Direct and indirect Speech

 Qs. He said, “…” Ans. He said that …

 Qs. He said to Him, “…” Ans. He told him that …

 Qs. He said, “(a yes / no qs)” Ans. He asked me if …

Eg: He said, “Are you a student?” Ans. He asked me if I was a student.

 Qs. He said, “(not a yes/ no qs)” Ans. He asked me what/when/how… etc

Eg: He said, “What is your name?” Ans. He asked me what my name was.

 Qs. He said, “(imperative)” Ans. He (one word substitution) …

Eg: He said, “Don’t be late” Ans. He reminded me to not be late

 Qs. He said, “(one word exclamatory)” Ans. He (group of words) that …

Eg: He said, “Hurray, we won” Ans. He exclaimed with joy that they had won

 Qs. He said, “(a universal fact)” Ans. He said that … (no change in tense)
 Qs. He says, “…” Ans. He says that … (no change in tense)
 Qs. He will say, “…” Ans. He will say that … (no change in tense)

 Qs. He said, “Let me have some water” Ans. He wished that he might have some water

Now = then Ago = before

This = that Come = go
Here = there Today = that day
These = those Yesterday = the previous day
Hence = thence Tonight = that night
Hither = thither Last night = the previous night
Thus = so Tomorrow = the next day
Shall = should May = might
Will = would Can = could
 Active and Passive Voice
 Subject + Verb + Object  Object + Verb + Subject
 Transitive verb : a verb with 2 objects
Example : I taught Ram history
 For a transitive verb, there can be 2 kinds of answers, by keeping either of the 2 objects as
the subject. For example :
Qs. I taught Ram history
Ans 1 : Ram was taught history by me
Ans 2 : History was taught to Ram by me

 Prepositional verb :
Qs. They laughed at the poor man Ans. The poor man was laughed at by them

 Imperative, using “be” :

Qs. Respect your elders Ans. Your elders should be respected

 Imperative, intransitive verbs :

Qs. Do it right now Ans. You are ordered to do it right now

 Quasi passive voice :

Qs. The cloth feels rough Ans. The cloth is rough when it is felt

 Impersonal :
Qs. It is hoped that … Ans. People hope that …

 Active to Passive  necessary changes + V3 form

Simple present plants is/are planted

Present continuous is/are planting is/are being planted
Present perfect has/have planted has/have been planted
Simple past planted was/were planted
Past continuous was/were planting was/were being planted
Past perfect had/have planted had/have been planted
Simple Future shall/will plant will be planted
Conditional would plant would be planted
Perfect conditional would have planted would have been planted
Infinitive is/was to plant is/was to be planted
-ing form planting/ having planted being planted / having been planted
 Synthesis
 Simple sentences into 1 Simple sentence
1. Using Adjectives
Eg. A brave soldier had a horse
2. Using Adverb / adverbial phrase -
Eg. The train was unusually crowded
3. Using Infinitive -
Eg. She works very hard to succeed in life
4. Using a participle -
Eg. Turning to the right, you will find the bank
5. Using a noun -
Eg. Newton, a great scientist, made many discoveries
6. Using preposition with noun / gerund -
Eg. In spite of being poor, he is honest
7. Using an Absolute phrase -
Eg. The sun having set, we went home

 Simple sentences into 1 Compound sentence (using 4 types of Coordinating conjunctions)

1. Cumulative –
Eg. He is both a musician and a painter
2. Adversative -
Eg. He fell down, nevertheless he persevered
3. Alternative -
Eg. He must apologize or he will be punished
4. Illative -
Eg. He is weak, so he cannot run fast

 Simple sentences into 1 Complex sentence (using 3 types of Clauses)

