Chemistry L-1 Coaching

Chemistry
L-1cOACHING
Batch
NEET
Topic
Development of Periodic Table
Sheet-1

Prouts Hypothesis
The atomic weights of all elements are simple multiple of atomic weight of hydrogen. Prout gave
this hypothesis on the basis of Dalton's atomic theory and the atomic weights of some elements
known at that time. But this hypothesis could not longer, because there are some atomic weights
which are fractional and not in whole number.
Atomic wt. of element nx atomic wt. of H (where n=number of H)
Doberener's Triads
According to Dobereiner when elements of same properties are kept in the increasing order of
their atomic weighs, the atomic weight of middle element is equal to the mean atomic weight of
remaining twoelements. Such a group of elements is called Dobereiner's triad.
Triad of atoms Mean of first and last element

L Na K 7+39
-= 23
2
7 23 39

C Br 35.5 + 127
-79.5
2
35.5 80 127

Ca Sr Ba 40+ 137
=88.5
2
40 88 137

Se Te 32+127
=79.5
2
32 79 127
elements present
Dobereiner could arrange only a few elements as triads and there are some such
in atriad, whose atomic weights are approximately equal, e.g. Fe, CO, Ni
Therefore, this hypothesis was not acceptable for all elements.
Newland's Rule of Octave
arranged in the increasing
As in music, the eighh note is same as the first note. If the elements are
element will exhibit similarities with
order of atomic weighs, on starting with an element, the first
the eighth element e.g.

Symbol of element Li Be B C N O F

7 9 11 12 14 16 19

Symbol of element Na Mg Al Si P S CI
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5

7525002100 (1)
L-1Coaching Brahmanand colony, Durgakund Varanasi, Mobile
 Chen

Chemistry L1 Co
It is clear from the
above table that sodium is the eighth element from lithium,
resennble that of lithium. whose prope
This type of classification was limited up to only
20 elements.
Lother Meyer's Curve [1869]
Heplotted a curve between atomic wt. and atomic volume of different elements. The
observation can be made from the curve
(a) Most
fol owing
electropositive elements i.e.
on the curve. alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs etc.Joccupy the peak positions
(0) less electropositive i.e. alkali earth metal (Be, Mg.Ca, Sr, Ba)
the curve. occupy the descending Positon on
(c) Metalloids (B, Si, As, Te, Atetc.)
and transition metals occupy
bottom part of the cu vG
(a) Most electronegative i.e. halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)
occupy the ascending position on the Curve.
Note: Elements having similar properties
occupy similar position on the curve.
Conclusion:
On the basis of the curve Lother Meyer
proposed that
periodic function of their atomic wt. and this become thethe physica! properties of the elements are
base of Mendeleef's periodic table.
C

Rb
Volume
Atomic
K Br
Na
Ca
S
Ba
F

Be Mg

Metalloid and transition metas

Atomic Weight
MENDELEEV'S PERIODIC TABLE [1869)
Mendeleev's periodic law- The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic
function of their atomic wt.

Characteristic of Mendeleev's periodic table

(a) it is based on atomic wt.
(b) 63 elements were known, noble gases were not discovered.
(c) He was the first scientist to classify the elements in a systematic manner ie. in
horizontal rows
and in vertical columns.
(d) Horizontal rows are called periods and there were 7 periods in mendeleev's Periodic table.
(e) Vertical columns are called groups and there were 8groups in Mendeleev's Periodic table.

I-1Coaching Brahmanand colony, Durgakund Varanasi, Mobile 7525002100 (2)

hose
prope
-1Co Chemistry L-1Coaching
() Eacn group upto Vllth is divided into A&Bsubgroups. 'A' sub groups element are caled
normal elements and 'B' sub groups clements are called transition elements.
(8) Ihe Vllth group was consists of 9 elements in three rows (Transitional metals grOup).
(h) The elements belonging to same group exhibit simnilar properties.

