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Foundation Design Equations Summary

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JULY 2011

MAVERICK UNITED CONSULTING ENGINEERS

 Foundation Design Equations Summary

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This document presents a summary of commonly applied engineering equations for the design of shallow and deep foundations.

2.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN EQUATIONS SUMMARY

Definitions of variables are as follows:-

Allowable (safe) net effective bearing capacity, qfnet’
Allowable (safe) net bearing capacity, qfnet
Gross effective bearing capacity, qf'
Gross bearing capacity, qf
Net (effective) working pressure, qwnet'
Effective surcharge above founding level, p0'
Total surcharge above founding level, p0
Standard penetration test, SPT, N
Factor of safety, FOS
Water table, WT
Depth of water table from ground level, zu
Depth of foundation founding level from ground level, D
Width of foundation, B
Length of foundation, L
Influence factor, Is = fs.fd
Shape and rigidity factor, fs
Depth factor, fd
SLS pile axial compression capacity, Ncap,pile,comp,sls
Base effective bearing capacity, Qb'
Gross effective bearing capacity, qf'(z=L-L0)
Shaft effective friction capacity, Qs'
Average shaft effective stress, a'
Pile weight minus soil weight removed, Fpile
Combined base effective bearing and shaft effective friction capacity, Pf'
Overall pile effective capacity for vertical (compressive) load, Pcap

2
 Foundation Design Equations Summary

Geotechnical Capacity Geotechnical Settlement

Foundation
Structural Capacity
Type
Cohesionless Soils Cohesive Soils Rocks Cohesionless Soils Cohesive Soils Rocks

ULS Empirical Empirical Empirical Elastic Elastic Elastic

 = qwnet'.B.(1-2).Is/E
 = qwnet'.B.(1-2).Is/E
 = 0.15-0.25
 = 0.30-0.50
Is = fs.fd
Is = fs.fd
fs = 1.12(L/B)0.39
fs = 1.12(L/B)0.39
Flexible Rectangular
Flexible Rectangular
qfnet’ ≈ k.30N/FOS = k.10N, k = qfnet ≈ k.42.6N/FOS = k.14.2N, k = qfnet’ ≈ k.30N/FOS = k.10N, k = fs = 0.90(L/B)0.38
fs = 0.90(L/B)0.38
Rigid Rectangular  = qwnet'.(B/E) .Ip.FB.FD
0.5 if WT above depth of B 0.67 if WT above ground level 1.0 if WT above depth of B Rigid Rectangular
fs = 1.0
fs = 1.0
Flexible Circular
Flexible Circular
fs = 0.79
fs = 0.79
Rigid Circular
Rigid Circular
fd = 1-0.08(D/B).[1+(4/3).(B/L)]
fd = 1-0.08(D/B).[1+(4/3).(B/L)]
E = 1000N Normally Consolidated
E = 200Su
E = 2000N Over Consolidated
Excluding soil-structure interaction, the pad
Pad

footing is designed to resist the ULS Terzaghi Terzaghi Terzaghi Burland and Burbidge Elastic and 1D Consolidation
pressure stemming from the ULS column
loads. Note that the DL of the pad is NOT qfnet' = (qf'-p0')/FOS
included in the analysis. qfnet' = (qf'-p0')/FOS
qf' = sc.dc.Nc,strip.c' +
sq.dq.Nq,strip.p0' + s.d.N,strip.B/2.'
qf' = sc.dc.Nc,strip.c' +
sq.dq.Nq,strip.p0' + s.d.N,strip.B/2.'
sc=(sq.Nq-1)/(Nq-1) Rectangular
dc=1+0.4tan-1(D/B) qfnet = (qf-p0)/FOS  =  = [mv.v'.H]
sc=(sq.Nq-1)/(Nq-1)
Prandtl,
dc=1+0.4tan-1(D/B) v' = 4.qwnet'.I
Nc,strip = (Nq,strip-1).cot' qf = sc.dc.Nc,strip.Su + p0 m = (B/2)/z
Tomlinson, Nc,strip
 = 1.71qwnet'.B0.7/N1.4 n = (L/2)/z
sq=1+(B’/L’)sin’ sc = 1+0.2(B/L)
sq=1+(B’/L’)sin’
dq=1+2tan’(1-sin’)2.tan-1(D/B’) dc = 1+(0.053D/B)0.5 for D/B ≤ 4.0 Circular
dq=1+2tan’(1-sin’)2.tan-1(D/B’)
Reissner, Skempton, Nc,strip = (2+)
Tomlinson, Nq,strip  =  = [mv.v'.H]
Nq,strip = etan’.tan2(45+’/2) v' = 1.qwnet'.I
s=1-0.3(B’/L’)
s=1-0.3(B’/L’)
d=1.0
d=1.0
Tomlinson, N,strip
Hansen,
N,strip = 2.0(Nq,strip-1).tan'

Geotechnical Capacity Geotechnical Settlement

Foundation
Structural Capacity
Type
Cohesionless Soils Cohesive Soils Rocks Cohesionless Soils Cohesive Soils Rocks

