H

Program : B.Tech
Subject Name: English for Communication
Subject Code: BT-103
Semester: 1st
 Communication

Meaning of communication and its significance

Communication is derived from Latin word ‘communis’ and ‘communicare’ which denotes
commonality common or sharing and to make common share. Thus, we can say
communication is process of sharing of information or knowledge. Various scholars
of communication as defined communication in different ways. Some of them are:

According to dictionary meaning of communication is” The exchange of thoughts,

message or
information, as by speech, signals, writing or behaviors.

According to Neal and Brown “communication can be defined as the transmission or

exchange
of information or ideas or feeling by means of sounds, signs or symbols.
According to Vivian “communication is exchange of ideas, information.

Significance of Effective Communication

Effective communication is a truly crucial skill which you must learn if you wish to
move ahead in your career. Regardless what you do and what your intents are
however if you can't communicate effectively then, your entire idea of progressing
will bomb.

Communication skills, such as your ability to read, write, speak, and listen, are
essential for working in industry. Effective communication is a major safety issue. You
need superior skills in communicating to explain the work you do to your fellow
workers, and how you communicate with clients determines how far you will be able to
move up within your company.

Communication is thus a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed in an

attempt to create shared understanding. This process, which requires a vast repertoire
of skills in interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning,
analyzing, gestures, and evaluating enables collaboration and cooperation.

The communication process is the steps we take in order to successfully communicate.

Components of the communication process include a sender, encoding of a message,
selecting of a channel of communication, receipt of the message by the receiver and
decoding of the message.

PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

The communication process consists of several components. Let's take a look.

A sender is the party that sends a message, need the message, which is the
information to be conveyed, will also need to encode message, ---transforming
thoughts of the information to be conveyed into a form that can be sent,
such as words.

A channel of communication must also be selected, which is the manner in which

the message is sent. Channels of communication include speaking, writing, video
transmission, audio transmission, electronic transmission through emails, text
messages and faxes and even nonverbal communication, such as body language.
SENDER also needs to know the target of his communication. This party is called
the receiver.

The receiver must be able to decode the message, which means mentally
processing the message into understanding. If you can't decode, the message
fails. For example, sending a message in a foreign language that is not
understood by the receiver probably will result in decoding failure.
 Receiver will give the sender feedback, which is a message sent by the receiver back
to the sender.

Let's put all these components together to build a model of the communication process:

1. A sender encodes information

2. The sender selects a channel of communication by which to send the message
3. The receiver receives the message
4. The receiver decodes the message
5. The receiver may provide feedback to the sender .

Oral Communication and Written Communication

Words play a crucial role in communication process, to transmit the message in the
way it is intended to be conveyed. When words are used in the process of
communication, it is known as verbal communication. Verbal transfer of information
can be performed, orally or in written form. Oral Communication is the oldest
means of communication, which is most commonly used as a medium for the
exchange of information. It involves gathering or disseminating information through
spoken words.
Written Communication, on the other hand, is a formal means of communication,
wherein message is carefully drafted and formulated in written form. It is kept as a
source of reference or legal record. In this article, we’ve presented all the important
differences between oral and written communication in tabular form.

Difference between oral and written communication

Basis for Communication Oral Communication Written Communication
Exchange of ideas, Interchange of message,
Meaning---- information and message opinions and information
through spoken words is Oral in written or printed form
Communication. is Written Communication.

Communication with the

What is it?---- Communication with the
help of words of mouth. help of text.

Literacy---- Not required at all. Necessary for communication.

Transmission of --- message
Speedy Slow

No record of Proper records of

Proof-------
communication is there. communication are
present.

Feedback--------- Immediate feedback can be given Feedback takes time.

Revision before ----
delivering the message? Not possible Possible

Receipt of nonverbal cues

Yes No

Probability of misunderstanding---
Very high Quite less

Definition of Oral Communication

Oral Communication is the process of conveying or receiving messages with the use of
spoken words. This mode of communication is highly used across the world because of
rapid transmission of information and prompt reply.
Oral communication can either be in the form of direct conversation between two or
more persons like face to face communication, lectures, meetings, seminars, group
discussion, conferences, etc. or indirect conversation, i.e. the form of communication in
which a medium is used for interchange of information like telephonic conversation,
video call, voice call, etc.

