Measuring Instruments plays a vital role in the Engineering Workshop.

The
Instruments duty is to measure the given specimen according to the given
dimensions. So in today's class, we will be discussing on Types of
Measuring Instruments and their Uses in Engineering Workshop.

In the last class, we had discussed Angular Measurements and Linear

Instruments in a detailed way.

Before knowing the instruments, you need to know the units of measurement
in both C.G.S and M.K.S System and are as follows.

1. Metric system (C.G.S)

 Length is measured in centimeter (cm)

 Mass is measured in grams (gm)
 Time is measured in second (s)

2. S.I system(M.K.S)

 Length is measured in meter (m)

 Mass is measured in Kilograms (kg)
 Time is measured in second (s)

Measuring Instruments and their Uses in

Engineering Workshop:
The 10 types of Measuring Instruments and their uses are presented below.

1. Steel rule & Measuring Tape

Steel Rule:

 It is an instrument in geometry which is used to measure the length,

breadth, and height of the given specimen.
Measuring tape.

 It is a flexible form of a ruler.

 It is calibrated in terms of mm, cm and inches.

2. Surface Plate
The Surface plate is used for testing the flatness of a w/p.It is also used for
Precision inspection, marking out layout and tooling setup.

The surface plate is a common tool used in industry and is often permanently
attached to robotic-type inspection devices such as a coordinate measuring
machine.
Surface plate
Accessories used along with Surface Plate:

The surface plate is used in conjunction with accessories such as a

 Dial indicator
 Sine bar
 angle plate
 straight edge
 gauge blocks
 height gauge etc.

Precision:

 It is more precise than the marking table.

Material:

 The surface plate is made up of Cast Iron(C.I.) or hardened steel or

Granite stone

3. Divider:
Divider is used for marking circles, arcs, laying out perpendicular lines,
bisecting lines, etc. Divider Calipers are used in the process of marking out
suitable workpieces.

Divider used in Engineering Workshop

Explanation of Divider:

 The Points are sharpened so that they act as a scribe.

 One leg can then be placed in the dimple or hole created by a center
punch and the other leg is pivoted so that it scribes a line on the
workpiece surface, thus forming an arc or circle.

4. Try square:
 It is used for marking and checking the right angles (Flatness &
Squareness) of the given workpiece.
 These Try squares come in various sizes from 75mm-300mm.
Try square
5. Inside caliper:
The inside caliper is used to measure the internal size of an object. It consists
of two legs which are not inverted to each other and are connected by means
of a screw and nut mechanism.

Apart from that, the usage of Inside Caliper was also placed in this article.

Inside Calipers
Uses of Inside Caliper:

 The two legs of the Inside Caliper are adjusted on to the workpiece in
such a way that the legs can touch the surface until they
will almost pass over the object.
  The Inside Caliper has an adjusting screw that permits it to be carefully
adjusted without removal of the tool from the workpiece.

6. Outside Caliper:
The Outside caliper is used to measure the external size or Outer size of an
object. It consists of two legs which are inverted to each other and are
connected by means of a screw and nut mechanism.

Apart from that, the usage of outside Caliper was also placed in this article.

Outside Calipers
Uses of Outside Caliper:
  The same observations and techniques are applied to the outside caliper
compared with inside caliper.
 With some understanding of their limitations and usage, these
instruments can provide a high degree of accuracy and repeatability.
 They are especially useful when measuring over very large distances
i.e.for example to measure a large diameter pipe.
 A vernier caliper does not have the depth capacity to straddle this large
diameter while at the same time reach the outermost points of the pipe's
diameter.
 They are made from high carbon steel.

7. Odd-Leg Caliper:
 This is also called “Jenny Caliper”.
 Odd leg
Calipers

 This is used for marking parallel lines from a finished edge and also for
locating the center.

