CHAPTER ll

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The literature review will investigate the many impacts that smartphone use has on students'

learning in classroom environments. This review investigates the impact of smartphones on

learning outcomes, cognitive capacities, and academic performance in light of the fact that

smartphones are being widely used by students.

Related Literature

These literatures are all related to the extent effects of smartphone usage on learning. With

these pieces of literature, this study can be more substantial and informative.

Smartphones have swiftly become an indispensable part of modern life, transforming how

individuals communicate, access information, and engage with the world. The convenience and

accessibility they offer have reshaped numerous facets of society. However, concerns have

emerged regarding their influence on mental health, social relationships, and behavioral

patterns.The inception of the smartphone idea dates back to the early 1990s, when IBM debuted

the Simon Personal Communicator in 1992, which combined touchscreen interface technology

with phone functionality. But Apple's iPhone, which debuted in 2007 and revolutionized mobile

technology with its user-friendly interface, internet capabilities, and wide range of applications,

is credited for popularizing the contemporary smartphone as we know it today. Since then,

cellphones have developed quickly and are now a necessary component of everyday life for
billions of people worldwide.People use smartphones for a multitude of purposes, including

communication through calls, texts, emails, and social media platforms. They serve as portable

entertainment hubs for streaming movies, music, games, and accessing various apps.

Additionally, smartphones function as productivity tools, allowing users to manage calendars,

access work-related apps, take notes, and even control smart home devices, making them

indispensable in modern life.

Smartphones have made a lot of things easier. They allow for quick communication, easy

access to a wealth of information, and convenience in a variety of jobs. They have, however, also

brought forth new difficulties, such as longer screen times that may result in health problems

including eye strain and irregular sleep schedules. Concerns have also been raised concerning the

decline in in-person interactions, social media addiction, and privacy issues brought on by data

collecting. Navigating the effects of cellphones on our lives requires weighing the advantages

against these possible drawbacks.Smartphones have revolutionized the way we work, interact

with others, and obtain information. They have increased worldwide connectedness and

improved task efficiency. With the availability of internet resources, they have improved

education, transformed entire industries, and generated new career opportunities. Conversely,

overuse can impair mental health, shorten attention spans, and create a persistent sensation of

connectedness that may make it difficult for us to unplug and unwind.

Kuldip Singh and Samah (2018) stated that because of its cutting-edge characteristics,

university students view smartphone use as an integral element of their lives in the twenty-first

century. Students complete a variety of daily duties on their smartphones. Reviews of several
studies showed that students use smartphones for a variety of purposes. The majority of students

use their smartphones for social, educational, and entertainment purposes. This study is to

examine pertinent research on student smartphone usage patterns and determine the benefits and

drawbacks of smartphones for students by concentrating on social, psychological, and

educational aspects. In order to determine if smartphone use has a favorable or detrimental

impact on students' lives, it is crucial to review this study. Researchers can utilize this

information to perform more investigations.

King and Dong (2017) stated that for young individuals, using smartphones excessively is

becoming more and more of an issue. Performance problems, behavioral problems, and

psychological effects are examples of negative outcomes. Comprehending the origins and

ramifications of smartphone addiction is a crucial study topic. The effect of smartphone

addiction on college students is examined in this study. In order to investigate the predictability

of smartphone addiction, we concentrate on life stressors. We propose that students' academic

performance, intention to continue in college, digital overload, and social wellness may all be

impacted by smartphone addiction. In a survey, over one hundred college students took part. Our

findings show a clear correlation between stress in one's life and smartphone addiction. Stress in

daily life also has a significant impact on smartphone addiction. Digital overload and smartphone

addiction are positively and adversely correlated.

Gowthami and Kumar (2016) stated thatOur lives are significantly impacted by our mobile

phones because of their sophisticated features. Even though we are all aware of the negative

effects that cell phones have on both the environment and our society, it is hard to ignore these

new technologies. The goal of this study is to comprehend the effects of smartphones on society,
both good and bad. The impact of smartphones on business, education, the health sector, human

psychology, and social life will be the main emphasis of the study.