Merits or advantages of mendeleev's periodic table

(a) Study of clements - First time all knows elements were classified in groups according to their
Similar properties. So study of tlhe properties become easier of elements.
(b) P'rediction of new elemnents - It gave encouragement to the discovery of new elements as some
gaps were left in it.
Sc (Scandium), Ga (Gallium), Ge(Germanium), Tc (Technetium)
even before
were the elements for who position and properties were well defined by Mendeleev
their discoveries and he left the blank spaces for them in his table.
e.g.- Barnk space at atomic wt. 72 in silicon group was called Eka silicon (means properties like
silicon)and element discovered later was named Germaium.
Similarly other elements discovered after mendeleev periodic table were.
Eka aluminium - Gallum(Ga)
Eka Boron -Scandium(Sc)
Eka Silicon - Germanium(Ge)
Eka Mangense-Technetium(Tc)
(c) Correction of doubtful atomic weights -Correction were done in atomnic wt. of some elements.
At. Wt =Valency xEquivalent weight.
Initially, it was found that equivalent wt. of Be is 4.5 and it is trivalent (V=3), so the weight of Be
was 13.5 and there is no space in Mendeleev's table for this element. So, after correction, it was
found that Be is actually divalent (V = 2),So, the weight of Be became 2 x 4.5 =9 and there was a
space between Li and Bfor this element in Mendeleev's table.
Correction were done in at. wt./ ofelements are-U, Be, In, Au, Pt.

Demerits of Mendeleev's periodictable

(a) Position of hydrogen- Hydrogen resembles both, the alkali metals (A) and the halogens
(VILA) in properties so Mendeleev could not decide where to place it.
(b) Position of isotopes - As atomic wt. of isotopes differs, they should have placed in different
position in Mendeleev's periodic table. But there were no such places for isotopes in Mendeleevs
table.
(c) Anomalous pairs of elements - There were some pair of elements which did not follow the
increasing order of atomic wts.
e.g.:Ar and Co were placed before Kand Ni respectively in the periodic table, but having higher
atomic weights.
Ar K (Te I
39.9 39.1) \127.5 127)
Co Ni (Th Pa
231
)
58.9 58.6,

L-1Coaching Brahmanand colony, Durgakund Varanasi, Mobile 7525002100 (3)

 hemis i s is
Chen
(It I t
()
Chemistry
(d) Like elements were placed in different groups.
There were some elements like Platinum (Pt) and Gold (Au) which have similar
were placed in different groups in Mendeleev's table.
Pt Au
properie
VIII IB
(e) Unlike clements were placed in same group.
1 group

IA IB
L
Na
More reactive K Cu Less reactive
Alkali metal Rb
Ag Coin metal
Norma elements Cs Au Transition element
Fr
-Cu, Ag and Au placed in 1# group along with Na,
Ketc. While they differ in their properties
(Only similar in having ns' electronic
configuration)
Modern Periodic table(Modified Mendeleev
() It was proposed by Periodic Table)
(ii) Modern
Moseley.
periodictable is based on atomic number.
(iii) Moseley did an experimnent in
which he bombarded high speed electron on different metal
surfaces and obtained X-rays.
He found out that v cZ
where v = frequency of X-rays
from this experiment, Moseley
concluded that the physical and chemical
elements are periodic function of their properties of the
atomic number. It means that when the
arranged in the increasing order of their atomic elements are
number elements having similar properties gets
repeated after a regular interval
This is also knows as
'Modern Periodic Law'.
(iv) Modern periodic law - The
physical &chemical properties of elements are a periodic fnction
of their atomic number.

(v) Characteristics of modern periodic

table
(a) 9 vertical columns called
groups.
(b) Ist to VII group+0group of inert
gases.
(c) Inert gases were introduced in
periodic table by Ramsay.
(d) 7 horizontal series called periods.

L-1 Coaching Brahmanand colony, Durgakund

Varanasi, Mobile 7525002100 (4)
 -1Co

es b oChemistry L-1 Coaching

Long Form/Present Form of Modern Periodic Table
(tis also called as Bohr-Burry &Rang, Werner Periodic Table.)
)ts based on the Bohr-Burry electronic configuration concept andatomic number.
(ii) This model is proposed by Rang &Werner
(ii) lt consist of 7horizontal periods and 18 vertical columns (groups)
(iv) According to l.U.P.AC. 18 verticalcolumns are named as Ist to 18th group.
(V) The co-relation between the eroups in long form of periodic table and in modern form of
periodic table are given below.
IA, IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VII IB, IIB, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA 0
1, 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(vi) Elements belonging to same group having same no. of electrons in the outmost shell so their
properties are similar.
Description of periods:
Periodn Sub shell No. of elements Element Name of Period

1 1s 2 HHe Shortest
2 2 2s, 2p 3Li- 0Ne Short

3. 3 3s, 3p 8 11Na- 1sAr Short

4. 44s, 3d, 4p 18 19K- ggKr Long

5. 5 5s, 4d, 5p 18 37 Rb 58 Xe Long
6. 6 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p 32 ssCs- &Rn Longest
7 77s, 5, 6d 32 87Fr- 118Og Longest
Important Points:
(a) 2d period elements (Li, Be, B) Shows diagonal relationship with 3ad period elements (Mg, Al, Si)
so (Li, Be, B) are called Bridge elements. Because of same ionic potential (lonic potential =
Charge/Radius) value they shows similarity in properties.
Li Be