8. Vernier Calipers:
 Vernier Callipers is used to measure the dimensions of the given
specimen like diameter (Outer Dia and Inner dia), length and depth etc.
For detailed information, click on the below link.
 L.C. of Vernier Calipers is 0.02 mm.
9. Micrometer
A micrometer is used to measure the diameter of the given specimen only. It
is not used to measure the depth of an object which can be done by measuring
the depth probe of Vernier calipers.

 L.C. of Micrometer is 0.01 mm.

10. Vernier Height Guage

  A height gauge is a measuring device used either for determining the
vertical distances or for the repetitious marking of items to be worked
on.
 The capacity of the height gauge is specified by the maximum height it
can measure.
 It varies from 150 mm to 1000 mm.

vernier height gauge

This is the complete explanation of types of Measuring Instruments and their

Uses in a detailed way.
Marking Tools(Marking Out Tools) in
Workshop:Types & Uses
Hello friends, Today we are going to discuss marking tools or marking out tools
which are widely used in industries.

There are so many types of marking tools in workshop or fitting shop, which we
will know in detail one by one.

So let's know the different types of marking tools that are used in workshop.

What is Marking Tool?

The marking tool is used to mark on a job or workpiece to obtain accurate size and
shape.

Before using marking tools on a job or workpiece, firstly we should use marking
media on it so that we can clearly see when marking.

The marking tool is also called a marking out tools.

 Types of Marking Tool

There are the following types of marking tools in a workshop:

 Surface Gauge
 Surface Plate
 Marking Table
 Scriber
 Prick Punch
 Center Punch
 Divider
 Trammel
 Hermaphrodite Caliper
 'V' - Block
 Angle Plates
 Parallels
 Bevel Square
 Combination Set

Surface Gauge

A surface gauge is a marking tool or marking out tools that are used to draw a line of
layout work by placing them on a surface plate.
 Surface Gauge

There are two types of surface gauges:

1. Fixed Type Surface Gauge
2. Universal Surface Gauge

Fixed Type Surface Gauge

Its design consists of a heavy base and a spindle that is a straight fix and it
is fitted with a scriber with a snug and a clamp nut.

Universal Surface Gauge

This surface gauge has the following additional features:

1. Can set the spindle in any position
2. Fine adjustments can be made quickly.
3. It can also be used on cylindrical surfaces.
Surface gauges should not be used on the unleaded surface.
After surface gauge next marking tools in the workshop are surface plate, marking
table with images.

Surface Plate

This is a precision machined surface.

It is made of cast iron, graphite, or ceramic.

Some surface plates are flat by lapping to a precision of 0.0025 mm.

It is used to test the flatness of other surfaces or marking off the work and used for
inspection of jig and fixture as well as gauges.

Protection and Maintenance of the Surface Plate

For proper protection and maintenance of the surface plate, the following should be
kept in mind:

1. The upper surface of the surface plate should be kept clean and dust, rust, and
burrs should be removed.
2. The surface plate should be shelved on three legs to prevent rocking and twisting.
If it is shelved on four legs, there is a possibility of rocking and twisting.
3. After working, the surface plate should be cleaned and lubricated oil or
greased on it.
4. Do not let any heavy objects fall on the surface plate.

Marking Table

This is made from closed grain cast iron and is given special heat treatment so that it
does not change its size after use.
The marking table provides a reference plane on which the task and marking-out tools
are placed.

The work that needs to be marked, is placed at a right angle with the reference plane.

When it is not to be used, it should be covered with a well fitting wooden cover to
protect it.

Marking Tool: Surface Plate, Marking Table

After this, the next marking tools in the workshop to know scriber, prick punch, center
punch with their images.

Scriber

Scriber is the very most important marking out tools in mechanical workshop or
fitting shop.
This hardened tool is a sharp tool made of steel that is used to draw lines while
marking on a metal job.

It has a Conical Point (top angle usually 159°) and a knurled body.

The scriber should always be slanted in the direction of the movement and move with
the appropriate pressure along with the steel rule.

Its edge should always be pointed.

Scriber's points are sharp edged, so they should be used carefully.

Scribers should not be kept in the pocket.

