Unit -4

Components of Disaster Management

• Disaster management is
fundamentally disaster risk
management.
• To avoid disaster, to reduce
risk, and recover its losses.
• Pre-Disaster and Post-
Disaster Phases.
Disaster Management
• Flood (Structural and non-structural measures)
• Earthquake (EWS, Earthquake resistant structures,
Public Awareness)
• Cyclone (EWS, Shelter belts, Landuse Control and
Settlement Planning)
• Landslide (Drainage measures, Erosion-control,
preventing Deforestation and Improving Aforestation).
• Tsunami (Construction of Seawalls and Break waters,
Protecting Coastal forests and Planting Tree Belts, Coral
Reefs, EWS)
Pre-Disaster Stage – Preparing Hazard zonation
maps
Preparing hazard zonation maps
• The main purpose of
Multiple Hazard Mapping
(MHM) is to gather
together in one map the
different hazard-related
information for a study
area to convey a
composite picture of the
natural hazards of varying
magnitude, frequency, and
area of effect.
5
 Hazard zonation mapping
• The inducing or triggering factors
which can interconnect several
hazards can more easily be seen
through the use of a MHM.

6
PREPARING MULTIPLE HAZARD MAPS

• Translated Information – The information

must be "translated" for planners and
decision-makers and placed on maps
• Sources and Compiling Information
• Timing

7
TYPES OF INFORMATION NEEDED TO ASSESS THE
HAZARD POTENTIAL OF NATURAL PHENOMENA

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 COMPILING INFORMATION ON MULTIPLE
HAZARDS
• Collecting base maps and appropriate hazard information from the
various sources identified.
• Evaluating the uniformity, accuracy, and completeness of such
information-areal coverage, detail, content, elements (likelihood,
location, and severity), format, and symbols.
• Selecting the most appropriate base map and scale to be used,
hazards to be shown, and symbols to portray those hazards.
• Combining the selected individual hazard information onto the MHM
in an accurate, clear, and convenient way.

9
BENEFITS OF MULTIPLE HAZARD MAPPING
• A more focus on the effects and impacts of natural phenomena on a
particular area is possible.
• Many hazards and the trigger mechanism of each can be viewed at
the same time.
• Study areas can be divided into sub-areas requiring more information,
additional assessments, or specific reduction techniques.
• More realistic evaluation of risks to new development are possible.
• Appropriate hazard reduction techniques can be more easily built into
the investment project formulation.
• Selection of appropriate land uses can become more rational.

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PREDICTION AND WARNING
• Predictions and warnings can also reduce damage and economic
losses.
• Scientific and technological advances in recent decades have greatly
improved the nation's capability to predict most natural hazards and
disseminate warnings based on those predictions.

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Goal of Prediction Systems
• The upgrading of natural hazard prediction and warning systems
through application of state-of-the art science and technology.
• Augmentation of research programs, models to predict their
occurrence, and technology to detect and monitor them and to
disseminate warnings.
• Expansion of research on the social aspects of effective warning
messages.

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15
Earthquake
• Shake Alert
 Flood
• The Community-based
Flood Early-warning System
is used in Hindu Kush
Himalayan region.
• The wireless system
manages flood or flash
flood risk by providing early
warnings to downstream
communities and enhances
cooperation between
upstream and downstream
communities in the sharing
of flood information.
END
LAND-USE ZONING FOR DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
Unit -4

1
Land use/Land cover
 Land use - Areas are
classified based on the
purpose the land serves:
such as recreation,
wildlife habitat or
agriculture.
 Land cover - Areas are
classified based on the
surface cover on the
ground whether
vegetation, urban
infrastructure, water,
bare soil or others.
2
Objectives of Land-use zoning

■ Understand the relationship between land-use zoning and

disasters.
■ Know how faulty allocations of land-use can often become
the cause of disasters, both man-made and natural.
■ Describe how judicious land-use zoning can help not only in
disaster mitigation, but also in disaster relief operations.

3
Major elements of Land-use Planning

■ Land-use policies and plans setting. out the social, economic and
environmental goals of comprehensive land development and their
stages of development;
■ Land ownership and land tenure patterns identifying the legal, social
and economic basis of ownership and tenure
■ Land values and prices, reflecting the forces of supply and demand for
land and
■ Land-use controls which may be subdivided into three broad
categories, i.e., legal, fiscal and directive.