Na + Mg A Si
(b) 3rd period elements (Na, Mg, AI, Si, P, S, CI) are called typical elements because they represent
the propcrties of other element of their respective group.
(c) In 6h period all types of elements are included (s, p, d &)
(d) Normal elements present in all periods.
(e) Atomic No. of last inert gas element is 86.
() Long form of modern periodic table can be divided into four portions.
1. Left portion - IA &IIA - s-block.
2. Right portion - IIA to VII A+Ogroup -p-block.
3. Middle portion - IIIB to VIIB +VIlI +IB IIB - d-block.
4.Bottom portion - IIB - f-block elements
L1Coaching Brabmanand colony, Durgakund Varanasi, Mobile 7525002100
(5)
 s-blo

nemistry
Total
Chemistry
Nomenclature of elements (e)

(a) IUPAC gave names to elements above atomic No. 100 as follows
1 23 4 5 6 9

nnlun bi tri quad pent hex sept oct enn

(b) In all the elements suffix is - ium
e.g.

Atomic No. IUPACName Symbol

101 Un nil unium Unu
102 Un nil bium Unb
103 Un nil trium Unt
104 Un nil quadium Unq
105
Un nil pentium Unp
106 Un nil hexium Unh
107
Un nil septium Uns
108 Un nil octium Uno
109 Un nil ennium Une
110 Un nil nilium Uun

Merits of long formn of periodic table

(a) Position of isotopes -
Atomic No. of isotopes are similar, so
same place in periodic table. different isotopes can be placed at
(b) (Ar- K)(Co- Ni) (Te -I) are
now inincreasing order of atomic
(c) Lanthanides and number.
actinides are in IIIB group.
(d) In modern periodic table
diagonal line separates out metals,
(e) Elements of same group have metalloids and non metals.
same general formula of electronic
shell. configuration of outer most
Demerits of long form of periodic table
(a) Position of hydrogen is still
(b) He is a inert gas but it has
controversial.
different electronic configuration than other inert gas
(c) Lanthanides and actinides are still
not placed in main frame.
elements.
(d) Isotopes have different physical
properties but have same place in periodic table.
Classification on the Basis of Sub Shell in which last e
enters
(i) s-block elements -
(a) In these elements last electron enters in
s-subshell.
(b) Group-IA, IIA+Ogroup (He only)
(c) Period-1 to 7h

L-1Coaching Brahmanand colony, Durgakund Varanasi, Mobile 7525002100

(6)
Co
-1

Chomistry L-1Coaching
(d) Electronic configuration- ns
IA groupn=lto 7
1A groupn2to7
(e) Total s-block clenmentsare (14) (including Hand He)
() Total s-block metals are (12) (excluding I), His non-metal
(ii) p-block clements
(a) Last e enters in p-sub shell
(b) Group - I1A (13) to VIIA (17) +Ogroup (18) (except He)
(c) Period - 2nd to 7h
(d) Electronic configuration- ns np
(e) Total p- block elements - (36)
(iüi)d-block elements
(a) Last e enters in (n -1)d subshell
(b)Group- IIB -VIB, VIII, IB, IIB or group 3 to 12 (1UPAC)
(c) Period - 4uh to 7th
(d) Electronic configuration - (n -1) dl-º nslor2
(e) Total d-block elements -(40)
If 112 elements are included in periodic table
Total transition elements -(36)
() IIB elements (Zn, Cd, Hg, Uub) are d-block elements but not transition elements.
(iv) f-block elements
(a) Differentiating e enters in (n-2)f subshell.
(b) Group-IIB
(c) Period- 6h and 7h
(d) From at. no. 58-71, 6th period; Lanthanide series 4fl-4 5a0or 1 6s
90 - 103 17th period; actinide series 5f1-46do or i 7s
(e) Total number of f block elements - (28)
() Allthe actinides are radioactive elements.
(2) Transuranic actinides are man made elements. (Npg -LW1)
(h) lanthanides are found rarely on earth so these are called rare earth metals.

Determination of period, block and group of an element

(i) Period No. - The period no. of the element can be predicated from the principal quantum no.
(n) of the valence shell.
e-g. electronic configuration of iodine is:
1s²2s° 2p, 3s'3p'3d"4s'4p°4d"5s 5p'. Therefore the period number of iodine is 5 as the
valence shell configuration is 5s²5p.

