. Itis Which (6)... why their cuisine is famous for its use of thus very light and, (12)... Of fs focus on vegetables, incredibly nutritious. 1A. slightly B fully © mainly D quite 2 A holds B plays © acts D gives 3A unlike B different © uncommon —_D altered 4A side B accompanied aside D beside 5 A Tue B Although However D Indeed 6 A. explains B justifies © accounts _ reasons. 7 A handed B given © introduced presented 8 A courses B proportions © pars D starters 9 A divide B share © split D portion 10 A esteem B recognition © popularity attraction 11 A However B Instead c And D sii 12 A. thanks B since © because D due 193)Practice Test {0) 2 | For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS in the answer boxes provided, wane [6] [ASL] Hl ialala) ja's Most Femarkapy, 2k, ‘Lake Batkal Lake Baikal, known (0) the ‘Blue Eye of Siberia’, is located in south-east Siberia near the Mongolian border. Not (13) is it the world’s largest freshwater lake holding almost 20% of all the fresh water on earth, (14) is also the world's deepest and oldest lake. It has 30 islands, the largest (15) being Olkhon island. gor Lake Baikal is famous for its crystal clear waters (16) are rich with aquatic life. The average temperature of the water is +4°C cy) varies depending on location and season. Recently scientists (18) discovered thermal springs, which may explain why the water is so full of oxygen. Lake Baikal’s isolation has produced one of the (19) varied and unusual collections of wildlife. Many of these species are unique to the lake and found nowhere on earth, Lake Baikal is home to some interesting (21) inedible fish. Many of these consist of more (22) 50% fat. The fact that Lake Baikal is millions (23) years old leads some scientists to believe that it (24)... not just be a lake, but the beginnings of what will one day be an 4eer con 2 Part 3 For questions 25-34, read the text bel ‘some of the lines to form a word that at the beginning (0). /. Use the word given in capitals at the end of in the gap in the same line. There is an example Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS in the answer boxes provided. Example: [o] [-]4]®]4]£[5[7] | | es] Kiev for Kyivl is the (0) a eee ces ee i has a truly (25) history, REMARK ‘cultural and (28) centres, ‘COMMERCE . ‘of Europe. Today, Kiev is a bustling city ‘of three million (29) itis INHABIT Sere Se en eine eal Aemers epee a acre eeneiia ocean pov Syare ee sain rR 5)Practice Test {10 Part 4 For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. There is an example at the beginning (0). Example (0. The last time anyone saw them was two months ago. SEEN They Example: [0] [ii] E ‘two months ago, ‘Write the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS in the answer boxes provided, 96 35. “Shall | call them later?” he asked himself. WHETHER. He them later. 36 The shoes we bought John no longer ft him. GROWN ODA . the shoes we bought him, 37. She won't tell us her reasons for quitting, despite our insisting. EVEN ‘She won't tell us why we insisted. 38 They say that the treasure was discovered by a young diver. ‘SAID ‘The treasure. . discovered by a young diver. 39 They bought a large house because they planned to start a family. viEWw They bought a large house ... a family 40 Leslie would rather read books than watch television, PREFERS. Leslie television, 41. Everyone did the exercise except Ann. ONLY The do the exercise was Ann. 42 That's the house where | was raised. WHICH ‘That's the house se UP.