1. Noun (that)
Eg. That the sun rises in the East is obvious - (no comma is required)
2. Adjective (who, whom, whose, which)
Eg. Tell me the place, where you kept it - (comma is required)
3. Adverb (if, since, because, unless, when, whose, while, though, as, until, before and that)
Eg. You will pass if you work hard
 Transformation
 Too…to  so… that (+ to - (or) - to +)
Qs. He is too weak to run (positive) Ans. He is so weak that he cannot run (negative)
 Active to Passive voice
Qs. Give the order Ans. Let the order be given
 Affirmative to Negative
Qs. I was doubtful … Ans. I was not sure …
 Interrogative and Assertive
Qs. Is not oil thicker than water? Ans. Oil is thicker than water
 Exclamatory and Assertive
Qs. Oh, that I were … Ans. I wish that I were …
 Degree of comparison
Qs. No other metal is as useful as iron (positive)
 Iron is more useful than any other metal (comparative)
 Iron is the most useful of all metals (superlative)
 Parts of speech
Qs. Soldiers fought bravely Ans. Soldiers put up a brave fight

 Simple to compound
Qs. In spite of his riches, he is unhappy Ans. He is very rich, but still is unhappy

 Simple to Complex
Qs. He confessed his fault Ans. He confessed that he was at fault

 Compound to Simple (using participles, preposition and infinitive)

Qs. Hurry or you will miss that train Ans. Hurry so as not to miss the train

 Compound to Complex
Qs. He is poor, but he is honest Ans. Although he is poor, he is honest

 Complex to Simple (using clauses of noun, adjective and adverb)

Qs. Tell me where you live Ans. Tell me your address

 Complex to Compound
Qs. If you don’t work hard, you will not pass Ans. You must work hard or you will not pass
 Tenses
 Simple Present : universal facts, habitual actions, actions of immediate present, present period,
a fixed action in the future, ownership/ relationship, verbs of senses, dramatic narration,
conditional clauses and time clauses (when, while, until, till, after, as soon as, no sooner…than)
 Present Continuous : present action in progress, temporary situations, planned future actions,
repeated actions
 Present Perfect : actions of past that is significant in present, actions at unspecified time, in
typical contexts
 Present Perfect Continuous : action in progress throughout a period, continuity, repeated
actions, unfinished actions and drawing conclusions

 Simple Past : completed actions, immediate past, remarkable events in the past and past habits
 Past Continuous : action in progress in the past, an action which took place before another one,
parallel actions, repeated actions, polite enquiries and alternative to simple past
 Past Perfect : earlier past and unfulfilled hopes and wishes
 Past Perfect Continuous : action in progress throughout a period, repeated actions and drawing
conclusions

 Simple Future : prediction of events, ‘will’ for formal style, ‘will/shall’ to show hope, expectation
 Future Continuous : action in progress in the future and arrangements and plans
 Future Perfect : action that will have ended by a time in future
 Future Perfect Continuous : action in progress at some point of time in the future

 If Principal Clause is in Present or Future… the Subordinate clause can be in all 3 types
 If Principal Clause is in Past… the Subordinate clause can be in any form of the past tense

 Note
1. Lest = so that not
2. Lest is always followed by should
3. If “as if” or “although if” is used… Past represents Present and Past Perfect represents Past
4. When a Subordinate clause expresses purpose, condition or time… the tense in the
subordinate clause is always Present… the tense in Principal clause can be Present/Future
5. In Conditional sentences, Principal clause is Future… Subordinate clause is Present
 Prepositions
 Placed before a noun ; relates noun with another noun / verb / adjective
 Prepositions of Time :
 at : point of time / holidays ; 7:00 or Christmas etc)
 in : period of time / part of a day ; 20th century or afternoon ; in time = within the time
 on : days and date ; Sunday or 7th July ; on time = exact on time
 in : end of a period of time ; in a week (at the end of the week)
 within : before the deadline ; within a week (before the end of the week)
 before : before a fixed time ; after : end of a period of time in the past
 in : end of a period of time in the future
 for : period of time ; since : point of time ; ago : time measured from the present
 till / until : when something finishes ; by : not later than (before)
 Words like today, yesterday, tomorrow, the day after / next does not require prepositions

 Prepositions of Place
 in : big cities, states and countries ; within an enclosed area
 at : small towns and villages ; unenclosed areas ; where something is being done
 in : inside something ; into : towards the inside of something
 on : denotes rest ; upon : denotes motion
 between : 2 objects involved ; among : >2 objects involved
 beside : by the side of ; besides : in addition to
 above : top of something greatly ; over : top of something but near / close to it like a
covering

