Structural

Organisation in Animals
IMPORTANT TERMS)
" Cell Junctions: Cell junctions are the structures Spermatophores: Spermatophores are bundles/
spermatozoa in cockroaches
masses of
which hold the cells of a tissue together, when
earthworms, etc.
they are not widely separated by extra-cellular
material. Nymph : The young ones of cockroach-like
Sarcomere: The structural and functional unit insects, which resemble the adults, but lack wings
of muscle tissue, is called sarcomere. and reproductive organs, are called nymphs.

IMPORTANT NOTES
1. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMAL TISSUES C. Simple Epithelium
Animal cells vary in their structure and shape ()Simple Squamous Epithelium
according to the function they perform. The cells are thin, flat and have irregular
Accordingly, they are classified into (i) Epithelial boundaries.
tissue, (i) Connective tissue, (ii) Muscular It forms the inner lining of alveoli, blood
tissue and (iv) Nervous tissue. vessels (endothelium) and peritoneum of the
2. EPITHELIAL TISSUE body cavity.
It is involved in the formation of diffusion
A. Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue:
Epithelial tissue covers the external surface boundary.
of the body and lines the internal free surface (ii) Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
of the hollow visceral organs. The cells appear cubical in vertical section
The cells are arranged compactly with very It is found in the smaller ducts of salivary and
little extracellular material. pancreas glands and in the thyroid vesicles.
- The adjacent cells are linked by three types IIts main functions are secretion and absorption.
of cell junctions. (iii) Simple Columnar Epithelium
- Epithelial cells rest on a non-cellular basement The cells are tall, slender and pillar-like with
membrane, and receive nutrients from the one oval nucleus at the base of the cell.
underlying connective tissue.
IIt is found in the inner surface of stomach,
B. Classification
gall bladder, intestine, gastric glands and
- Epithelial tissues can be broadly classified intestinal glands.
as follows:
Epithelial tissues It also helps in absorption and secretion.
(iv) Ciliated Epithelium
Simple epithelium Compound epithelium It consists of columnar or cuboidal epithelil
cells which bear cilia on their free surtace.
|Stratified epithelium Transitional epithelium It is found in the fallopian tubes,bronchioles
and nasal passage.
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Ciliated Glandular The cilia help in the movement of oVã,
epithelium epithelium epitheliurn epithelium epithelium mucus, etc. in a particular direction.
 -Tal/Columnar
Flat Cuboidal cells
cells
cells Nuclei.
Basement -Basement
(a) Squamous membrane membrane
(b) Cuboidal (c) Columnar
Epithelium () Ciliated
Epithelium Epithelium Epithelium
Fig. 7.1 Simple Epithelial Tissue
(v) Glandular Epithelium
Those columnar or cuboidal cells, which are They secrete hormones. e.g., thyroid gland.
thymus gland, pituitary gland, etc.
specialised for secretion, constitute glands.
Glands may be (i) Unicellular glands or D. Compound Epithelium
- It consists of more than one layer of cells.
(ii) Multicellular glands.
- The main function of compound epithelium
is to provide protection against chemical and
mechanical stresses.
Multicellular
gland
-Unicellular Squamous
gland epithelial cell
(a) (b) Middle layers
Fig. 7.2 Glandular Epithelium
Based on the mode of pouring out their Basement
secretions, glands may be exocrine glands membrane
or endocrine glands. Fig. 7.3 Stratified Epithelium
(a) Exocrine glands 3. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
They have ducts/tubes to pour their secretion A. Characteristic Features:
into a particular tissue/organ; they secrete - As the name indicates, they bind/link different
mucus, saliva, digestive enzymes, ear wax, tissues and organs together and support them.
milk, oil, etc. e.g., salivary glands,mammary They are the most abundant and widely
glands, ceruminous glands of ear, etc. distributed tissue in an animal body.
Exocrine glands are also classified into The major components in a connective tissue
simple and compound glands. are (i) Cells (ii) Fibres and (iii) Matrix
o An exocrine gland with a simple, un The cells are loosely arranged or widely
branched duct, is called a simple gland. separated from each other by extracellular
o An exocrine gland with a branched system material, called matrix, secreted by the cells.
of ducts, is called a compound gland. The collagen and elastin fibres provide
(b) Endocrine glands tensile strength, elasticity and tlexibility to
These are the glands, which do not have a the tissue.
duct (hence called ductless glands) and pour - Matrix is composed of glycoproteins secreted
their secretions directly into the blood. by the tissue cells.
 B. Classificationof Connective Tissue:
- Connective tissues are classified as follows:
Connective tissues

Specialised connective tissues

Loose connective tissues Dense connective tissues

Bone Cartilage Blood

Areolar tissue Adipose tissue
Dense irregular tissues
Dense regular tissues

Tendon Ligament

C. Loose Connective Tissue:

- Loose connective tissue has cells and fibres loosely arranged in
the matrix; areolar and adipose
tissues are examples of loose connective tissue. Fat globule
Adipocyte
Mast cell Collagen
fibres
Elastic fibres
Collagen fibre Fibroblast
Elastic fibre

Fibroblast

Matrix

Macrophage
Fig. 7.4 Areolar Connective Tissue Fig. 7.5 Adipose Tissue
D. Dense Connective Tissue:
The cells and fibres are compactly packed.
If the fibres and fibroblasts are irregular in orientation, the tissue is called dense irregular connective
tissue; it is found in the skin.