The best thing about this mode of communication is that the parties to communication,
i.e. sender or receiver, can notice nonverbal cues like the body language, facial
expression, tone of voice and pitch, etc. This makes the communication between the
parties more effective.
However, this mode is backed with some limitation like the words once spoken can
never be taken back.

Definition of Written Communication

The communication in which the message is transmitted in written or printed form is

known as Written Communication. It is the most reliable mode of communication,
and it is highly preferred in the business world because of its formal and
sophisticated nature. The various channels of written communication are letters, e-
mails, journals, magazines, newspapers, text messages, reports, etc. There are a
number of advantages of written communication which are as under:

● Referring the message in the future will be easy.

● Before transmitting the message, one can revise or rewrite it in an organized way.
● The chances of misinterpretation of message are very less because the words
are carefully chosen.
● The communication is planned.
● Legal evidence is available due to the safekeeping of records.

But as we all know that everything has two aspects, same is the case with written
communication as the communication is a time consuming one. Moreover, the
sender will never know that the receiver has read the message or not. The sender
has to wait for the responses of the receiver. A lot of paperwork is there, in this
mode of communication.

Conclusion

Oral Communication is an informal one which is normally used in personal

conversations, group talks, etc. Written Communication is formal
communication, which is used in schools, colleges, business world, etc.
Choosing between the two communications modes is a tough task because
both are good at their places. People normally use the oral mode of
communication because it is convenient and less time-consuming. However,
people normally believe in the written text more than what they hear that is
why written communication is considered as the reliable method of
communication.

Seven C’s of Effective Communication

 There are 7 C’s of effective communication which are applicable to both
written as well as oral communication. These are as follows

 1. Completeness - The communication must be complete. It should

convey all facts required by the audience. The sender of the message
must take into consideration the receiver’s mind set and convey the
message accordingly. A complete communication has following features:

Complete communication develops and enhances reputation of an

organization.

Moreover, they are cost saving as no crucial information is missing and

no additional cost is incurred in conveying extra message if the
communication is complete. A complete communication always
gives additional information wherever required. It leaves no questions in
the mind of receiver.
Complete communication helps in better decision-making by the
audience/readers/receivers of message as they get all desired and
crucial information. It persuades the audience.
Conciseness - Conciseness means wordiness, i.e.,
communicating what you want to convey in least possible words without
forgoing the other C’s of communication. Conciseness is a necessity for
effective communication. Concise communication has following
features:

 It is both time-saving as well as cost-saving. It underlines and

highlights the main message as it avoids us excessive and needless
words. concise communication provides short and essential message
in limited words to the audience. Concise message is more appealing
and comprehensible to the audience. concise message is non-
repetitive in nature.
 3. Consideration - Consideration implies “stepping into the shoes of
others”. Effective communication must take the audience into
consideration, i.e, the audience’s view points, background, mind-set,
education level, etc. Make an attempt to envisage your audience, their
requirements, emotions as well as problems. Ensure that the self-
respect of the audience is maintained and their emotions are not at
harm. Modify your words in message to suit the audience’s needs while
making your message complete. Features of considerate
communication are as follows:

Emphasize on “you” approach. Empathize with the audience

and exhibit interest in the audience. This will stimulate a positive
reaction from the audience. Show optimism towards your audience.
Emphasize on “what is
 possible” rather than “what is impossible”. Lay stress on positive words such as
jovial, committed, thanks, warm, healthy, help, etc.

4. Clarity – Clarity implies emphasizing on a specific message or

goal at a time, rather than trying to achieve too much at once. Clarity in
communication has following features:

It makes understanding easier. complete clarity of thoughts and ideas

enhances the meaning of message. Clear message makes use of
exact, appropriate and concrete words.

 5. Concreteness - Concrete communication implies being particular

and clear rather than fuzzy and general. Concreteness strengthens the
confidence. Concrete message has following features:

 It is supported with specific facts and figures. It makes use of words that
are clear and that build the reputation. Concrete messages are not
misinterpreted.