L-1Coaching Brahmanand colony, Durgakund Varanasi, Mobile 7525002100 (7)

 Knsiwau

P()
Chemistry
(i1) Block No. - The type of orbital which receives the last electron L-1 G
known as block no
e.g. An element X has its electronic
configuration is 1s'2s?2p 3s?3p° 4:'3d As the
enters in the d-orbital, therefore it is a d-block element. last clecti
(iii) Group No. - It is predicted from the number of electrons in the valence
slhell and
shell as follows.
(a) For s-block elements, group number is
penultimate
equal to the number of electrons in the valence shell
after the noble gas core.
e-g. An element Y having electronic
electron in valence shell and it is a s-blockconfiguration 1s2s 2p°3s3p°4s´or [Ar] 4s has two
element. Therefore it belongs to group2.
(b) For p-block element, the group
number is egual to 10 + number of electrons in valence
e-g. An element "Z' with electronic shell.
in its valence shell and configuration as 1s22s? 2p3s'3p°3d°4s' 4p has five electrons
belongs to p-block.
Therefore its group number is 10 + 5 = 15. It
table. belongs to group VA of the
Mendeleev's periodic
(c) For d-block elements
valence shell.
group number is equal to the number of
electrons in (n-1)d sub-shell and
e-g. An
elements'A' having electronic configuration as.
1s'2s°2p3s?3p3d'°4s'.so its group number wil be 10+1=11.
Predicting atomicno. of the successive member in a
(i) Magic Numbers group or family
Knowing the at. no. of the first member of a
elements by adding given magic no. For group, we an write the at. no. of the
example subsequent
Group 1 2 3
4,5,6,7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12
IA IIA IB
13, 14, 15, 16, 17 18
IIIA IV V VI VII
2
'O'gp
II+ 8 8
TOINGA III+ 8 8
IV+ 18 18
18 18 18 18
18 18
V+ 18 18 18 32
32 32
VI+ 32 32 32 32
VIl+
(ii) Ingroup IA - Atomic no. of H is 1 at. no.
of other element will be as follows
H1+2=3 Li 3+8=11 Na
11+8=19 K19 +18 =37 Rb 37+18 =55
Magic no. 18 18

L-1Coaching Brahmanand colony, Durgakund Varanasi, Mobile

7525002100 (8)
 s no.
the 1Coa
last
Chemistry L-1 Coaching
ÜN
Exercise-1
1
The element having electronic configuration 4f"5d'6s? belongs to
(a) d - block, 12h group (b) f-block, Il Bgroup (c)(-block, 14th group (d) s-block, 2nd group
2 Element with the electronic configuration given below, belong to which group in the periodic table
1s' 2s°2p,3s'3p°3d",4s'4p°4d º, 5?5p'
(a) 3rd (b) 5h (c) 15th (d) 17h
3. The places that were left empty by Mendeleef were, for
(a) Aluminium &Silicon (b) Gallium and germanium
(c) Arsenic and antimony (d) Molybdenum and tungsten
4 Which of not anomalous pair of element in the Medeleeves periodic table
(a) Ar and K (b) Co and Ni (c) Te andI (d) Al and Si
5 In the periodic table, the metallic character of elements
(a) decrease from left to right across a period and on descendinga group
(b) decreases from left to right across a period and increases on descendinga group
() increases from left to right across a period and on descending a group
(d) increases from left to right across aperiod and decreases on descendinga group
6 Mendeleef period table is based on
(a) atomicnumber (b) increasing of number of protons
() electronic configuration (d) None of the above
7. Which of the following is/are Doeberiners triad
() P, As, Sb (i) Cu, Ag, Au (iüi) Fe, Co, Ni (iv) S, Se, Te
Correct answer is
(a) a and b (b) b andc (c)a and d (a) all
8. Which of the following sets of elements follows Newland's octave rule
(a) Be, Mg, Ca (b) Na, K, Rb (c) F, CI, Br (d) B, AI, Ga
9. Which are correct match
(i) Eka silicon-Be () Eka aluminium-Ga (ii) Eka mangene-Te (iv) Eka scandium -B
(a) b, c (b) a, b, d (c) a, d (d) all
10. Elements which occupied position in the lother meyer curve, on the peaks, were
(a) alkali metals (b) Highly electro positive elements
(c) elements having large atomic volume (d) all
11. In a period the elements are arranged in
(a) decreasing order of nuclear charge (b) decreasing order of No. of electrons
(c) increasing order of nuclear charge (d) in order of same nuclear charge
12. Atomic no. is the base of
() Lother meyer curve (ii) Newland octave rule
(i) Moderm periodic table (iv) Deberiener traid rule
(v) Long from of periodic table
(a) a,b, d (b) c, e () a, d (d) a, c, e

L-1Coaching Brahmanand colony, Durgakund Varanasi, Mobile 7525002100 (9)