Rows of
collagen
fibres
Fibroblast.
Tendon
cells

Collagen fibres
(scattered)

(a) Dense Regular Connective Tissue (b) Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Fig. 7.6 Dense Connective Tissue
- If the fibres show a regular orientation pattern, it is called dense, regular connective tissue.
e.g., Tendon and ligament
E. Specialised Connective Tissue:
Bones, cartilage and blood are the special types of connective tissues.
(i)Bone
Cartilage cells, called chondrocytes are
Its matrix is hard and non-pliable and is lodged in cavities/spaces, called lacunae in
rich in calcium salts and collagen fibres: it the matrix.
occurs in concentric layers, called lamellae. (iüi) Blood
around a Haversian canal, which carry blood
vessels and nerves. I Blood is a fluid connective tissue, whose
matrix is a fluid, called plasma.
Osteocytes, are the irregular bone cells There are three types of cells: 1. Red blood
lodged in spaces, called lacunae. cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes, 2. White blood
Bones perform many important functions. cells (WBCs) or leucocytes, and 3. Platelets
or thrombocytes.
It is the main circulating fluid of the body and
helps in transport of various substances.
Matrix
4. MUSCULAR TISSUE
Canaliculi A. Characteristics of Muscle Tissue:
Haversian canal - Muscular tissue is composed of long
Lacuna cylindrical muscle cells/fibres and each fibre
Osteocytes is made up of numerous fine myofibrils.
-Myofibril shows a number of contractile
units, called sarcomere.
Fig. 7.7 Bone The membrane of the muscle cell, is
() Cartilage known as sarcolemma and the cytoplasm
The matrix of cartilage is semi-rigid, pliable as sarcoplasm.
and resists compression. B. Types of Muscle Tissue:
- There are three types of muscles, (i) striated
Perichondrium muscles, attached to the bones, (ii) smooth
muscles in the visceral organs and (iii) cardiac
Lacunae muscles in the heart.
Communication junctions called intercalated
Matrix discs are present at the junction between
Chondrocytes branches of two different cardiac muscle
fibres; they fuse the plasma membranes of
adjacent cardiac muscle cells they make tie
Fig. 7.8 Cartilage cells contract as a unit, i.e., all the cells of
heart wall are stimulated simultaneously.

Sarcolemma
Nucleus
Nucleus Faint
Sarcolemma striations
-Dark band Myofibrils
Intercalated
Light band discs
Sarcoplasm
Nucleus
Branched
(Ü) A single fibre (ii) A sheet of fibres fibres
(a) Striated muscle fibre (b) Smooth muscles (c) Cardiac muscles
Fig. 7.9 Muscle Cells
 5. NEURAL/NERVOUS TISSUE o Apair of thread like, muitijointed antennae.
Neural or nervous tissue consists of which arise from the membranous sockets
(i) Neurons or nerve cells and lying in front of eyes; the antennae haye
(ii) Neuroglial cells. sensory receptors for monitoring the
Neurons are the structural and functional units environment.
of neural tissue and are excitable.
Neuroglial cells are the supporting cells in Antennae
neural tissue; they give support and protection
to neurons, but are not excitable.
Ocellus
6. COCKROACH Compound eye
" The scientific name of Cockroach is Periplaneta
americana. Maxilla
They are noctunal omnivores. Mandible
They destroy the food materials and contaminate Labrum
them with their excreta; hence they are pests. Labium
They also transmit a variety of bacterial diseases
by contaminating the food material. Fig. 7.11 Head of Cockroach
Antenna
Head Labrum