 6. Courtesy - Courtesy in message implies the message should

show the sender’s expression as well as should respect the receiver. The
sender of the message should be sincerely polite, judicious, reflective
and enthusiastic. Courteous message has following features:

Courtesy implies taking into consideration both viewpoints as

well as feelings of the receiver of the message. Courteous
message is positive and focused at the audience. It makes use of
terms showing respect for the receiver of message. It is not at
all biased.

 7. Correctness - Correctness in communication implies that there

are no grammatical errors in communication. Correct communication
has following features:

The message is exact, correct and well-timed. If the

communication is correct; it boosts up the confidence level. Correct
message has greater impact on the audience/readers. It checks for the
precision and accurateness of facts and figures used in the message. It
makes use of appropriate and correct language in the message.

Awareness of these 7 C’s of communication makes you an effective


communicator.
Barriers of Communication
Is it not strange that though we all have been communicating since our infancy still it
is a communication problem that we face in our lives. We often find ourselves
stumbled and mislead during the reception or delivery of the information. This
happens in our daily social overtures and even in organizations where barriers of
communication becomes a root cause of many problems and can hamper the
progress and ongoing projects. Almost 75 percent of the people involving in
interpersonal communications stumble and make mistakes as either they were not
able to understand the facts or information is not properly conveyed to them.

Misinterpretation of facts, misapprehensions, cultural misunderstanding and closed

door echo with incensed noise are the common barriers of communication in
realizing the targeted level of communication.

The effective communication becomes impossibility due to these broadly defined barriers
which are Semantic, Psychological, Personal barriers, Cross-cultural barriers and physical
barriers etc.

1Instructional barriers of communication

The wrong presentation of the symbols without knowing the purpose and nature of
the audience can hurt their feeling. Misleading symbols can distort the whole impact
of the presentationThe issue erupts when our listeners’ cultural background, religion and
even issues they strongly advocate are not taken into consideration and we tend to
thrust our thoughts on them. This can hurt the ego and self-esteem of the listeners
which can create barriers
of communication.

2 Lack of Communication skills

A receiver is least likely to get the meaning of the message if the sender is not able
to select the right words. Usage of the wrong and difficult words might send the
wrong impression in the eyes of the customers.

For instance, if a salesman starts talking about the technicalities of his product which
a customer cannot understand they would just whisk away.

If a communicator cannot speak well, stammer while speaking or cannot convey the
barriers of communication meaning of what he intends to say properly and
authentically, all efforts gets wasted.

3 Lack of the sufficient knowledge

if we start communicating about something without knowledge of the subject the
barriers
of communication are bound to occur. In fact, there are many salespeople who cannot
explain
many completed words or ideas in a simple way or don’t have knowledge about it.

Here any misinformation means losing potential clients. In the organization lack of
knowledge will bound to become a biggest stumbling block in your career growth.

4 Overloaded knowledge

Conveying too much information is a great setback to communication why as firstly

people might not be ready to grasp too much information. Secondly the information
might be coming too fast that interpreting it becomes difficult.

Suppose you are talking about the product having many features, if you start
talking about everything the conversation can become quite boring. Best is to
deliver few important and most useful features which would entail effectiveness
and valuable proposition.

5 Emotional turbulence:

Your emotional aggression in any form be it anger, hostility, fear, resentment etc can
be misconstrued and misinterpreted You will not be able to convey your thoughts well
as you feel severely engrossed in emotional turmoil.

6 Noisy distractions/sloppy style:

If you are communicating something in a noisy environment, it can distraught your

communicative thoughts. Trouble in your mobile lines or a noise in surroundings like
in restaurant can create barriers of communication.

While writing too if your email message or letter does not contain the proper words
and are not properly formatted, the receiver won’t be able to get the message clearly. All
efforts of barriers of communication process get dashed.

7 Inappropriate mode of communication:

The Inappropriate way of communication simply means your message is not being
delivered how much you try. For instance, if the detailed instruction is given on
telephone it would be a sheer wastage for both the deliverer and a receiver.