 Note :
 Despite is never followed by ‘of’ ; inspite of = correct ; despite of = wrong
 Essays / Composition

A.Descriptive
 Things to remember while writing:
1. Factual description. Not imaginary.
2. Simple, yet apt words that helps the reader to visualise
3. Description must be easy to understand and visualise
4. Description must be appealing to the reader
5. The text must make the reader to relate to your feelings
6. It must be organised and logically presented
7. The writing must be appreciative and well written

 To be include in the writing:

1. The main noun / topic
1. Atmosphere (Morning at school, Evening at a Park, etc.)
2. Structure (Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar, etc.)
3. Facts about it

2. Its surroundings
4. Nature (birds, sunlight, trees, clouds, etc.)
5. People (market, school, etc.)

3. Your feelings of experiencing the vision or event

6. Delight, contempt, energetic, sorrowful, etc.
7. How did it impress you, your first impression on seeing it, etc.

4. Conclude by praising the main noun / the topic

8. “This sight of the morning in Delhi is unmatchable”
9. “This event of my life will stay as an unforgettable one”, etc.
B. Narrative
 Things to remember while writing:
1. You must narrate an incident. As if the poem “Nine Gold Medals”
2. Emphasise the movement, time sequence and details of the event
3. Time sequence = Flashback (Past)  Present (towards the end)
4. May be imaginary or non fictitious
5. Use past tense to describe the past incidents
6. Better to write from your own experience
7. Do not make philosophical comments on the incidents
8. Add variety and interests to make the essay well written

 To be include in the writing:

1. Past tense for past events
10. “It was back when I was in grade 3, when this incident took place”

2. Dialogues
11. I asked him, “Is this the way to our school?”

3. Characters

4. Description of the settings of the story

5. Description of what you had seen

6. Description of what impressed you in the scene

C. Argumentative
 Things to remember while writing:
1. Write either for or against, not for both
2. Start the writing by strongly expressing which side you choose
3. Points must convince the reader
4. Try to oppose the points that could be asked from the other POV
5. Also try to accept objections and turn it favorable to your view
6. Points must be clear and valid. No silly statements will be accepted
7. Elaborate 1 point into a paragraph
8. Express with a sequence. Have a well arranged essay
9. Finally, conclude the essay by clearly showing that the side you have
chosen is the convincing / the acceptable one

 To include in the writing:

1. Starting paragraph that clearly expresses your side
“Yes. I support the statement that…”

2. 7 paragraphs of 7 distinct points

3. 4 or 5 Points can be supporting your side

4. 3 or 2 Points can be opposing the other side

5. Conclusion paragraph that clearly expresses your side is the winner

“In conclusion, (a few positive lines about your statement)”

6. Proper sentence formation

7. Punctuation
D.Short Stories
 Things to remember while writing:
1. Imagine yourself as an author and write the story
2. Start with the story directly. Do not explain the topic
3. You can use any literary devices of your choice that is apt for the topic
4. Make it like an extraordinary story
5. Include dialogues
6. Characterisation
7. Elements of suspense, horror, delight, etc.
8. Past tense is preferred
9. Events must take place in a sequence
10. Conclusion can be in a style. As in the “A face in the dark”

 To include in the writing:

1. Past tense
2. Dialogues
3. Characters
4. Literary devices
5. Words that express the feelings
6. Description
7. Narration
8. Text to make the reader able to imagine the story
9. Fictitious or non fictitious
10. Stylish conclusion
E. Picture composition
 Things to remember while writing:
1. Understand the picture
2. Don’t make the writings of the silly details
3. Include the main details of the picture
4. Grasp the main theme from the whole picture
5. Focus on the main composition and not just on the details
6. Concentrate on the language and expression
7. The writing must be able to make the reader visualize the picture
8. Write a story based on the picture, or
9. Write a description of the picture, or
10. Write your thoughts or feelings about the picture