ULS Empirical Empirical Empirical Elastic Elastic Elastic

qfnet’ ≈ k.21N/FOS = k.7N, k = qfnet ≈ k.35.5N/FOS = k.11.8N, k qfnet’ ≈ k.21N/FOS = k.7N, k =
Strip

… as that for pads … as that for pads … as that for pads

0.5 if WT above depth of B = 0.67 if WT above ground level 1.0 if WT above depth of B
… as that for pads
Terzaghi Terzaghi Terzaghi Burland and Burbidge Elastic and 1D Consolidation
… as that for pads … as that for pads … as that for pads … as that for pads … as that for pads

3
 Foundation Design Equations Summary

Geotechnical Capacity Geotechnical Settlement

Foundation
Structural Capacity
Type
Cohesionless Soils Cohesive Soils Rocks Cohesionless Soils Cohesive Soils Rocks

ULS Empirical Empirical Empirical Elastic Elastic Elastic

Excluding soil-structure interaction, raft
designed as series of pad footings, strip
footings, multi-column footings, combined
footings and strap footings culminating in
an inverted flat slab (in the case of a solid
raft) or an inverted one- or two-way
spanning slab (in the case of a stripped
raft) to resist the ULS pressure stemming
from the ULS column loads. Note that as
with the pad, strip, multi-column and
combined footings the DL of the raft is … as that for pads … as that for pads … as that for pads … as that for pads … as that for pads … as that for pads
NOT included in the inverted flat, one- or
two-way spanning slab analysis.

Including soil-structure interaction, raft

Raft

analysed and designed to the ULS column

loads with soil stiffness modelled beneath
the raft as springs based on the modulus
of the subgrade reaction over the pressure
bulb, each sub-soil layer contributing a
spring stiffness connected in series.
SLS Terzaghi Terzaghi Terzaghi Burland and Burbidge Elastic and 1D Consolidation
Including soil-structure interaction, raft
analysed to the SLS column loads with soil
stiffness modelled beneath the raft as
springs based on the modulus of the
subgrade reaction over the pressure bulb, … as that for pads … as that for pads … as that for pads … as that for pads … as that for pads
each sub-soil layer contributing a spring
stiffness connected in series. Raft stiffness
modified to limit angular distortion to
distance/350.

Geotechnical Capacity Geotechnical Settlement

Foundation
Structural Capacity
Type
Cohesionless Soils Cohesive Soils Rocks Cohesionless Soils Cohesive Soils Rocks

ULS Empirical Empirical Empirical Elastic Elastic Elastic

(note that the piled raft may be a solid raft or a

Including soil-structure interaction, piled

raft analysed and designed to the ULS
stripped one- or two-way spanning raft)

column loads with soil stiffness modelled

… as that for pads and
beneath the piled raft, along and beneath … as that for pads and piles to … as that for pads and piles to … as that for pads and piles to … as that for pads and piles to … as that for pads and piles to
piles to their respective
the piles as springs based on the modulus their respective stiffness ratios their respective stiffness ratios their respective stiffness ratios their respective stiffness ratios their respective stiffness ratios
stiffness ratios
of the subgrade reaction over the pressure
bulb, each sub-soil layer contributing a
spring stiffness connected in series.
Piled Raft

Burland and Burbidge / Elastic and 1D Consolidation /

SLS Terzaghi Terzaghi Terzaghi
Empirical Empirical
Including soil-structure interaction, piled
raft analysed to the SLS column loads with
soil stiffness modelled beneath the piled
raft, along and beneath the piles as
springs based on the modulus of the … as that for pads and
… as that for pads and piles to … as that for pads and piles to … as that for pads and piles to … as that for pads and piles to
subgrade reaction over the pressure bulb, piles to their respective
their respective stiffness ratios their respective stiffness ratios their respective stiffness ratios their respective stiffness ratios
each sub-soil layer contributing a spring stiffness ratios
stiffness connected in series. Raft
stiffness, pile size, pile spacing and pile
depth modified to limit angular distortion to
distance/350.

4
 Foundation Design Equations Summary

Geotechnical Capacity Geotechnical Settlement

Foundation
Structural Capacity
Type
Cohesionless Soils Cohesive Soils Rocks Cohesionless Soils Cohesive Soils Rocks

ULS Empirical Empirical Empirical Empirical Empirical Empirical

(note that the pile cap may be disconnected individual pile caps, connected solid slab or a connected stripped one- or two-way spanning slab)

Pcap = MIN (Qb'/3.0 + Qs'/1.5,

Pf'/2.0)-Fpile

Qb' = (Db2/4 or Db2).qf'(z=L-L0)