Sending a message through a wrong way creates trouble for the listener as it would
be frustrating as well time-consuming.

8 If your communication chain is long:

Longer the communication chain means more chances in barriers of communication.
If a message is sent through many receivers, it could get distorted, distilled and
altered. A final receiver might not be able to get the complete message.

9. No Feedback:

In fact even a lack of feedback can deter effective communication. In your

organization your supervisor is delivering instructions in long and complex sentences
without giving you a chance to speak, you might pretend to listen, but the same won’t
give you result as you are not able to understand instructions.

10 Impolite language:

Usage of rude or slang language can impede all the efforts of communication
whether in written or verbal. No one can bear the rude or abusive language.

Communication means conveying your message to the people concerned. In whatever

way it is delivered either through spoken, written or electronic communication distorted
is not communication at all. This entails theoretical assumptions and knowledge to
ensure effective communication process is followed.

It is often seen that communicator places blame on his listener or an audience for
not listening or accepting the message, but often it is a sender of a message who
needs to be blamed.

He is either not choosing the communication system properly or not behaving as per
the standard norms of communication. As said by Wilbur “chramm, “Communication is
something people do. There is no meaning in a message except what people put into
it. To understand human communication process, one must understand how people relate to
each other”.

Methods to Remove Barriers of Communication

● Have Clarity In Your Thoughts: You should be very clear about your objective and
what you want to convey. Arrange your thoughts in a proper order and then
communicate accordingly. Systematic communication and clarity in thought get
adequately received and appreciated. Aimless talks can be misleading so you
should always try to show that there is an aim or motive behind your talk.
● Understand the needs of your audience: You should be emotional and sensitive
towards the needs of your receiver. Understand his behavior, nature, culture, and
religion, however, it does not mean you cannot express your feelings or thought, but
it simply means that you are showing respect to his religious beliefs or thoughts and
then stating your point of view. Most importantly the message should also be
structured as per his level or ability.
● Take adequate care of your Tone, Language and way you are speaking:
Messages should be framed in a simple and polite tone which attracts the listeners.
Care should be taken to keep the sentences short and simple. Technical words
should be used only where they are required the
 most. The most important of all the interest of the receiver should be kept in
mind and the things that conveyed should attract the users else you might find
your audience or listening yawning while you are speaking.
● Have a Feedback from the receiver: Avoid asking listener, “Have you understood,”
ask them instead their views about what you have said and the aspects they had
grasped from your message. This is a most polite and best way to have your
listener involve in a conversation. This would help you to have a better
understanding of their aptitude and the interest he or she is showing towards the
subject.
● Keep a Routine check on the communication system: You should analyze the
weaknesses in the communication system The situation needs to be analyzed to
decide on the appropriate way of communication and whether audience loves to talk
informally or in a formal way.
● Make use of the body language: During the process of communication make sure
you make the most appropriate use of your body language, Avoid showing too much
of emotions as the receiver might misapprehend the message. Try to always keep a
smiling face while talking and make eye to eye contact with the listener but make
sure not to keep your eyes gazed at the person for more than five seconds and
avoid too much of fluttering of eyes which indicate you are not confident. Sit in an
upright position and feel relaxed.
● Avoid overloading too much of information: People would get bored if they are
bombarded with the unnecessary and too much of information. So try to deliver the
parts which are useful and informative and of value to the listener in a most simple
and straight forward way. There should not be any confusion left in the mind of the
listener.
● Reduce the level of noise as far as possible: Always make sure to speak and
interact with someone where there is no noise and least disturbance. Find the
source of noise, remove it and then start conversing.
● Communication chain should be short: You should avoid using the mediocre or
send the message through the third person unless it is very urgent. Try to directly
communicate with the person concerned. The risk of distortion of the facts gets
more if message is passed through the third party and just imagine if there are more
people in between the sender and receiver the chances of filtering of the messages
is doubled.
● Keep your Anger in Control: Do not be aggressive or show your anger if you do
not agree with any point of view or anything that is going against your ideology.
State your thoughts politely with facts if you have and reflect positivity in your talk
and nature.
●
The Importance of Communication Skills for the Modern
Engineer

When you think of engineering, what comes to mind? If you are an outsider to the major,
you probably think of the stereotypical, overworked student whose work consists of nothing
but endless calculations. I doubt many of us would attribute writing and public speaking to the
average engineer’s career. We assume engineers leave that stuff to the humanities students.