Dhiman (2021) stated that Students view their use of smartphones as an essential aspect of

their lives due to the sophisticated capabilities and applications available on them. Students

utilize their smartphones for educational and entertaining purposes. Reviews of earlier research

showed that students use smartphones for a variety of purposes. Smart phones are widely used by

students for social, educational, and entertainment purposes. By concentrating on social aspects

and psychology education, this study paper seeks to both highlight the detrimental effects of

smart phone use on pupils and examine pertinent literature on the topic. As a result, the analysis

of this study is essential to revealing how students' daily lives are negatively impacted by smart

phone use. In order for researchers to carry out additional research, this knowledge is crucial.

Suckling and Lee (2015) stated that customers' interactions with their phones are evolving,

resulting in a system that is much more internet-integrated. A cloud-based product service

system emphasizes the need for increased energy efficiency to achieve the biggest reduction in

greenhouse gas emissions during the use phase. It also provides a way to take advantage of the

residual value of the phones by promptly returning them, along with their components and

materials.

In the Philippines specifically, smartphones have brought about a digital revolution,

significantly impacting communication, education, economic activities, and social interactions.

They've bridged gaps in access to information and services, transformed various industries, and

enabled Filipinos to connect with the world in unprecedented ways.Chaudhury and Tripathy

(2018) stated that the general public is becoming more and more affected by smartphone
addiction, which is particularly harmful to the younger generation. Numerous studies have been

conducted to examine the effects of smartphone and internet addiction. However, no research has

been done to use data mining techniques to predict academic achievement based on smartphone

addiction. 222 university students in all answered the questionnaire. The study included

questions about demographics, internet usage patterns, and smartphone addiction. Using

categorization models, machine learning techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings

further motivated us to investigate the relationship between academic achievement and

smartphone addiction.

Lekawael (2017) stated that speaking, listening, reading, and writing are the four

fundamental components of the English language, and mastering them is what is meant by

"English language skills." There are various educational resources available for English language

studies that are probably appropriate. Even for children and adolescents, the use of smartphones

and the internet has a significant impact on day-to-day living. A smartphone is a tool that helps

students participate in online learning activities. This study took a qualitative method. Next, a

survey employing questionnaires is the method of data collecting employed in this investigation.

According to the report, the majority of students spend a lot of time on social media, some use

the internet for games and dictionaries, and very few use it for educational purposes.

Rather (2019) stated that smartphones are fantastic communication devices that are utilized

by individuals of all ages, but notably by the younger generation. Smartphones have grown

indispensable and are felt incomplete without them. Through social networking sites, it has

reduced communication gaps and provided an abundance of information resources at one's

fingertips. Through social media, people stay in touch and quickly learn about every change in

all spheres of life. Smartphones have an obvious impact on every aspect of life, including
marketing, social life, business, education, and health. However, it is crucial to note that all

technologies have advantages and disadvantages.

Bernroider and Krumay (2014) stated that there are now more obstacles for IS research to

overcome due to the widespread use of smartphones and their increasing significance for both

personal and professional use. This study investigates the possible harm that smartphone

addiction may do to one's beliefs and the ramifications for using technology. We study whether

views corrupted by addiction, termed maladaptive cognitions, influence usage behavior and

potentially lead to smartphone overuse using a quantitative survey that links acceptance of

technology and smartphone addiction. As a result, we presume that addicts act according to their

own interpretations of reason based on false beliefs. We assert that, in respect to perceived

security, utility, and enjoyment, beliefs are favorably inflated by smartphone addiction and that,

in turn, these beliefs distort a person's behavior when using a smartphone, based on our PLS-

SEM results of 296 replies.