Pile cap designed employing well qf'(z=L-L0)=250.N(z=L-L0) d = zb+zs
proportioned span to depth truss analogy (<=qflimit'(z=L-L0)) zb = zbc.(zb/zbc)
method and sufficient pile cap and pile
zbc = 5%.(Db)
rebar anchorages. Qs' = (D or 4D).(L-L0).a' … as that for cohesionless soils … as that for cohesionless soils zb/zbc … as that for cohesionless soils … as that for cohesionless soils
a'=[a'(z=0)+a'(z=L-L0)]/2 zs = zsc.(zs/zsc)
Solid or stripped one- or two-way spanning
a'(z=0)=2.0.N(z=0) (<=alimit'(z)) zsc
slab designed to suspend between the pile
points. a'(z=L-L0) = 2.0.N(z=L-L0) zs/zsc
(<=alimit'(z))

Fpile = Aps.L.(c-dry)
Pf' = Qb' + Qs'
SLS Terzaghi Terzaghi Terzaghi
Pcap = MIN (Qb'/3.0 + Qs'/1.5,
Pcap = MIN (Qb'/3.0 + Qs'/1.5, Pf'/2.0)-Fpile
Pf'/2.0)-Fpile
Qb' = (Db2/4 or Db2).qf'(z=L-L0)
Qb' = (Db2/4 or Db2).qf'(z=L-L0) qf'(z=L-L0)= sc.dc.Nc,strip.c'+
qf'(z=L-L0)= sc.dc.Nc,strip.c'+ sq.dq.Nq,strip.v'(z=L-L0)+
sq.dq.Nq,strip.v'(z=L-L0)+ s.d.N,strip.Db/2.'
s.d.N,strip.Db/2.' (<=qflimit'(z=L-L0))
Pile Cap and Pile

(<=qflimit'(z=L-L0))
sc=(sq.Nq-1)/(Nq-1)
sc=(sq.Nq-1)/(Nq-1) dc=1+0.4tan-1((Lc+L)/Db)
dc=1+0.4tan-1((Lc+L)/Db) Kulhawy and Goodman,
Prandtl, Pcap = MIN (Qb/3.0 + Qs/1.5, Nc,strip = 2N1/2(N+1),
Nc,strip = (Nq,strip-1).cot' Pf/2.0)-Fpile N=tan2(45+/2)
Precast driven square RC pile or insitu
bored circular RC pile, Qb = (Db2/4 or Db2).qf(z=L-L0)
Ncap,pile,comp,sls =0.25fcu.Aps sq=1+(Db/Db)sin’ sq=1+(Db/Db)sin’
dq=1+2tan’(1-sin’)2.tan- qf(z=L-L0)= Nc.Su(z=L-L0) dq=1+2tan’(1-sin’)2.tan-
1((L +L)/D ) (<=qflimit(z=L-L0)) 1((L +L)/D )
Precast (pretensioned spun) driven circular c b
Nc = 9.0
c b

RC pile, Ncap,pile,comp,sls =0.25(fcu-fpe).Ap Reissner, Kulhawy and Goodman,

Nq,strip = etan’.tan2(45+’/2) Nq,strip = N2, N=tan2(45+/2)
Qs = (D or 4D).(L-L0).Sa
Insitu bored circular RC pile
s=1-0.3(Db/Db) Sa=[Sa(z=0)+Sa(z=L-L0)]/2 s=1-0.3(Db/Db)
(API Micropile), Ncap,pile,comp,sls
d=1.0 Sa(z=0) = F..Su(z=0) d=1.0
=fy,API.AAPI/2.0 (reinforcement only)
Hansen, (<=Salimit(z)) Kulhawy and Goodman,
=0.5fy,API.(AAPI+Ac,API.Ec/Es)/2.0 (composite
section (strain compatibility)) N,strip = 2.0(Nq,strip-1).tan' Sa(z=L-L0) = F..Su(z=L-L0) N,strip = N1/2(N2-1),
(<=Salimit(z))
=(0.91fy,API.AAPI+0.45fcu.Ac,API)/2.0 N=tan2(45+/2)
(concrete filled CHS) Qs' = (D or 4D).(L-L0).a'
Fpile = Aps.L.(c-dry)
a'=[a'(z=0)+a'(z=L-L0)]/2 Qs' = (D or 4D).(L-L0).a'
Pf = Qb + Qs
a'(z=0)= Ks.tan'.v'(z=0) a'=[a'(z=0)+a'(z=L-L0)]/2
(<=alimit'(z)) a'(z=0)= Ks.tan'.v'(z=0)
a'(z=L-L0) = Ks.tan'.v'(z=L-L0) (<=alimit'(z))
(<=alimit'(z)) a'(z=L-L0) = Ks.tan'.v'(z=L-L0)
(<=alimit'(z))
a' = h'.tan' = Ksv'.tan'
Ks.tan' = kKs.K0.tan' = kKs.(1- a' = h'.tan' = Ksv'.tan'
sin').tan' Ks.tan' = kKs.K0.tan' = kKs.(1-
sin').tan'
Fpile = Aps.L.(c-dry)
Pf' = Qb' + Qs' Fpile = Aps.L.(c-dry)
Pf' = Qb' + Qs'