Compound eye Mandible

Thorax Grinding Zone
Prothoracic leg Incising Zone
Mesothoracic leg Hypopharynx
Forewing
Hindwing Maxilla
- Metathoracic leg
Abdominal segments Maxillary palp
Anal cercus Labial palp
Anal style Labium
Dorsal view Fig. 7.12 Mouth Parts of Cockroach
Fig. 7.10 Cockroach
o Biting and chewing type of mouth parts
A. External Morphology at the anterior end of the head.
Body is dorsoventrally flattened and is covered (ii) Thorax
by a hard chitinous exoskeleton. Thorax consists of three segments namely
In each segment, the exoskeleton occurs in prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax; the head
the form of plates called 'sclerites'; dorsally is connected to the thorax, by a short neck.
they are called tergites and ventrally, sternites; Each thorax segment bears a pair of walking
they are joined to each other by arthrodial legs.
membrane.
Apair offorewings arises from the mesothorax
- Body is segmented into three regions - head, and a pair of hindwings from metathorax.
thorax and abdomen.
(iii) Abdomen
(i) Head Both males and females have ten segments in
I Head is triangular in shape and is formed their abdomen, and the tenth segment bears
by the fusion of six segments. a pair ofjointed, filamentous anal cerci, but
The head bears the following appendages: there are marked differencess between their
o A pair of compound eyes. abdomens.
B. Digestive System
Anterior aorta
Digestive system includes the alimentary
canal and two pairs of salivary glands.
Alimentary canal is divisible into three
regions - foregut, midgut and hindgut. Alary muscles
-Foregut consists of mouth, pharynx,
oesophagus, crop and gizzard.
The entire foregut is lined by cuticle; foregut
leads into the midgut.
-At the junction of the foregut and midgut, Segments or
6-8 hepatic caecae are present in a ring; chambers of
these secrete digestive juice. the heart
- Atthe junction of midgut and hindgut, there
is a ring of 100-1 50 Malpighian tubules; they
help in the remOval of nitrogen nstes.
- The hindgut has three regions - ileum, colon Fig. 7.14 Circulatory System of Cockroach
and rectum.
The rectum opens to the outside through the D. Respiration
- The respiratory system consists of a network
anus.
Mouth of tubes called tracheae, which open to the
outside by ten pairs of small openings, called
Salivary spiracles.
glands
- The tracheae divide and redivide into
tracheoles, whose terminal ends are immersed
Oesophagus
Crop
in the body fluid; exchange of gases occurs
in the tracheoles.
E. Excretion
Gizzard Malpighian tubules are the excretory organs
Hepatic caecae present at the junction of midgut and hindgut;
they collect the nitrogenous wastes from the
Midgut body fluid and convert them into uric acid
Rectum
Hindgut and pass it into the hindgut.
Anus
Fat bodies, nephrocytes and urecose glands
Malpighian also help in excretion.
tubules
Fig. 7.13 Digestive System of Cockroach F. Nervous System
C. Blood-Vascular System Nervous system consists of a brain in the
Cockroach has an open blood-vascular head and segmentally arranged ganglia joined
system, where the visceral organs located in by paired longitudinal connectives and the
the body cavity are bathed in the body nerves arising from each of the ganglia.
fuid. Brain is represented by the supraoesophageal
- Heart is differentiated into thirteen funnel ganglion in the head.
shaped chambers, each with a pair of ostia, There are three ganglia in the thorax - one
one on each of the lateral sides. in prothorax, one in mesothorax and one in
- Haemolymph enters the heart through ostia metathorax and six in the abdomen.
and is pumped anteriorly to the sinuses G. Sense Organs
again. The sense organs include a pair of antennae,
 compound eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps (i)) Female Reproductive System
and anal cerci. It includes a pair of ovaries, that lie laterally
-Several images are formed in the eye and in the 4th,Sth and 6th segments of abdomen;
such a vision is called mosaic vision. each ovary is formed of a group of eight
H. Reproduction ovarioles.
- Cockroaches are unisexual (dioceous). The right and the left oviducts from the
() Male Reproductive System ovaries unite into a median oviduct and
The male reproductive system consists of leads into the vagina, which opens on the
a pair of trilobed testes, one lying on each 8th sternum.
side in the 4th to 6th segments. Apair of spermathecae is present in the 6th
From each testis, a vas deferens arises and abdominal segment.
passes down into the seminal vesicle to open Three pairs of chitinous gonapophyses are
into the ejaculatory duct, that leads into the present between the vulva and anus; they
male gonopore. help in the deposition of eggs.
Phallic gland is an accessory reproductive Collaterial glands help in the formation of
gland. oothecae/egg case.
The sperms remain in the seminal vesicles
On an average a female produces 9-10
and are glued together in the form ofbundles,
oothecae, each containing 14-16 eggs; the
called spermatophores; the spermatophores
move to the outside by the gonopore, that developmnent in cockroach is paurometa
is present ventral to the anus. bolous, i.e., it includes a nymph stage in
the development.
The external genitalia are called male
gonapophysis or phallomeres. The nymph moults thirteen times before it
becomes an adult.
Testis

Phallic gland
-Vas deferens
Ovary

Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct Oviduct
Duct of phallic Uterus
gland Spermatheca
Phallomere Collaterial gland
Anal style Female gonopore
Anal cercus
Pseudopenis Genital atrium