Independent Journal of Management & Production (2017) stated that the lives and activities

of people worldwide are significantly impacted by the advancements in telecom technology. The

younger generation began to use smartphones more frequently due of their instructive and

entertaining apps. Students are utilizing smartphones more frequently among young people.

However, students who use their smartphones excessively often become addicted to them, which

has an unintentional negative effect on their social interactions, academic performance, everyday

activities, physical and mental health, and inclination to withdraw. The purpose of this study is to

determine the variables that influence students' smartphone addiction levels and how those

variables affect their academic performance.

Related Studies

These studies have been compiled by the researchers, all of these studies relate to

compliance of effects of smartphones. With these studies, the results of these research are more

substantial and informative.

Mishra 2017 In India, the smartphone has fundamentally altered the way that today's youth

live. The goal of this research is to comprehend the effects of intelligence on society, both good

and bad. The impact of smartphones on students is the main topic of the study. Two hundred and

ninety-two college students made up the study's participants. A survey was employed to

investigate how students use smartphones and how it affects their social and academic lives. It

was shown that students mostly use smartphones for social media and learning. It also has some

detrimental effects, such as time wasting, information overload, and a disregard for physical

activity.

Lee 2020 In Korea, The findings demonstrate that there are differences in the effects of

walking with and without a smartphone on pedestrian perception and assessment of campus

walking routes. While walkers without phones prioritized the shortest distance and a pleasant

walking experience, "smartphone walkers" placed greater importance on the safety and quality of

routes. In order to respond to changes in pedestrian behavior and perception brought on by an

increase in "smartphone walking," campus-built environments need to be upgraded to offer more

adaptable solutions. A pedestrian-friendly campus with well-connected streets and networks,

safety-preserving distance from cars, well-maintained walkways, and more green space on

campus are among the suggestions.

 Cho 2011 In Korea, with smartphones becoming more and more popular, mobile

applications are expanding quickly, which was expected to propel the market forward. The

following are the goals of this investigation. Initially, we ascertain the true factors that motivate

users' trust and desire to keep using the mobile applications. Secondly, we investigate how

gender differs in the way that the quality characteristics and trust are seen and related. PLS 2.0

was used to compare the model with the 231 sets of data gathered from 111 female and 120 male

smartphone users. The following are the study's findings. First, trust and the intention to continue

were influenced by perceived usefulness and connectedness. Secondly, there was a minor impact

of gender on the correlation between trust and quality characteristics.

Raza 2020 In Pakistan, Through the use of an online questionnaire, information was

gathered from 453 students at a Pakistani private university. The study's findings demonstrated

that smartphone addiction is favorably and significantly impacted by both smartphone use and

cyberlounging. Self-regulation had a negative but notable impact on cyberloathing and

smartphone addiction. Furthermore, there was a positive and noteworthy correlation between

overall self-efficacy and internet loafing. Nonetheless, there is no discernible impact of

smartphone addiction on students' academic performance. The results show that students who

become addicted to smartphones for the sake of cyberlounging do worse academically because

they become less focused on their studies. As a result, institutions ought to establish guidelines

prohibiting students from using smartphones in class.

Han 2022 In Korea, this study looked at how smartphones, which are becoming more and

more common in our lives, effect kids today. The 9th year panel data from the Seoul Educational

Longitudinal Study was used in this investigation.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

The review of related literature and studies has an implication on the present study.