 To include in the writing:

1. For a story based on the picture
- Characterization
- Dialogues
- Scenery
- Setting
- Literary devices, etc.

2. For a description of the picture

- First paragraph must say the things you see in the picture
- Body must include the description of main elements in the picture
- Describe the minute details also. Just the overall picture is not good
- Make it interesting by connecting the details and express feelings

3. For a collection of thoughts and feelings

- Introduction: first impression from the picture
- Body: thoughts and feelings the picture gave
- Conclusion: summary of the thoughts and feelings felt
 Notice
 Marks Distribution
1. Caption = 1
2. Title = 1
3. Date = 0.5
4. Time = 0.5
5. Venue = 1
6. Description = 1 Total = 5 marks

 Caption
- Not more than 6 words ; Camel Casing (First letter of every words must be in capital)
- Must have a clear relation with the Title
- Eg. Dunk Masters

 Title
- Below the caption ; Must be from the question ; Camel Casing
- Eg. Inter – School Basketball Competition

 Date
- No comma or full stops required ; ‘th’ should touch the line
- Month name must start with Capital letter ; Must be 10 to 15 days after the date of the exam
- Eg. 7th March 2021

 Time
- Use “a.m.” and “p.m.” ; Note : there is a full stop after each letter ; Use “to”
- Eg. 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.

 Venue
- 2 places have to be mentioned ; 1st = smaller place & 2nd = bigger place
- Eg. Basketball Ground, De Sales Academy

 Description
- Must convey the eligibility of the participants ; Mention the grades of the participants
- Mention the name of the person to whom they must submit their name
- Mention the dead line date for enrollment

 Note : notice must be aligned to the center ; no need to draw a box ; format is important
 Example of Notice

War of Words
Inter-School Debate Competition
on 8th December 2017
from 9.00 a.m. to 12 p.m.
at Centenary Hall, St. Hilda’s School
All pupils from Classes IX & X who wish to
participate are to give their names to
Mrs. T. Baker on or before 1st December 2017
 E-mail
 Marks Distribution
1. To address = 0.5
2. Subject = 0.5
3. Salutation = 0.5
4. Opening sentence = 0.5
5. Body = 2
6. Closing sentence = 0.5
7. Subscription = 0.5 Total = 5 marks

 To address
- Must have the full email ID mentioned ; need not mention “To:”
- Eg. [email protected]

 Subject
- Must be taken from the question ; need not mention “Subject:”
- Eg. Inter School Basketball Competition

 Salutation
- Use either “Sir” or “Madam” ; Don’t use both as “Sir / Madam” ; end with a comma
- Eg. Dear Sir,

 Opening sentence*
- State the purpose of your email ; just 1 sentence

 Introduction
- Must include : introduction to the event ; name of the event ; name of the competition
- 3 sentences maximum

 Body
- Must include : details of the competition ; information about the participation ; from the notice
- 4 sentences maximum

 Closing sentence
- Must include : your expectation ; what you are looking forward to ; indirect welcoming
- 1 line maximum

 Subscription
- Thanking you, ; end with comma ; leave a line…
- Yours faithfully, ; end with comma ; on the next line…
- Your Name ; no comma ; on the next line…
- Your Post ; end with full stop
 Example of E-mail

[email protected]
Inter-School Debate Competition.
Dear Madam,
This email is to inform you that our school is celebrating its 50th
anniversary this year, and we invite your school to the celebration and
take part in the events.
As part of the celebrations we are hosting a series of competitions, and
we are beginning with ‘War of Words’, an inter-school debate
competition. It will be held on 8th December 2017 from 9.00 a.m. till 12
noon in the Centenary Hall of St. Hilda’s School.
Please do send your senior debate team to participate in the event.
The topic will be given to the participants an hour before the start of the
competition. They may bring their laptops for use during the preparation
time.
We look forward to your school’s participation in the competition.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
Ashish Roy
Debating Secretary.
 Formal Letter
 Marks Distribution
1. Sender’s address = 0.5
2. Date = 0.5
3. Receiver’s address = 0.5
4. Salutation = 0.5
5. Subscription = 0.5
6. Signature / Name = 0.5
7. Content + Expression = 2 + 5 = 7 Total = 10 marks