Fig. 7.15 Reproductive System-Male Cockroach Fig. 7.16 Reproductive system-Female Cockroach
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1MARK
1.1. Name the type of epithelium that forms a 1.3. Name the type of epithelium present in the
diffusion boundary. inner lining of hollow visceral organs like
Or bronchioles and fallopian tubes.
Name the kind of tissue which forms the 1.4. What is the function of ciliated epithelium
inner lining of blood vessels. in human body?
1.2. Write the two main functions of cuboidal 1.5. Name the type of epithelium that lines the
epithelium. inner surface of stomach.
 forewing
1.6. Name the type of epithelium that bears 1.30. What technical term is given to the
microvilli for absorption. or mesothoracic wing?
L.7. What is glandular epithelium? in the abdomen
I.31, How many segments are found (NCT 2012]
1.8. Give an example of a unicellular gland. of a cockroach?
1.9. Name the type of epithelium that lines the 1.32. Name the jointed-filamentous structure found
buccal cavity. in the tenth abdominal segment of (male and
1.10. How does a gap junctionfacilitate intercellular female) cockroaches.
communication? [NCERT Exemplar] 1.33. Where is food stored temporarily in the
1.11, Name any two types of loose connective alimentary canal ofa cockroach?
tissue. 1.34. What happens to the food in the gizzard of
1.12. Name the two types of proteins secreted by a cockroach?
fibroblasts. 1.35. Which part of the gut, of a cockroach has a
1.13. In which type of tissue excess fat is stored? cuticular lining?
[NCT 2013] 1.36. Where are the digestive juices secreted from,
1.14. Where is dense irregular connective tissue in a cockroach?
found in our body? 1.37. Name the first part of the hind gut of
1.15. Name the type of connective tissue that cockroach.
connects.
1.38. How many chambers are present in the heart
a. muscles to bones. b. bones at the joints. of a cockroach?
1.16. What technical term is given to the bone 1.39. Name the openings of the heart chambers
cells? through which blood enters the heart.
1.17. Name the site of production of blood cells 1.40. Name the muscles that help in the pumping
in our body. action of heart.
1.18. What name is given to the cells of cartilage? 1.41. Name the respiratory organs of a cockroach.
1.19. What are the cellular components of blood? 1.42. What are the finer branches of tracheae of
[NCERT) cockroach called?
1.20. Name a typical skeletal muscle. 1.43. What are spiracles?
1.21. Why are striated muscles called 'skeletal
1.44. Where does exchange of respiratory gases
muscles'? [HOTS] take place in a cockroach?
1.22. Why are smooth muscles called 'involuntary
muscles'? (HOTS] 1.45. Cockroaches are uricotelic. Justify. [HOTS]
1.23. A muscle fibre tapers at both ends and 1.46. Name any two accessory/additional excretory
organs of cockroach.
does not show striations. Name the muscle
fibre. [NCERT Exemplar] 1.47. How many ganglia are present in the thorax
1.24. Name the communication junctions present and abdomen, respectively in a cockroach?
in the cardiac muscle. [NCT 2009] 1.48. Where do the nerves that supply the antennae
1.25. How do cardiac muscle fibres contract as a and compound eyes of a cockroach arise
from?
unit? [HOTS]
1.26. Name the two types of cells present in the 1.49. What name is given to the several component
neural tissue. units of a compound eye of a cockroach?
1.27. What term is given to the chitinous plates 1.50. Why is mosaic vision also known as nocturnal
in the exoskeleton of cockroach. vision? [HOTS]
1.28. How Inany segments are fused to make up 1,51. Where are the testes located in the body of
the head of cockroach? a cockroach?
1.29, Which mouth part of cockroach is comparable 1.52. What name is given to the external genitalia
to our tongue? [NCERT Exemplar] of a male cockroach?
1.53. Name the accessory male reproductive gland 1.57. Where are spermathecae present in a female
of a cockreach. Where is it located? cockroach?
1.54. Where are the sperms stored temporarily in 1.58. What are oothecae?
the body of a male cockroach? 1.59. How many times do nymphs moult to reach
1.55. What are the adult form of cockroach?
spermatophores?
1.56. How many ovarioles are found in an ovary 1.60. Development in cockroach is described as pau
of a cockroach? rometabolous. What is meant by this? [HOTS]
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS-I 2 MARKS