If it is not being used, the cork should be applied on its point which can prevent the
accident.

Prick Punch

A prick punch is a layout marking tool or marking out tools that are made of steel,
approximately 100 mm to 150 mm.

It is long, with both ends hard and tempered.

Its point is grinded at an angle of 30 ° to 60 °.

It is used to place small dots on layout lines, punch marks on the center of drill holes.

Center Punch
It is like a prick punch but its point is grinded at an angle of about 90 °.

This is used to make the marks larger than the prick punch because the point of
the drill sits easily in it and the drill can be easily done with precision.

Some center punches are automatic with a striking mechanism in the handle.

The downward pressure of the striking mechanism is released into the handle to form
the mark.

Marking Tools: Scriber, Prick Punch, Center Punch

Now we will know marking tools in the workshop step by step are a divider, trammel,
and hermaphrodite caliper which is used to mark circles or used for marking on a
round job.

Divider

This is a marking tool or marking out tools used to mark circles, segments, and other
geometrical textures.
It is also used to transfer textures. It is made of tool steel, and its points are hardened
and tempered.

It is classified according to the maximum number of points it can open.

Uses
1. Measuring distance between two points.
2. The direct transfer of measurements from the steel rule.
3. Marking circles and arcs on metal jobs.

Trammel

According to the job, the points of trammel in length are associated with a bar.

It is used to draw circles and circles with more radiuses that cannot be drawn by a
divider.

Hermaphrodite Caliper

The hermaphrodite caliper is often used to find the center of the end of a round work
or work that is cast and not completely round.

It is also known as Jenny Caliper.

Uses
1. It is used for marking the parallel lines of inner and outer edges.
2. It is used to locate the center of round bars.

Precautions
 1. When setting the dimensions and drawing lines, both legs of Jenny Caliper
should be the same length.
2. For an accurate set of dimensions, the point of Jenny Caliper should be clicked in
the graduation of steel rule.

Divider and Trammel

'V' - Block

V 'blocks are often made of hardened steel or cast iron, which are found in many
sizes.

These are often used for drilling on layouts or round work.

They are usually found in pairs and have a V-shaped slot machined at a perfect 90 °
angle at its top and bottom. Often a 'U' shaped clamp comes with it tied tightly to the
work.
 'V' - Block

Types of V Block

According to Indian Standard (BIS) 'V' blocks are of the following four types:
 Single Level Single Groove 'V' Block
 Single Level Double Groove 'V' Block
 Double Level Single Groove 'V' Block
 Matched Pair 'V' Block

Single Level Single Groove 'V' Block

It has only one 'V' groove and has single rectangular slots to position the holding
clamps on either side.

Single Level Double Groove 'V' Block

It has a 'V' groove and two rectangular slots to position the holding clamps on either
side.
Double Level Single Groove 'V' Block

It consists of two 'V' grooves at the top and bottom and a rectangular one on either
side to accommodate the holding clamps.

Matched Pair 'V' Block

This type of 'V' block is found in pairs that have the same size and uniform precision.

They are used to support long shafts.

Grade

'V' blocks are found in 'A' and 'B' grades. 'V' blocks with 'A' grade are more accurate
and are found only up to 100 mm in length.

These are made of high-quality steel.

'V' blocks with 'B' grade are used for simple tasks and are found up to 500 mm in
length.
These are made of closed grain cast iron.

Precautions
1. Clean the 'V' block before and after use.
2. Avoid scratching the 'V' block.
3. When they are not being used, apply a thin layer of oil or grease to them.
Now next marking tools in the workshop are angle plates and bevel squares which are
used to mark at a particular angle.
Angle Plates

Angle plates are used to hold the work in parallel and at right angles to the surface.

A 'C' clamp device is often used to hold the work on the angle plate. Some angle
plates have slots and tapped holes to hold the work.

Angle plates are found in various sizes which are in the range from 1 to 10 numbers.