4
Challenges?
■ Less weightage is often given to disaster
prevention in land-use policies.
■ Traditional systems of land-use have over a long
period adjusted to periodic disasters.
■ Traditional and intermediate indigenous economic
systems are highly sensitive to regulate and the
economic costs or uprooting, relocating, or
inhibiting development can be' very high in labour
intensive employment sectors.
■ Growth of population and land shortages have
tended to make the poor poorer and affected
the marginal land such as ravines, steep slopes,
low flood plains or even riverbeds.
5
ZONING CONTROLS

■ Land-use Macro Zoning

■ Land-use Micro Zoning
■ Sub-division Regulations
■ Building or Location Permits
■ Open space Controls
■ Building Codes

6
Land Use Macro Zoning
■ Macro zoning is the establishment of land use planning zones at regional
levels.
■ These zoning are an efficient tool to control the over-all location of various
human activities.
■ Macro zoning has a broad function in the reduction of risk since hazardous
areas can be zoned permanently for agricultural or recreational uses,
minimizing as far as possible for urban or semi-urban concentrations of
population or industry.
■ The demarcation of a country or regions into broad areas of natural hazard is
useful for outlining general national policies in disaster prevention and
mitigation.

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Land Use Micro Zoning
■ Micro zoning is the detailed preparation of land use maps by local
bodies and 'public authorities, particularly in urban settlements, fixing
specific land - uses for each site (such as residential, educational,
commercial, etc.).
■ Micro zoning also details the density of land uses at particular sites.
■ Furthermore, micro zoning establishes a detailed land use pattern
within the natural hazard macro-zoning framework.
■ From the point of disaster prevention, micro zoning is a basic tool
which relates natural hazard assessment to land-use planning.

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 Sub-division Regulations Building or Location Permits

■ Sub-division regulations, like ■ Building and location permits

zoning, provide public control provide planners and
over the development of land. government officials with an
This is accomplished through opportunity to exercise micro-
approval of plans by the controls over development.
designated government
authority where the criteria for
approval establish restriction
governing the exact way land is
subdivided and the provision
made for public facilities and
infrastructure.

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 Open space Controls Building Codes

■ Land use policies that regulate ■ Building codes or building by-

the location of agriculture or laws in the present context
green area have a direct impact establish minimum standards
on the provision of open spaces of design, construction and
in the total planning area "and materials in order to avoid
vice-versa. structural collapse under
conditions of severe physical
stress eau ed by extreme
natural phenomena to which
that land might be vulnerable.

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 LOCATION OF ACTIVITIES AND LAND
USE
■ Major functional land uses should be segregated and not mixed as
far as possible.
■ In order to diminish the risk of total paralysis of productive or
administrative activities in disaster prone areas, the industrial and
business zone should be decentralized.
■ All important installations (ex: centres of communication, historical
monuments) should be located in such way that they are well
accessible and well protected.
■ Density should be kept as low as possible

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Implications of town planning
■ Urban planning is a state reponsibility and as such the plans are prepared
under the respective Town and Country Planning Acts.
■ A broad zonal structural plan based upon risk zones identified. should be
prepared before the overall land use plan. This will reduce the time lag
between master plan and zonal plan preparation.
■ Highrisk zones, which are consequently more vulnerable, should have
lower Floor Area Ratio (FAR), wider set backs, more open spaces, and
restriction on high rise development.
■ The rear set back, in case of industrial plots, should be kept larger than
the front set back to prevent factories from being built back to back which:
reduces avai labi Iity of open spaces for rescue operations.

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 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS

■ The data supplied by earth observation

satellites can often provide information such as
maps and images.
■ Maps of watersheds, river and stream patterns
and coastal plains can be produced and
geographical maps can be complied.
■ Flood plains and delineate areas of potential
flood impact.
■ IRS Satellites – Acquire the details of the
surface
■ GIS – Generate, manipulate and analyze maps

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Thanks

14
DISASTER EDUCATION
Unit 4

1
Aim of Disaster Education

■ The aim of the disaster education is to provide

knowledge among individuals and groups to take
actions to reduce their vulnerability to disasters.

2
 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction (2015–2030)
■ An international document which was
adopted by UN member states
between 14th and 18th of March 2015
at the World Conference on Disaster
Risk Reduction held in Sendai, Japan
and endorsed by the UN General
Assembly in June 2015
■ The need for population-wide
resilience building and the
enhancement of disaster
preparedness for effective response
and fast recovery, rehabilitation, and
reconstruction was highlighted.
3
Need for Disaster Education?
■ Due to their limited predictability of the rapid-onset evets such as
floods, typhoons, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, or earthquakes, these
disasters can cause severe loss of life and major damages to
property.