2.1. Name the four types of tissues in animals. 2.18. Write four functions of bones.
2.2. Distinguish between simple epithelium and 2.19. Differentiate between bones and cartilage.
compound epithelium. [NCERT] 2.20. Bring out the differences between striated
2.3. How is ciliated epithelium different from and smooth muscles.
brush-bordered epithelium? 2.21. Distinguish between cardiac muscles and
2.4. Name the specific tissue that lines the striated muscles. [NCERT|
bronchioles. State any one advantage of this 2.22. Draw a labelled diagram of cardiac muscle
tissue being present there. fibres.
2.5. Name the kind of epithelium found in lung 2.23. What is special about the tissue present in
alveoli. What is the advantage of its presence the heart? [NCERT Exemplar]
there? smooth muscles and
2.24. Differentiate between
2.6. Name the type of epithelium found in the cardiac muscles.
proximal convoluted tubule of nephrons. 2.25. Mention one similarity between the members
What is the advantage of this tissue being in each of the following pairs:
present there?
(a) Cardiac muscles and striated muscles.
2.7. What is meant by ciliated epithelium? Name two
sites in our body, where they are present. (b) Smooth muscles and cardiac muscles.
2.8. Differentiate between unicellular and multi 2.26. Differentiate between neurons and neuroglial
cells.
cellular glands, with an example for each.
2.27. How is a brood pouch formed in a female
2.9. Distinguish between simple gland and
compound gland. [NCERT] cockroach? Name the parts present it.
2.10. What are the two types of fibres found in the 2.28. How is the gizzard in the alimentary canal
connective tissue? Mention their functions. of a cockroach suitable for grinding the
food? [HOTS]
2.11. Bring out the major differences between
epithelial tissue and connective tissue. 2.29. Give the location of hepatic caecae in a
2.12. Differentiate between loose connective tissue cockroach. What is their function?
and dense connective tissue. [NCERT Exemplar]
2.13. Name the type of connective tissue that 2.30. Name the structures found at the junction of
serves as a support framework for epithelium. midgut and hindgut of cockroach. What are
Mention the cell types in it. they meant for?
2.14. Distinguish between dense regular and dense 2.31. What name is given to the body fluid of
iregular connective tissue. [NCERT] cockroach? Mention its components.
2.15. Distinguish between adipose and blood 2.32. Mention the special features of eye in
[NCERT] cockroach. [NCERT Exemplar]
tissue.
2.16. How are tendons different from ligament? 2.33. Answer in one word or one line:
2.17. Mention four sites in an adult human body, () Give the common name of Periplaneta
americana.
where cartilage is present.
 (i) What is the position of
cockroach?
ovaries in a c. Osteocytes
(iii) Phallomere
(iv) Mosaic vision
(iii) How many segments are present in d. Genitalia
the [NCERT|
abdomen of a cockroach?
(iv) Where do you find 2.36. Match the following with reference to
tubules? Malpighian cockroaches:
(NCERT]
234. Mention the role of crop, gizzard, tracheoles Column I Column II
and compound eyes in cockroach. [NCT 20101 A. Phallomere () Chain of
2.35. Match the terms in column I with those in B.Gonopore developing ova
column II. C. Spermatophore (ii) Bundles of sperms
D. Ovarioles (ii) Opening of
Column I Column II cjaculatory duct
a. Compound epithelium () Bone (iv) External genitalia
b. Compound eye (ii) Skin [NCERT Exemplar]
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS-II 3 MARKS
3.1. Represent diagrammatically: 3.8. Describe the structures that constitute the
(a) Simple squamous epithelium. mouth parts of a cockroach.
(b) Simple cuboidal cpithelium. 3.9. Differentiate between the abdomen of a male
3.2. How are glands classified on the basis of cockroach and that of a female cockroach.
the mode of pouring out their secretions? 3.10. Draw a labelled diagram of alimentary canal
Differentiate between them, with an example of a cockroach. [NCERT]
for each. 3.11. In the figure, some parts of alimentary canal
3.3. Name any six secretions from exocrine of cockroach are shown. Name the organs
glands. A, B and C.
3.4. Write the appropriate type of tissues in State the function each of these organs.
column B according to the functions
mentioned in column A.
Column A Column B
a. Secretion and (A)
() (B)
absorption
b. Protective
(C)
covering (i)
[NCT 201I]
c. Linking and
supporting 3.12. Complete the following statements:
framework (ii) a. In cockroach, grinding of food particles
[NCERT Exemplar] is performed by
3.5. Mention the locations in our body where b. Malpighian tubules help in removal of
smooth muscles are present. Represent C. Hindgut of cockroach is differentiated
diagrammatically the smooth muscles. into
3.6. What are the following and where do you and
find them in animal body? d. In cockroach, blood vessels open into
(a) Chondriocytes (b) Axons spaces, called
(c) Ciliated epithelium NCERT] [NCERT Exemplar]
3.7. Draw a labelled diagram of the head region 3.13. Draw a labelled diagram of the circulatory
of a cockroach. system of a cockroach.
 5 MARKS
LoNG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS tendon
(a) Areolar tissue, blood, neuron,
5.1. (a) Represent diagrammatically the following: cartilage
(i) Compound epithelium (b) RBC, WBC, platelets,
(c) Exocrine, endocrine, salivary gland
(i) Multicellular gland ligament.
(b) Name two multicellular glands in human
(a) Maxillae, mandible, labrum, antennae.
body. (e) Prothorax, mesothorax,
5.2. (a) Draw a labelled diagram of areolar
connective tissue.
metathorax, coxa [NCERT)
(b) Where is it found in human body? 5.5. Draw a diagram of the reproductive system
cockroach and label ten parts in
(c) How does it differ from adipose tissue? of a male
it.
5.3. Draw a well-labelled diagram of the mouth of the reproductive
parts of a cockroach. What type of mouth 5.6. (a) Draw a labelled diagram
cockroach.
parts does a cockroach have? system of a female
5.4. Mark the odd one out in each of the following (b) How do the nymphs differ from adult
cockroaches?
series:
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
1. In complex multicellular organisms, the because they bind/link and support other
physiological functions or ife processes tissues and/or organs. There are cells widely
are performed by different groups of cells separated by the matrix and fibres.
(called tissues). The structure and shape of (a) Name the two types of fibres in the
cells vary according to their functions. There connective tissue.
are four basic types of tissues, each of which (b) Name the cells which secrete them.
performs a specific function. (c) What functions do the fibres perform?
(a) Is there division of labour in unicellular (d) Name the connective tissue that lacks
organisms? Justify. fibres.
(6) What value is exhibited by these? (e) Write the value you learnt from this.
2. Cells in the epithelial tissue are held together 4. Blood is a fluid connective tissue and helps in
with very little inter- cellular material (matrix). circulation ofnutrients, metabolites, respiratory
Specialised junctions provide both structural gases, etc. and provides immunity.
and functional links between individual cells. (a) Name the three cell types present in
Three types of cell junctions have been human blood.
recognised. (b) One of the cell types lacks nucleus and
(a) Name the three types of cell junctions is said to carry out anaerobic respiration.
and write their functions.
Justify.
(6) What value is shown by such an (c) Which celltype is responsible for clotting
arrangement? of blood during an injury of blood
3. Connective tissues are the most abundant and
vessels?
widely distributed in the body of multicellular
animals. They are called connective tissues (d) What value is exhibited by blood?