Bevel Square

Use of this marking tool or marking out tools in a fitting shop to mark a given angle
with an edge or to check the angular precision of oblique surfaces.

It is usually made of carbon steel and parallel ends are grinded.

It varies slightly in size but has a blade that can be moved at 360 ° and locked in
a fixed position.
 Angle Plate and Bevel Square

Parallels

Parallels are square or rectangular high steel bars whose surfaces are square and
parallel grinded.

These are in pairs and are used to raise the work to the correct height and provide a
solid seat while the layout.

Combination Set

Combination set is used for marking out and taking measurements.

It is usually made of alloy steel.

Its measuring faces are well-grinded.

This set consists of four main parts are steel rule, square head, protractor head, and
center head.

Combination Set

Steel Rule

Steel rule can be fitted in the center head, protractor head, or square head. Sometimes
it is used as a straight edge or for taking measurements.

Graduations are usually made in millimeters or half millimeters on the rule of a metric
combination set.

Punches, used for marking are?

Punches are generally used for marking a small dot on a workpiece or a job where
drilling or holes to be made.

Which tool is used for marking straight line?

 Surface gauge is a one of the type of marking tool which is used for marking a straight
line.

What is the purpose of marking?

The purpose of marking is used to mark on a any workpiece or a job to obtain

accurate shape and size.

A tool used for marking and measuring a square of any workpiece?

A tool used for marking and measuring a square of any workpiece is known as try
 square.
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CUTTING TOOLS
1. Chisel and Its Types
Contents show
Chisel is used to cut flat, round or angle iron and thick metal sheets. It is also
used to remove the unwanted metal from the surface of a job by cutting it in bits
and small pieces. This act is known as chipping.
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2. Cold Chisel
1. Hot Chisel

Hot chisel is used for cutting hot metals in blacksmith’s workshop. There is a hole
in a chisel in which a wooden handle is fixed. Their cutting edge is made at an
angle of 30°. While using this part, it is frequently dipped into water for making it
cold so that its edges remain intact.

2. Cold Chisel
Cold chisels are generally used in sheet metal and fitter trade workshops. With
cold chisel cutting or chipping of metal can be done when these metals are in
cold condition.

This is available in 4 sides, 6 sides or 8 sides. These are made of high carbon
steel, which contains 0.75% to 1.00% of carbon. Generally, chisel, of 150 mm
length is used. Practically, chisels measurement is known from the width of
chisels cutting edge.

Read Also: 9 Different Types of Sheet Metal Operations

Parts of a Chisel
Following are the different parts of a chisel:

1. Head
2. Body
3. Forging angle
4. Cutting edge
5. Cutting angle

1. Head

The topmost part of a chisel is called “Head”. It is a bit suck in the middle so that
the blow of hammer strikes at the centre of the chisel. Thus, because of repeated
blows, its head becomes mushroom as shown in fig.
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2. Body

That part of a chisel from which we hold it is called the body or stock. It is made
of four, six or eight sides so that it is easy to hold. The body is made somewhat
flat from the bottom.

3. Forging Angle

Some part of the flat position below a chisels body is tapered. This angle of taper
is called forging angle. It is also known as Draw Angle.

4. Cutting Edge

That part of chisel that performs the function of cutting is called the cutting edge.
Its width is taken as chisels measurement.

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 Mild steel – 55 °
 Cast iron – 60 °
 Tool steel – 65 ° to 70 °
 Copper – 45 °
 Aluminum – 30 °
 Brass – 50 °
Now the colour of this part would start changing and when it turns into
appropriate colour, it should be cooled down in lime-water. This would temper the
longer period.

Types of Chisel
Following are the different types of chisel:
 1. Flat chisel
2. Cross cut chisel
3. Side cut chisel
4. Round Nose Chisel
5. Diamond point chisel
6. Cow mouth chisel
1. Flat Chisel

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The edge of this chisel is in “V” shape and is flat, which is raised from the centre.
Because of this projected parts, it does not get stuck into the cut surface, while
chipping.