• Household preparedness measures

• Community level preparedness
measures
4
Central Concepts and Terminology

■ Education- Formal and Non-formal

■ Knowledge - Explicit and tacit
■ Disaster education or disaster resilience education
o Vulnerability
o Susceptibility or exposure
o Adaptive capacity Vulnerability and
o Resilience building Resilience

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 Education
■ Formal
Classroom-based education normally
delivered in in a structured environment,
such as a school, college or university.
■ Non-formal
Organized and structured educational
activities that take place outside the
established formal school system are
referred to as non-formal education. These
include community education or alternative
learning programs, such as community-based
disaster training and drills.

6
Knowledge

■ Explicit knowledge
Explicit knowledge can be clearly
identified, accessed and
verbalized.
■ Tacit knowledge
Tacit knowledge, on the other
hand, is implicit.

7
 Disaster Resilience Education
■ Vulnerability to environmental hazards =
𝑓 (susceptibility, sensitivity, Adaptive capacity).
■ Susceptibility or exposure refers to the presence of people in
places that are at risk of being adversely affected.
■ Sensitivity relates to the degree to which a population group is
negatively affected once a shock occurs.
■ Adaptive capacity is the ability to cope with and adjust to
consequences of natural hazards.

8
Disaster Resilience Education

■ The term resilience refers to the household’s or community’s

abilities and resources to adequately prepare for, mitigate and
cope with disruptive changes and events that may occur in an
unforeseen way.
■ Economic, social, demographic and institutional factors
contribute.
■ Among these, also education and the dissemination of
knowledge and information can effectively contribute to
resilience building efforts.

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Vulnerability and Resilience

■ Vulnerability and resilience are both important for disaster

risk reduction, which in the concept and practice of reducing
disaster risks through systematic efforts, including the
anticipation of future disaster risks, the reduction of existing
exposures, hazards, and vulnerabilities, and the improving of
resilience.

10
 The conceptual relationship between Education and
Disaster vulnerability
Education
1. Formal Education in
School System
2. Non-formal Education

Direct Effects
Indirect Effects
• Information & Knowledge
• Financial resources
• Awareness and
• Living/neighborhood External
Perceptions Influences like
• Social capital
• Cognitive skills political, economic,
demographic,
social and natural
Disaster Vulnerability
environment
• Exposure- Risk of being affected
• Sensitivity- negatively affected
• Adaptive Capacity- ability to cope and
adjust 11
The main target group for Disaster
Education
■ Disaster education for vulnerable people
■ Disaster education for children
■ Disaster education for women
■ Disaster education for the elderly and disabled people

12
Conclusion
■ It has been found that living in a community with a higher level of
education significantly increases preparedness actions.
■ The non-formal or social learning in the affected communities play an
important role.
■ Besides formal and non-formal disaster education, informal
interventions play an important role in strengthening people’s
preparedness and resilience.
■ Interventions can include creative educational materials, such as
games, documentary and short videos, cultural and performing arts,
such as songs, puppetry and improvisation theatre, as well as projects
bringing students in contact with local communities and governments.
■ These practical approaches can help foster the development of
analytic and problem-solving skills among the learners.
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Thanks for the attention

14
POST DISASTER - SEARCH AND
RESCUE, IMMEDIATE RELIEF,
AND ASSESSMENT SURVEYS
Unit -4
Search and Rescue (SAR)
■ Termed as “helpful behavior in
emergencies”.
■ Search and rescue is a technical
activity rendered by a group of
specially trained personnel.

1. Community Local Rescuers

2. Outside Community Resources
Objectives of SAR
■ To rescue the survivors trapped under the debris, from the damaged
buildings or from a cyclonic storm surge, flood, earthquake and fire.
■ To provide First Aid services to the trapped survivors and to dispatch
them for medical care.
■ To take immediate necessary actions, as necessary, for temporary
support and protection to endangered collapsed buildings to
structures.
■ To hand-over, recover and dispose-off the bodies of the deceased.
■ To train, demonstrate and raise awareness on how to use the local
materials for self-rescue amongst the community people.
Team Composition

■ Physically and Psychologically sound volunteers

could constitute a rescue team.
■ Above 18 years of age, with a minimum education
level should be selected.
■ Preference would be given to ex-military or army
personnel.
Team leader: 1
Skilled persons: 2
Members: 5
Duties of the Rescuer