ANSWERS
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1MARK
1.1. Simple squamous epithelium. 1.4. The function of cilia is to move mucus or particles
1.2. Absorption and secretion. in a specific direction.
1.3. Ciliated epithelium. 1.5. Simple columnar epithelium.
 L6. Cuboidal and columnar epithelia.
1.33. Crop
1.7. Those cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells, 1.34, The grinding of food particles occurs
in the gizzard.
which become specialised for secretion, constitute
glandular epithelium. 1.35. Foregut
1.8. Goblet cells. 1.36. From the hepatic caccae.
1.37. Ileum
1.9. Stratified epithelium.
1.38. Thirteen
L.10. Agap junction facilitates cells to communicate 1.39, Ostia
with each other by connecting the cytoplasm of
adjacent cells. 1.40, Alary muscles
141, Tracheae
1.11. Areolar tissue and Adipose tissue.
1.42. Tracheoles
1.12. Collagen and Elastin.
1.13. Adipose tissue. L43. Spiracles are the openings through which tracheae
1.14. Skin. open to the outside.
1.15. a. Tendon 1.44. In the tracheoles.
b. Ligament. 1.45. Cockroaches excrete uric acid; animal excreting
1.16. Osteocytes.
1.17. Bone marrow.
uric acid, is known as uricotelic.
1.18. Chondrocytes. 1.46. Nephrocytes and urecose glands.
1.47. Three in the thorax and six in abdomen.
1.19. Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
120. Biceps, Triceps. 1.48. Supra-oesophageal ganglion.
(any one) 149. Ommatidia.
1.21. Since striated muscles are attached to bones and
interact with them to bring about movements, they 1.50. Since mosaic vision more often occurs during
are called skeletal muscles. night, it is called nocturnal vision.
1.22. Since the functioning of smooth muscles cannot be 1.51. Testes are located along the lateral sides in the
4th to 6th abdominal segments.
directly controlled, they are involuntary muscles.
1.23. Smooth muscle fibre. 1.52. Gonapophyses/Phallomeres.
1.24. Intercalated discs. 1.53. Phallic gland; It is in the 6th and 7th abdominal
1.25. The intercalated discs pass on the signal from segments.
1,54. In the seminal vesicles.
one cell to its neighbouring cells; so all the cells
contract as a unit. 1.55. Spermatophores are the bundles of sperms glued
1.26. Neurons and neuroglial cells. together.
1.27. Sclerites
1.56. Eight
1.57. In the 6th abdominal segment.
1.28. Six
1.58. Oothecae are the capsules which enclose fertilised
1.29. Hypopharynx eggs.
1.30. Tegmina 1.59. Thirteen times
131. Ten
1.32. Anal cerci
1.60. Since development involves nymphal stages, it is
called paurometabolous.
SHORT.ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS-I 2 MARKS
2.1. Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue
and neural tissue. - This is not efficient- This provides pro
in protecting the tection against me
2.2. Simple EpitheliumCompound Epithelium underlying tissues. chanical, chemical,
-There is asingle layer- There are several thermal and osmotic
of cells. layers of cells. stresses.
All the cells directly Only the basal most
2.3. Ciliated Epithelium Brush-Bordered
rest on the basement layer ofcells rest on the
membrane. basement membrane. Epithelium
This is efficient This has very little The cells bear cilia on The cells bear micro
in absorption and role in secretion and their free surface. villi on their free
secretion. absorption. surface.
 Microvilli increase the Cells are closely set. The cells are widely
Ciliated epithelium separated.
helps in the movement arca of absorption.
of substances by the Extracellular mate Extracellular
rial is
mate.
ciliary action. rial occurs as thin large in quan.
Normally columnar Cuboidal and film. tity.
epithelial cells bear columnar epithelial There is no supply It has supply of blood
cilia.
cells bear microvili. of blood vessels. vessels.

