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1-Large Scale Propagation Models

radio-tp

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36 views2 pages

1-Large Scale Propagation Models

radio-tp

Uploaded by

sidali Khelil cherfi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Large scale propagation models –

an introduction
Radio propagation models play an important role in designing a communication system for real world
applications. Propagation models are instrumental in predicting the behavior of a communication system
over different environments. This chapter is aimed at providing the ideas behind the simulation of some
of the subtopics in large scale propagation models, such as, free space path loss model, two ray ground
reflection model, diffraction loss model and Hata-Okumura model.

Introduction
Communication over a wireless network requires radio transmission and this is usually depicted as a
physical layer in network stack diagrams. The physical layer defines how the data bits are transferred to
and from the physical medium of the system. In case of a wireless communication system, such as
wireless LAN, the radio waves are used as the link between the physical layer of a transmitter and a
receiver. In this chapter, the focus is on the simulation models for modeling the physical aspects of the
radio wave when they are in transit.

Radio waves are electromagnetic radiations. The branch of physics that describes the fundamental
aspects of radiation is called electrodynamics. Designing wireless equipment for interaction with an
environment involves application of electrodynamics. For example, design of an antenna that produces
radio waves, involves solid understanding of radiation physics.

Let’s take a simple example. The most fundamental aspect of radio waves is that it travels in all
directions. A dipole antenna, the simplest and the most widely used antenna can be designed with two
conducting rods. When the conducting rods are driven with the current from the transmitter, it produces
radiation that travels in all directions (strength of radiation will not be uniform in all directions). By
applying field equations from electrodynamics theory, it can be deduced that the strength of the radiation
field decreases by in the far field, where being the distance from the antenna at which the
measurement is taken. Using this result, the received power level at a given distance can be calculated
and incorporated in the channel model.

Radio propagation models are broadly classified into large scale and small scale models. Large scale
effects typically occur in the order of hundreds to thousands of meters in distance. Small scale effects are
localized and occur temporally (in the order of a few seconds) or spatially (in the order of a few meters).
This chapter is dedicated for simulation of some of the large-scale models. The small-scale simulation
models are discussed in the next chapter.

The important questions in large scale modeling are – how the signal from a transmitter reaches the
receiver in the first place and what is the relative power of the received signal with respect to the
transmitted power level. Lots of scenarios can occur in large-scale. For example, the transmitter and the
receiver could be in line-of-sight in an environment surrounded by buildings, trees and other objects. As
a result, the receiver may receive – a direct attenuated signal (also called as line-of-sight (LOS) signal)
from the transmitter and indirect signals (or non-line-of-sight (NLOS) signal) due to other physical
effects like reflection, refraction, diffraction and scattering. The direct and indirect signals could also
interfere with each other. Some of the large-scale models are briefly described here.

The Free-space propagation model is the simplest large-scale model, quite useful in satellite and
microwave link modeling. It models a single unobstructed path between the transmitter and the receiver.
Applying the fact that the strength of a radiation field decreases as in the far field, we arrive at the
Friis free space equation that can tell us about the amount of power received relative to the power
transmitted. The log distance propagation model is an extension to Friis space propagation model. It
incorporates a path-loss exponent that is used to predict the relative received power in a wide range of
environments.

In the absence of line-of-sight signal, other physical phenomena like refection, diffraction, etc.., must be
relied upon for the modeling. Reflection involves a change in direction of the signal wave front when it
bounces off an object with different optical properties. The plane-earth loss model is another simple
propagation model that considers the interaction between the line-of-sight signal and the reflected signal.

Diffraction is an other phenomena in radiation physics that makes it possible for a radiated wave bend
around the edges of obstacles. In the knife-edge diffraction model, the path between the transmitter and
the receiver is blocked by a single sharp ridge. Of the several available large-scale models, five are
selected here for simulation:

 Friis free space propagation model: to model propagation path loss


 Log distance path loss model: incorporates both path loss and shadowing effect
 Two ray ground reflection model, also called as plane-earth loss model
 Single knife-edge diffraction model – incorporates diffraction loss
 Hata – Okumura Model – an empirical model

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