1. Assessment
2. Information
3. Observation – LLF – Look, Listen and Feel
Plan for Rescue

■ Rescue is a team effort that needs

coordination and planning amongst
the members for an optimum
response operation.
1. Manpower
2. Equipments
3. Methods
Rescue Stages

■ Stage 1 - Surface Causality (Emergency Rescue)

■ Stage 2- Search in Slightly Damaged Buildings (Immediate Rescue)
■ Stage 3- Search of Possible Survival Points (Specialised Rescue)
■ Stage 4 -Selected Debris Clearance (Specialised Rescue)
■ Stage 5 -General Debris Clearance (Specialised Rescue)
 EMERGENCY RESCUE Methods
■ Rescues with One Rescuer ■ More than Two Rescuers ■ Clothes lift ■ Blanket Lift
1. Human Crutch. 1. Two-Handed Seat
2. Pick-a-back 2. Three-Handed Seat
3. Pick-a-Back (Reverse) 3. Four-handed Seat
4. Fireman’s Lift 4. Fore and Aft Method
5. Rescue Crawl 5. Two-Person Human Crutch
6. Removal Downstairs
7. Bowline Drag
8. Toe Drag
■ Rescues with One Rescuer 1 7 2
1. Human Crutch.
2. Pick-a-back
3. Pick-a-Back (Reverse)
4. Fireman’s Lift
5. Rescue Crawl 3
6
6. Removal Downstairs 8

7. Bowline Drag
8. Toe Drag

5 4 4
■ More than Two Rescuers
1. Two-Handed Seat
2. Three-Handed Seat
3. Four-handed Seat
4. Fore and Aft Method
5. Two-Person Human Crutch
Clothes lift
■ This method is applicable when the
casualty is found in a condition that
he /she cannot move himself /herself
nor any equipment is available with
the rescuers for transportation of the
casualty.

Blanket lift
 Triage and first response
■ During medical triage; victims
are evaluated, sorted by the
urgency of the treatment.
■ Triage was, in fact, initiated by
the military and that
experience has shown that
triage is an effective strategy in
situations where:
1. There are many more victims
than rescuers
2. There are limited resources
3. Time is critical
WATER RESCUE
■ Flood and cyclone disasters take
thousands of human lives every year;
rescue from water related disasters is
one of the important challenges for the
rescuer. The rescuers must be equipped
with swimming and floating aids and
should have adequate swimming
capacity for rescuing the drowning
casualty. The rescuers must have
knowledge and practice of swimming in
order not to risk himself /herself whilst
rescuing the victims.
RESCUE FROM DAMAGED BUILDING

■ Double Sheet-Bend
■ Chair-Knot
■ Lashing
 STRETCHER AND CASUALTY
TRANSPORTATION
■ Wounded casualty is to be transported with
utmost safety to avoid further risk. It may
happen that the trained rescuers have to rescue
the causalities from a collapsed structure, to
from a confined place, or on the uneven ground
with obstacles.
■ Different techniques are required for different
ground conditions. The knowledge of First Aid
Services and adequate transportation of the
casualty is important for the rescuers.
■ In case of shock or serious injuries, the patient
needs warmth, which could be provided by using
blankets.
 IMMEDIATE RELIEF

■ This is a coordinated multi-agency

response to reduce the impact of
a disaster and its long-term
results. Relief activities include
rescue, relocation, providing food
and water, preventing disease and
disability, repairing vital services
such as telecommunications and
transport, providing temporary
shelter and emergency health
care.
 Why to conduct a Rapid Assessment?
■ To locally assess the disaster-affected areas
and the needs of disaster victims.
■ One must fight that initial impulse, and first
conduct an initial rapid assessment.
■ This improves the quality and speed of
response.
■ Without a rapid assessment, not only wastes
precious resources at a time of great need,
but can also be a cause of further burden to
the affected population.
■ The initial rapid assessment is conducted as
early as a few hours after the onset of a
disaster, and should be completed within 3
days at the latest.
Rapid Assessment Checklist
Sources and Methods of Data collection

■ Assess the general layout (Pre and Post-disaster) – Remote Sensing

■ Estimate the number of affected people and local infrastructures and
resources
■ Living conditions, sanitation, water supply, food supply, health and
healthcare services, and level of insecurity
■ The degree to which “normal life” and social structure have been
disrupted
■ How well the affected population is coping
 Outcome of the Assessment
■ What is most important in disaster relief
■ Create a prioritized list of recommendations for response
■ Complete information can save the time and/or reduced security and safety
constraints.
■ The results of the assessment must also be shared with other disaster relief
organizations and relevant sections of the local governments to cross check
information and to appropriately coordinate the response
Thanks
 POST DISASTER –
REHABILITATION (SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC ASPECT)
Unit 4