 Sender’s address
- Must be within 4 lines ; use comma after end of each line ; end the last line with full stop

 Date
- 10 to 15 days after the date of the examination ; comma between month and year ; full stop

 Receiver’s address
- Must be within 4 lines ; continue with commas ; end with full stop

 Salutation
- Use either “Sir” or “Madam” ; Don’t use both as “Sir / Madam” ; end with a comma

 Subject line
- 1 sentence ; start with “Subject:” ; mention the subject ; end with full stop ;

 Introduction / Opening sentence

- State why you are writing the letter ; use words from the question

 Body
- Explain about the event ; 4 points minimum ; 2 paragraphs maximum

 Conclusion
- State what you are expecting from the receiver ; convey it formally

 Subscription
- Thanking you, ; end with comma ; leave a line…
- Yours faithfully, ; end with comma ; on the next line…
- Your Full Name ; end with full stop
 Example of Formal Letter

Flat 236, Block C,

Hill Crest View Apartments,
Salem Street,
Coonoor-26.

23rd February, 2018.

The Police Commissioner,

Police Commissioner’s Office,
6, Cavalry Road,
Coonoor-3.

Dear Sir,

I am writing this letter to draw your attention to the menace of hawkers outside St.
Paul’s School in Nehru Nagar of our town. I am the Secretary, Swach Bharat Club, St.
Paul’s School.

The hawkers sell open food and cheap toys. A number of our school students cluster
around them and the lane in front of our school is blocked, dirty and congested.

I would request you to look into this problem and have the hawkers move into the field
behind our school. This would ensure that they are not deprived of their livelihood and
the area in front of our school is kept clean and congestion fee.

The hawkers must also be warned about the importance of necessary hygiene and the
sale of clean food. This will ensure that students do not fall sick after eating food sold by
the hawkers.

I trust that you will consider my suggestion and take the necessary steps as outlined in
my letter to you to deal with the menace of hawkers outside the school.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully, / Yours truly,

Santosh Haldar.
 Informal Letter
 Marks Distribution
1. Sender’s address = 0.5
2. Date = 0.5
3. Salutation = 0.5
4. Subscription = 1
5. Content + Expression = 2.5 + 5 = 7.5 Total = 10 marks

 Sender’s address
- Must be within 4 lines ; use comma after end of each line ; end the last line with full stop

 Date
- 10 to 15 days after the date of the examination ; comma between month and year ; full stop

 Salutation
- Use “Dear (Name of the friend)” or “Dear (Relation)” ; don’t use American slangs

 Introduction / Opening sentence

- Ask about their well being ; make it casual but in formal language ; state the purpose of
writing

 Body
- Explain the matter in detail ; 5 points minimum ; 3 paragraphs maximum

 Conclusion
- State what you are expecting from the receiver ; make it sound casual

 Subscription
- Yours lovingly/ affectionately/ (Relation) ; end with comma ; on the next line…
- Your first name ; end with a full stop
 Example for Informal Letter

Jingle Bells Residential School,

Igatpuri – 422 402.
10th October, 2018.
My dear Mummy / Mother,
I know that you are very disappointed with my half yearly report that you
must have received last week. I am truly sorry for a poor performance
and I am feeling very depressed at having let you down so badly. I do not
want to make excuses, but this last term I have been in and out of the
infirmary several times. I had a bad attack of malaria and was unable to
attend classes for about a week. Barely had I got over this when I broke
out in a rash because of the medication and I had to go back into the
infirmary. As result of this I missed many classes and I scored very poorly
in three subjects.
I have now picked up health and have requested my teachers to give me
some extra assignments. I also plan to do group study with some of the
other boarders of my class.
I am sure that this will help me to catch up with my studies and I promise
you I will score much better marks in the next unit tests.
Please do not be worried about my health, I am much better. I look
forward to meeting you during the mid-term break.
Yours lovingly, / Yours affectionately,
Sanjiv.