2.4. - Ciliated epithelium lines the bronchioles. 2.12. Loose Connective Dense Connective
The ciliary movement propels the particles, free Tissue Tissue
cells or mucus in a specific direction over the
cpithelial surface. The cells and fibres The cells and fibres
2.5. Lung alveoli are lined by simple squamous are loosely arranged are compactly arran
epithelium. in the matrix, e.g.. ged, e.g., Tendon.
Areolar connective
- Since cells are flat, they form diffusion boundaries
tissue.
for casy exchange of respiratory gases. It attaches muscles
It serves as support
2.6. Brush-bordered cuboidal epithelium is present framework of the to bones or bone to
in the PCT.
epithelium. another bone.
Here, its main function is absorption of substances
from the filtrate. 2.13. Areolar connective tissue serves as a suppor
The, microvilli on the cells increase the surface framework for epithelium.
area for absorption. - It contains mast cells, macrophages and
2.7. - When cuboidal or columnar cells bear cilia on fibroblasts.
their surface, the epithelium is called ciliated
2.14. Dense Regular Dense Irregular
epithelium. Connective Tissue Connective Tissue
- The function of ciliais to move the particles or mucus
The cells and fibres The cells and fibres
in a particular direction over the epithelium.
- It is found lining the bronchioles and fallopian are arranged com are arranged com
tubes.
pactly and the orien pactly but the fibres
tation of fibres shows are not oriented in
2.8. Unicellular Glands Multicellular Glands
a regular pattern. any regular pattem.
They consist of sin They consist of The collagen fibre The fibres run in
gle, isolated glandu cluster of glandular bundles are in different directions,
lar epithelial cells, epithelial cells e.g., parallel rows, with with cells scattered
e.g.,Goblet cells. Salivary glands. the cells in between between them.
the rows.
2.9. Simple Gland Compound Gland
- It is an exocrine It is an exocrine gland 2.15. Adipose Tissue Blood Tissue
gland with a single with a branched sys It is a loose connec Itis afluid connective
unbranched duct, tem of ducts, tive tissue. tissuc.
e.g, Intestinal glands. e.g., Pancreas. The matrix has The matrix does not
2.10. - Collagen fibres and elastin fibres are found in fibres. have any fibre.
the connective tissue. It is meant for stor It is meant for
They provide tensile strength, flexibility and age and metabolism circulation of various
of fats. substances and
elasticity to the tissues.
respiratory gases.
They also prevent displacement of organs.
Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue 2.16. Tendons Ligament
2.11.
- It covers the free It binds different These are the dense These are the dense
surfaces and is secre tissues / organs and regular connective regular connective tis
tory and absorptive provides support. tissues, which attach sues which attach the
the muscles to bones. bones at the joints.
in function.
 These are innervated
2.17. () Tip of nose, (ii) Pinna of car These are innervated
(ii) Between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral by autonomic ner by voluntary nervous
column. system.
vous system. Striations are promi
(iv) Joints in the limbs. Striations are faint.
nent.
2.18. () They provide place for attachment of muscles They are voluntary
and help in movement and locomotion. They have automatic
rhythmicity and invol in function
(i) Bone marrow is the site of manufacture of
blood cells. untary in function.
Intercalated discs are Intercalated discs are
(i) Bones provide protection and support to the absent.
soft tissues/organs. present.
(iv) The long bones of the limbs serve the weight 2.22. Refer Fig. 7.9 (c) in the text.
bearing function. 2.23. - Cardiac muscle fibres are present in the heart.
(v) They act as the depot of calcium and Cell junctions fuse the plasrma membranes of
phosphorus. (any four) the cardiac muscle cells and make them stick
2.19. Bone Cartilage together.
- Communication junctions, called intercalated
It is asolid, rigid and- It is a solid, semi discs make the cells contract as a unit by passing
strong connective rigid and flexible
tissue. connective tissue.
the signal to the neighbouring cells.
- Osteocytes occur Chondrocytes occur These cells never become fatigued.
singly in a lacuna. in clusters of 2 or 3 2.24. Smooth Muscles Cardiac Muscles
in each lacuna. Cells are spindle Cells are cylindrical
Matrix is deposited No calcium and shaped. and unbranched.
with salts of calcium phosphorus salts - Striations are absent.- Striations are present,
and phosphorus. are present in the but faint.
matrix. Intercalated discs are Intercalated discs are
Haversian systems Haversian systems absent. present.
are absent.
are present. They do not have au They have automatic
Matrix is in the Matrix does not tomatic rhythmicity. rhythmicity.
form of concentric show any concentric 2.25. (a) Both of them have striations.
lamellae. lamellae.
(6) Both are involuntary in function, i.e., their
2.20. Striated Muscles Smooth Muscles functioning cannot be directly controlled.
Cells are cylindrical Cells are spindle 2.26. Neurons Neuroglia
and unbranched. shaped with a broad These are excitable These cells cannot
centre. cells. be excited.
Striations are pro Striations are absent. These are the func These are support
minent. tional units of nerve ing cells and provide
They are voluntary They are involuntary tissue and conduct protection and sup
in function. in function. nerve impulse. port to neurons,but
The cells are multi The cells are uninu do not conduct nerve
nucleate. cleate. impulse.
They are attached to They are found in 2.27. - Brood pouch in a female cockroach is formed
the skeletal systerm. the walls of visceral by the boat-shaped 7th sternum and the 8th and
organs.
9th sterna.
It contains a gonopore at its anterior end,
2.21. Cardiac Muscles Striated Muscles spermathecal pores and collaterial glands.
These are found These are found 2.28. - The gizzard has an outer layer of thick circular
exclusively in the attached to the bones, muscles.
heart. in all parts of the body The inner thick layer of cuticle forms six chitinous
like limbs, jaws, etc. plate-like teeth.
 vision is called mosaic vision, which has more
- The movement with the help of muscles and
the teeth-like structures help in grinding the sensitivity and less resolution.
food. Since this type of vision IS more common jn the
vision
2.29, - The hepatic caccae occurs as a ring at the night. it is also known as nocturnal
() Cockroach.