Although the “overworked student” stereotype is still accurate, what most people don’t realize is
just how prominent and vital communication skills have become in the field of engineering.
We can define “communication skills,” as anything that has to do with communication. This broad
definition includes writing, speaking and listening skills. Studies have shown that most
graduates felt they had gained analytical and problem-solving skills, subject-specific
knowledge and improved decision-making abilities through their engineering degrees. Much
fewer felt that their communication skills had improved due to their engineering education.
So why should engineers want to hone their communication skills? One big reason that
should catch student’s attention is that it is a valuable career enhancer. Employers want engineers
with strong communication skills. They assume most people who graduate with an
engineering degree have the technical expertise to do their jobs; what employers are looking
for in a candidate is the ability to communicate their findings with others in a productive,
efficient manner. In today’s world, it is essential for an engineer to possess strong
communication skills; it is the biggest determiner of success in the modern engineer’s
professional career.

Aside from impressing their employers and being hired, engineers need to use
communication skills every day. Imagine you’re an engineer working in a 4-person team on an
assignment. Each team member has important tasks, and everyone’s contributions are crucial to
the success of your assignment. What if one of the workers lacks communication skills? They
don’t listen well. They don’t contribute to group discussions on how to move the project
forward. Their written reports are unclear and unorganized. Instead of making progress, you’re
going to be struggling to decipher their work and incorporate their findings into the overall
project. Valuable time, resources, and energy will be wasted, and the finished assignment
will likely be lackluster. The team never reaches its full potential, all because somebody didn’t
bother to develop decent communication skills. Now, obviously that is an extreme hypothetical
situation regarded someone with poor communication skills. However, the overall point is
clear: a lack of communication skills in today’s engineer leads to inefficiency, wasted effort, mistrust
and resentment between co-workers. Not many people would want to hire or work with
someone like that.

“Today’s engineering students need engaging, contextually-positioned technical communications,

project management, entrepreneurial thinking, and teamwork instruction and practice in order
to perform well in advanced discipline-specific engineering classes, internships, capstone, and
in their entry level engineering positions,” said Mary Faure, “This project was designed to provide
important skill- building through authentic, hands-on experience, which today’s students crave . . . it
gives students a unique experience without adding credit hours to their curriculum or costs to
college expenses.

What is Communication?

The word ‘communication’ comes from the Latin word ‘communicare’, which means ‘to share’.
So, communication is a sharing of information.

This sharing aspect is very important: some people think that communication is just
about speaking or conveying a message while the other person listens. However, good
communication is more of a mutual exchange of information, with both sides speaking
and listening in turn.
All living things in the Universe communicate.

Plants, animals, bacteria, humans – everything that surrounds us, in a way,

communicates. Communication is the essence of our world, if there wasn’t for
communication there would be nothing.

Communication in Human Beings – Why Do We Communicate?

Human beings inherently communicate at all times. Our bodies and minds
communicate with us, we communicate with others and interact with the world that
surrounds us. It’s safe to say that communication is absolutely vital.

Why is Communication Important?

It is very important to have effective communication skills. The importance of

communication is highlighted below in points.

1. Resolving disputes.

If neither side feels that they are being understood by the other, disputes can
build up until they become practically irresolvable. Good communication skills
ensure that everyone understands what the other person wants, and that
compromises can be reached.

2. Knowledge.

We are able to learn new things thanks to communication

3. Building genuine friends & relationships.

A good friendship is all about truly getting to know and trust the other person. Being
able to communicate your feelings, interests and plans is very helpful here

. Sharing of Emotion and feelings – a sense of belongingness.

Human beings are fragile and in almost constant need of a friendly listener. If we didn’t
have our friends and families to share our deepest fears and secrets with, if we didn’t
have the ability to communicate, the world would be a very different place.