1
Introduction

1. Pre-disaster stage
2. Emergency stage or during disaster stage
3. Long-term post-disaster stage.

2
REHABILITATION

1. Housing and Infrastructure Redevelopment.

2. Social Rehabilitation Programmes.
3. Economic Rehabilitation Programmes.
4. Other Related Programmes and Activities.

3
REHABILITATION: SOCIAL ASPECTS

1. Strengthening/Re-strengthening of existing health facilities and

infrastructure.
2. Rehabilitation of educational activities within the disaster affected
region.
3. Rehabilitation of women and children affected by the disaster.

4
Strengthening/Re-strengthening of existing
health facilities and infrastructure
Major Challenges
■ Lack of communication between various functionaries, hospitals and even among the concerned
officials.
■ Shortage of sufficient accommodation for indoor activities for different operations related to efficient
discharge of health facilities and even to store the medicines properly.
■ An additional demand for different types of equipment and related materials within the disaster-
affected area.
■ Improper and inefficient facilities for necessary electric power supply to carry out the necessary tasks
related to health facilities.
■ Lack of trained staff to handle the mental health or trauma cases effectively.
■ Lack of trained manpower to help in the rehabilitation services in the form of physiotherapy and
occupational therapy.
■ Lack of efforts and coordination related to sustainable disaster management
■ Lack of overall training in handling disaster healthcare in a professional manner.
5
Solution?

■Adequate preparedness and pre-

disaster planning and training.

6
Rehabilitation of educational activities
within the disaster affected region
■ Counselling and encouraging the children to attend the schools regularly
■ Assisting the administration in providing the writing materials, work books etc. to the
children
■ Helping the school administration for ensuring the participation and cooperation of
the children in all activities of the school
■ Developing an atmosphere for students to seek knowledge and information
■ Inculcating conducive attitudes among the students to play a positive role in self-
development
■ Establishing village level education committees for properly running the schools
within the villages, and
■ Arranging for volunteer teachers wherever the disaster has resulted in shortage of
teachers.
7
Rehabilitation of women and children
affected by the disaster.
■ Women and Children should, as far as possible, be resettled/rehabilitated in
familiar environs.
■ An attempt- must be made to rehabilitate the widows and orphans within their
extended family or in a foster family in case of orphans.
■ The mental health of such affected groups must be strengthened through
programmes of regular counselling.
■ The economic independence of widows must be ensured with the help of suitable
programmes.
■ The Proper health, nutrition and hygiene aspects must be taken care of within the
long-term rehabilitation of the women and children groups.

8
REHABILITATION: ECONOMIC ASPECTS

■ Agricultural rehabilitation of disaster affected area

■ Rehabilitation of artisans and marginal businessmen affected due to
the disaster, and
■ Rehabilitation of animal husbandry in the area affected due to the
disaster.

9
Agricultural Rehabilitation of Disaster
Affected Areas
1. Short-term Measures for Agricultural Rehabilitation
 The short-term measures for agricultural rehabilitation include the
sowing of the next crop after the disaster and harvesting of the
remaining portion of the crops affected by the disasters.
 Cash grant or loan will be needed to be made available to the farmers.
 provide fertilizers to the affected farmer families.

2. Long-term Measures for Agricultural Rehabilitation

 In addition to the provision of free fertilizers and seeds, the necessary
equipment /tools must also be provided.

10
Rehabilitation of artisans and marginal
businessmen
■ It becomes necessary to provide them with small work sheds, necessary tool kits
and soft loans to enable them to secure raw materials and to market the
final/finished products.
■ Starting the rural industrial units at the block level within disaster affected areas.
■ Rehabilitation process should not disturb their traditional customs or life styles.
■ A large number of small businessmen like small shopkeepers, tea stall owners, flour
mill owners, etc., might have suffered damage to their respective units. The
rehabilitation of all such affected people under this category should also have the
provision of monetary loans on easy terms apart from some cash as outright grant.

11
Rehabilitation of Animal Husbandry
Affected due to Disasters
■ Replacement of the dead milch cattle to the affected farmers.
■ Free cattle feed for about 2 to 3 months.
■ Preventive medication for entire livestock to check the -spread of any
disease among the surviving cattles.

12
Thank you – End of Unit 4 Revision

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