junction of foregut and midgut. 2.33.
and
They secrete enzymes to digest almost all the (i) The ovaries extend between the 4th
6th abdominal segments.
food components.
2.30. - Malpighian tubules occur at the junction of (iüi) Ten segments.
midgut and hindgut. (iv) Malpighian tubules are present at the
They are meant for removal of nitrogenous iunction between midgut and hindgut of
wastes from the body fluid. cockroaches/insects.
2.31. The body fluid, is called haemolymph. 2.34. Crop - It stores the food temporarily.
- It consists of plasma and hacmocytes. Gizzard - It is the site where the food particles
2.32. - The cyes are located on the dorsal side of the are ground.
head. Tracheoles - Exchange of gases occurs in these.
- Each is a compound eye and composcd of 2000 Compound eyes - They are meant for nocturnal
hexagonal units, called ommatidia (ommatidium vision (mosaic vision)
singular) 2.35. a. - (ii), b. - (iv), c. - (), d. - (iii).
Acockroachreceives several images of an object, 2.36. A - (iv), B - (ii), C- (i), D - ().
with the help of a number of ommatidia; such a
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS-II 3 MARKS
3.1. Refer Fig. 7.l (a) and (b) in the text. (b) Axon:
3.2. Glands are classified into exocrine glands and - It is the longest among the outgrowths/
endocrine glands. processes of a neuron, that conducts the
Exocrine Glands Endocrine Glands impulse away from the cell body.
The glands which - They are present in all nerve fibres.
The glands which (c) Ciliated epithelium:
have a duct to pour do not have a duct
out their secretion, When cuboidal or columnar epithelial
and pour out their
are called exocrine
secretion directly into cells bear cilia, they are called as ciliated
glands. the blood, are called epithelia.
endocrine glands. - Ciliated epithelium is found in bronchioles
They secrete mucus, They secrete hor and fallopian tube.
enzymes, sebum, moneS. 3.7. Refer Fig. 7.11, in the text.
tear, etc. 3.8. The mouth parts consist of the following:
3.3. (1) Saliva (i) Earwax (iii) Milk a labrum (upper lip)
(iv) Mucus (v) Oil (vi) Enzymes a pair of mandibles, cach with two regions - the
3.4. (i) Simple cuboidal and simple columnar grinding region and incising region.
epithelium. a pair of maxillac.
(ii) Compound epithelium. a labium/lower lip and the hypopharynx, within
(iüi) Connective tissue. the cavity enclosed by the other mouth parts.
3.5. Smooth muscles are present in the wall of internal 3.9. Male Cockroach Female Cockroach
organs like:
Genital pouch or 7th sternum is boat
(i) Stomach (ii) Intestine (iii) Blood vessels chamber lies at the
(iv) Uterus and (v) Urinary bladder. shaped and alogg
hind end of abdomen, with the 8th and 9th
3.6. (a) Chondrocytes:
bounded dorsally by sterna, it forms a
Chondrocytes are the cartilage cells. 9th and 10th terga brood/genital pouch.
-Cartilage tissue is present in the tip of nose, and ventrally by the
pinna of the car, joints between adjacent 9th sternum.
vertebrae in the vertebral column etc.
 It contains dorsal Its anterior part con 3.10. Refer Fig. 7. 13 in the text.
anus, ventral male tains female gono 3.11. A. Crop: The food remains temporarily stored in
genital pore and pore, spermathecal this.
gonapophyses. pores and collaterial
glands. B. Gizzard: It helps in grinding the food.
There is a pair of anal C. Hepatic caecae: Secrete digestive enzymes, to
Anal styles are digest all types of nutrients.
styles arising from absent. b. nitrogenous wastes
the 9th sternum. 3.12. a. gizzard.
c. ileum, colon, rectum d. sinuses.
The abdomen is The abdomen is
narrow. broad. 3.13. Refer Fig. 7. 14 in the text.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
5MARKS
5.1. (a) () Refer Fig. 7.3 in the text.
(i) Refer Fig. 7.2 (b) in the text. - It is found in al- It is found mainly
most all parts of beneath the skin.
(b) Salivary glands, Pancreas, Mammary glands.
the body
(any two) Mast cells are pres Mast cells are ab
5.2. (a) Refer Fig. 7.4 in the text. ent. sent.
(b) It is found beneath the skin.
5.3. Refer Fig. 7.12 in the text.
(c) Areolar Connective Adipose Tissue - It is biting and chewing type.
Tissue
5.4. (a) Neuron (6) Cartilage (c) Ligament
It serves as a sup- - It synthesises, (e) Coxa.
(d) Antennae
port framework for stores and metabo 5.5. Refer Fig. 7.15 in the text.
epithelium. lises fat. 5.6. (a) Refer Fig. 7.16 in the text.
Adipocytes are - Adipocytes are (b) The nymphs have no wings.
absent. present.
They moult 13 times in quick succession.
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
1. (a) Yes, unicellular organisms also show division 3. (a) () White/collagen fibres and
of labour among the various organelles of the (ii) Yellow/elastic fibres.
single cell. (6) Fibroblasts are the cells which secrete them.
- Ribosomes carryout protein synthesis. (c) Fibres provide tensile strength, elasticity and
Mitochondria help in aerobic respiration. flexibility to the tissue.
Unicellular photosynthetic organisms (like (d) Blood.
Chlorella) have chloroplast to photosynthe (e) Like the different components of a tissue function
sise. as a unit, share the work and perform the duties
(6) By dividing and sharing the responsibilities, diligently for the success of the unit team.
some goal can be reached, which otherwise 4. (a) The three cell types in blood are
cannot be, by individual efforts. () Erythrocytes/Red blood cells
2. (a) The three types of cell junctions are (ii) Leucocytes/White blood cells
() Tight junctions, and (ii) Gap junctions (üi) Thrombocytes/Platelets
(ii) Adhering junctions (b) Erythrocytes lack nucleus, mitochondria and
Functions of cell junctions are endoplasmic reticulum; it is a secondary
() Tight junctions prevent the leaking of adaptation, where the cell is occupied by
substances across a tissue. haemoglobin for transport of oxygen.
(ii) Gap junctions facilitate the cells to In the absence of mitochondria they can
communicate with each other by connecting carry out only anacrobic respiration.
their cytoplasm. (c) Thrombocytes/Platelets
(i) Adhering junctions perform cementing of (d) Inspite of being unable to use oxygen, the RBCs
the adjacent cells to keep them together. supply oxygen and other components supply all
(b) No individual can function alone in a society. the other materials needed by the tissues; so
We need some form of interaction and help from reduce the needs, live successfully and happily
others; so lend a helping hand to the needy. with the minimum and serve the society.