5. Businesses exists because of communication.

Business would simply not be possible without communication. If there wasn’t for
communication, there wouldn’t be a way to share goods and services

9. Pleasurable experience.
Human beings would have no ability to feel the sensation of please if they weren’t able to
communicate. We feel pleasure thanks to communication.

What is the meaning of verbal communication?

The word verbal comes from the Latin word for word – verbum. Meanwhile, the word
communication comes from the Latin word for to share – communicare. So, it
follows from this that verbal communication means sharing things by means of
words. What is shared here can vary: it might be information, feelings, thoughts,
support and memories. You name it, you can share it using your verbal
communication skills!

Verbal communication can be taken to mean many different things. However, one
thing is always clear: words must always be involved in verbal communication.
Words have been used for centuries as carriers of meaning.

Importance of verbal communication.

There are so many ways in which verbal communication is important. For example:

1. Keeping each other informed: we can use verbal communication to

disseminate useful and important information.

2. Asking for help and support: communicating verbally about our problems is the
first step to solving them.

3. Making friends: communicating with others can be the start of a good friendship.

4. Expressing ourselves creatively: verbal communication can be the means for

expressing our imagination.

5. Sharing emotions: we can share emotions as well as factual information

with our verbal communication skills.

What is Non-verbal Communication? –

Meaning and Types
Non-verbal communication is a wordless form of communication. It is mainly a silent
form of communication that does not involve speech or words.
Non-verbal communication is done through eye contact, hand movement, touch,
facial expressions, bodily postures and non-lexical components, etc. At times, silence
is said to the best form of non- verbal communication. Types of non-verbal
communication.

1. The face and its expressions: smiling, nodding, raising eyebrows and so on
have long been very important ways of communicating. Without saying a word, we
can speak volumes with a glance at our interlocutor.

2. Movement of Hands: the first treatise on hand gestures was probably that
written by the physician John Bulwer in the mid seventeenth century. Bulwer
demonstrated that the hands can express so many different things, from prayers
to commands – all without the need for words.

3. Dancing: when we dance, we can express so many different emotions. From

passion to religious devotion, dancing either alone, with another person as part of
a couple or in a synchronized group, can communicate so much. Dancing is
something that many of us engage in from childhood and it becomes an important
way of socializing and expressing ourselves at the same time.

4. Body language – bodily movement and postures: body language is a

language all of its own. Our posture, and the way that we lean forward or back or
cross or uncross our legs can speak volumes about us. Very often, we are not even
aware that we are communication our thoughts via our body language. That is the
reason why, in job interviews and other situations in which we are under scrutiny, it
is a good idea to pay attention to our body language. For example, leaning forward
can be a sign of positivity, whilst sitting with our arms folded can make us look
closed off – as if we have something to hide.

5. Paralinguistic and non-lexical noises: para means beside and linguistic means
language. So, paralinguistic noises are noises that occur alongside language, such
as laughter, sighs and groans. These are very important ways of communicating
and very often they can be viewed as more authentic than words. For example,
laughing at a joke is generally seen to be a more authentic way of appreciating that
joke than simply stating to the person who has told the joke that we think that their
joke is funny.

6. Clothing: what we wear can often communicate things. For example, if we dress
up in academic robes, it is clear that we want to communicate to everyone who sees
us that we have attained a certain level of academic achievement. We should never
judge people by what they wear – however, some types of official garments (such as a
judge’s wig, a scholar’s gown or a soldier’s medal) are designed to communicate something
about the wearer.

7. Silence: you may have heard of the phrase, ‘the sound of silence’. “ometimes, staying
silent can communicate much more than words can. Silence can be powerful, sad,
and happy or it can simply communicate to others that we do not want to engage
with them. Good communicators
are able to listen, and to use comfortable silences, to connect with other people.
There is no need to think that communication is all about words!

TYPES OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Kinesic
Kinesic communication is communicating by body movement and is perhaps the
most well- known non-verbal form of communication, although it is not the only way
to talk with others without words.