The study will focus on the impact of smartphone beneficiaries. The evolution of smartphones

from the early 1990s to the present day is outlined, emphasizing the transformative impact on

communication, information access, and societal engagement. Concerns are raised about

potential adverse effects on mental health, social relationships, and behavior patterns, creating a

nuanced understanding of the smartphone's role in modern society. Noteworthy studies, such as

Kuldip Singh and Samah , delve into the significance of smartphones for university students,

emphasizing their integration into daily tasks and the need to examine both positive and negative

aspects. King and Dong shed light on the rising issue of smartphone addiction among young

individuals, linking it to performance problems and psychological effects, thereby emphasizing

the importance of understanding the origins and consequences of this phenomenon.Gowthami

and Kumar broaden the scope by exploring the broader societal impacts of smartphones,

considering their effects on business, education, the health sector, human psychology, and social

life. Dhiman specifically focuses on students, emphasizing the essential role smartphones play

in their lives but also highlighting the need to examine the detrimental effects, particularly in

social and psychological aspects. The studies from different countries, such as Chaudhury and

Tripathy in the Philippines and Lekawael in an English language context, further underscore the

global significance of smartphone impact, from digital revolution to changes in language skills

education.
Gap Bridge by the Study

This study aimed to comprehend the pivotal role smartphones play in the lives of

individuals, acknowledging their transformation of communication, access to information, and

societal engagement.

All study highlights the transformative role of smartphones in communication, mental

health, and societal dynamics, but a dedicated focus on their influence on learning processes,

academic performance, and educational outcomes is lacking. The literature mainly provides a

broad overview, leaving a gap in the understanding of how smartphones affect the learning

experience of students and their overall academic achievements. Limited research has been

conducted to examine the correlation between different learning styles and the varied ways in

which students utilize smartphones for educational purposes, providing insights into personalized

learning approaches.

Theoretical Framework

The structural theory proposed by Jomar and Steven suggests that issues in a country's

capacity to produce smartphones or maintain a consistent supply chain could influence the

industry. For example, a surge in demand for smartphones due to increased reliance on digital

technology may reveal structural weaknesses in manufacturing capabilities and supply chains.
 Similarly, the market power theory could be relevant in understanding how mergers among

smartphone manufacturers or suppliers might impact prices. The concentration of market power

in firms supplying essential components for smartphones could affect pricing dynamics within

the smartphone industry.

From a Keynesian perspective, increased demand for smartphones might strain the industry

if it significantly outweighs the aggregate supply. This could occur in situations where rapid

technological advancements create a surge in demand for the latest smartphones, potentially

outpacing the industry's production capabilities.

Theoretical Framework

Figure 1

Theoretical Pradigm

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework illustrated in Figure 1 delineates the input, process, and output

of the smartphone study. It involves respondent profiles, awareness levels of smartphone users,

and proposed solutions to address identified issues in the smartphone domain.

 The process involves conducting interviews, administering survey questionnaires, gathering

and tabulating smartphone-related data, followed by statistical analysis and interpretation of the

collected information.

The input stemming from the process leads to the output, establishing a smartphone-focused

fundraising campaign to encourage contributions for a support program aimed at aiding those

unaware of smartphone-related issues.

To finalize the smartphone-related process, a feedback mechanism is implemented to rectify

any changes made during the process, ensuring continuous improvement and user satisfaction.

Conceptual Pradigm
 Figure 1

Conceptual Pradigm

Definition of terms: For clarity and better understanding, terms used in this study are

conceptually or operationally defined.

Smartphone: a mobile device that combines the functions of a phone with various features such

as internet connectivity, applications, and multimedia capabilities.

Features: Distinct attributes or functionalities of a smartphone, contributing to its versatility and

user experience.

Smartphone users: are individuals who utilize mobile devices with advanced capabilities,

including communication, internet access, and various applications, to meet their daily needs and

preferences.

Multimedia Capabilities: The smartphone's ability to capture, display, and play various forms

of media, including photos, videos, and audio

Internet Connectivity: The capacity of a smartphone to connect to the internet, enabling access

to online services, browsing, and communication.

Notes

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Garcia, R. M. (2021). Mobile Health Applications: Transforming Healthcare Through

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Patel, S. R. (2020). Privacy Concerns in Smartphone Usage. In J. K. Editor (Ed.), Emerging Issues
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Wong, L. X., Chen, Q., & Kumar, A. (2018). Augmented Reality Applications on Smartphones. In
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