2. Cross Cut Chisel

It is mainly used to cut square slots and channels. Keyway on a shaft is made
with this chisel. Its cutting edge is from 3 mm to 12 mm in width.
In order to ensure that this chisel does not get stuck into the grooves and slits
while using it in the grooves and slits, the part behind its edge is made
comparatively thin.

3. Side Cut Chisel

Where other types of chisel cannot be used easily, side cut chisels are used. The
keyway and cotter way is cleaned with this chisel.

It is almost similar to the flat chisel but the part which performs the function of
cutting is turned to one side. It is turned at an angle and then forged. Its cutting
angle is generally at and forging angle at an angle.

4. Round Nose Chisel

Its edge is round. It is used for making an oil groove in a bearing and for cutting
slits at corners. Its forging angle is at and cutting angle is of 35 ° to 40 °. In such
jobs where the drill is dislocated at the time of drilling and some substance is left,
the leftover metal is set right with this chisel.

5. Diamond Point Chisel

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Its shape is square and it is tapered. Its edge

On the basis of its square ends, its measurement is determined. Square corners
and triangle corners are cleaned with it. We can make a groove in plain surface
with this chisel.

6. Cow Mouth Chisel

In these types of chisel, Its shape is like that of the broad mouth of a cow. That is
why it is known as cow mouth chisel. Edges of the protruding parts of plain metal
and rivet heads and big round holes are made with it. Its forging angle is at an
angle.

Methods of Using Chisel

Chisel is used for cutting and chipping a thin metal sheet, plate, round rod and
such other material. In fig cutting of a metal plate has been illustrated. The
following points should be kept in mind while using a chisel:

1. Accurate marking should be done on the metal to be cut.

2. Always hold the chisel properly with your left hand and the hammer in your
right hand.
3. Set the chisel properly on the marked line then strike the hammer on its
head. Before striking the second blow on the chisel, it should be set again.
4. While cutting with a chisel we should concentrate on its cutting edge.
5. Strike the hammer blow at the centre of the head of the chisel.
Precautions of Using Chisel
1. At the time of chipping, we must always use safety goggles.
2. Keep your face towards the wall, while chipping.
3. If someone is working in your front, you should fix chipping guard at the
rear of the vice so that chips do not hit him.
4. The mushroom head chisel should never be used for chipping.
5. There should not be any greasy substance on the chisel head and face of
the hammer being used for chipping.
6. An extraordinarily long chisel should not be used for chipping.
7. While chipping we should keep on applying grease on the edge of the
chisel.

That’s it, thanks for reading. If you have any questions about “Types of Chisel”
you can ask in the comments.

2.HACKSAW
 HAND FILES /ENGINEERS FILES – 2
V. Ryan © 2006 – 2021

The safe edge of a file does not have teeth. This is extremely useful when filing in corners as shown in the diagram below.
The safe edge is placed into the corner and because it is smooth it does not damage the surface of the metal.
There are many different shapes / sections of files, some are shown below. They are used for a variety of types of work. Files
are classified according to their length, section / shape and cut (tooth shape).

HAND FILE: Used for general filing of metals such as steel. They are rectangular in section and are the most common type
of file used in workshops.

HALF ROUND FILE: Used for filing curved surfaces. A normal hand file with its flat cutting edges is unsuitable for filing
curved surfaces. However, the half round file has a curved surface which is especially useful for filing internal curves.
THREE SQUARE FILE: Is triangular in section and very useful when filing ‘tight’ corners / angles. The sharp edges allow
the file to fit into corners when filing.

KNIFE FILE: Knife files are very useful when filing where there is little space. Knife files are very thin and can fit into
small gaps.

SQUARE FILE: The square file is quite thin and fits into corners well. They can be used to file slots in metal or for filing
where there is little space.
Files are often graded according to the roughness / smoothness of cut. The file that has the least harsh teeth is graded as ‘very
smooth’. The most abrasive of files is graded as ‘rough’. Some of the grades of cut are shown below.