Kinesics is the interpretation of body motion communication such as facial expressions and
gestures, nonverbal behavior related to movement of any part of the body or the body as a
whole.

Body posture

The way that the body is held can communicate many different messages. An open
body that takes up a lot of space can indicate comfort and domination, whilst a
closed-in body that makes itself small can signal inferiority. Copying of the other
person's body shows agreement, trust and liking.

Gestures--- Gesture is communicating through the movement of body and arms.

Facial signals

When we communicate with others, we look mostly at their face. This is not a
coincidence as many signals are sent with the 90-odd muscles in the face. The way
the head tilts also changes the message.

Watch the whole body, and especially gestures, as well as all parts of the face. When
you are talking, don't get caught up in your own speech to the extent that you miss the
subtle and constant feedback you are getting.

Haptics
Haptic communication is a form of nonverbal communication and the way by which people
and animals communicate via touching. Touch is the most effective means to communicate
feelings and emotions

proxemics is the study of space and how we use it, how it makes us feel more or less
comfortable, and how we arrange objects and ourselves in relation to space. The term was
coined by the anthropologist Edward Hall.
Oculesics a subcategory of kinesics, is the study of eye movement, eye behavior, gaze,
and eye- related nonverbal communication. The specific definition varies depending on
whether it applies to the fields of medicine or social science.

Eyes are perhaps the most expressive feature of human body. Eyes tell more than
words could ever say.

“Oculesics” is the study of eye movement, eye behavior, eye related nonverbal
communication, including eye contact, blinks, widening the eyes, raise the eyebrows
and public dilation. Eye contact known as osulesics is an important part of
communication. It is a technical term of eye contact.

1.Eye contact can signal that 2.You are

paying attention. 3.You respect the person you

are speaking with.

4.As well as variety of different emotions.

Cross Cultural Communication

Cross cultural communication thus refers to the communication between people who
have differences in any one of the following: styles of working, age, nationality,
ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation, etc. Cross cultural communication can
also refer to the attempts that are made to exchange, negotiate and mediate cultural
differences by means of language, gestures and body language. It is how people
belonging to different cultures communicate with each other.

Each individual can practice culture at varying levels. There is the culture of the
community he grows up in, there is work culture at his work place and other cultures
to which one becomes an active participant or slowly withdraws from. An individual
is constantly confronted with the clash between his original culture and the majority
culture that he is exposed to daily. Cultural clashes occur as a result of individuals
believing their culture is better than others.
 Introduction

Culture is a way of thinking and living whereby one picks up a set of attitudes,
values, norms and beliefs that are taught and reinforced by other members in the
group. This set of basic assumptions and solutions to the problems of the world is a
shared system that is passed on from generation to generation to ensure survival. A
culture consists of unwritten and written principles and laws that guide how an
individual interacts with the outside world. Members of a culture can be identified by
the fact that they share some similarity. They may be united by religion, by
geography, by race or ethnicity.

Our cultural understanding of the world and everything in it ultimately affects our style
of communication as we start picking up ways of one’s culture at around the same time we
start learning to communicate. Culture influences the words we speak and our
behavior.

What Is Visual Communication?

Visual communication is one of the most important ways that people communicate and
share information. Visual communication is the transmission of information and ideas
using symbols and imagery. It is one of three main types of communication, along with
verbal communication (speaking) and non-verbal communication (tone, body language,
etc.). Visual communication is believed to be the type that people rely on most, and it
includes signs, graphic designs, films, typography, and countless other examples.

Any image that is used to communicate an idea, whether it's a sign,

poster, drawing, photograph, or television advertisement, can Advantages
& Disadvantages of Visual Communication.
Visual communication involves the use of visual elements, such as drawings,
illustrations and electronic images, to convey ideas and information to an audience.
During presentations, business managers that properly use visual aids to
communicate information will have greater success in maintaining the attention of
their staff, and staff is more likely to remember the information. A potential downside
of visual communication involves the use of poorly designed visual aids that are
difficult to understand or see. If irrelevant information is presented, images can also
be distracting and impede the understanding of concepts they should be trying to
clarify.
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