Leon National High School Science, Technology,

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Engineering,

F. Cabarles St., Leon Iloilo and Mathematics (STEM)

General Biology 1
S.Y. 2023-2024

Cell Structures and Cell Types

PRE-LABORATORY PREPARATIONS

Things to bring:

Large tray Small water basin Zip locks

Small trash bags Bleach Marker
¾ Masking tape Masks Gloves
Laboratory gown Alcohol/Sanitizer Inhaler (for those with asthma or any allergies)
Tissues Razor blade Lancets

1. Whole onion
2. Whole tomato
3. Whole bell pepper
4. Bangka-bangkaan (Rhoeo discolor)
5. Plant (any) with broad leaf blade
-plant sample must be freshly picked upon bringing into the laboratory room. Bring many.
6. Plant (any) with herbaceous (non-woody) stem
-plant sample must be freshly picked upon bringing into the laboratory room. Bring many.
7. Aquatic plant
- Species of Hydrilla sp. or any live aquarium plant
8. Moldy bread
-you may get moldy bread from any bakeries
9. Yeast powder
10. Lichen
11. Wild mushroom
12. Yogurt/Yakult
13. Pond water
 find a stagnant pond or any basin where water has pooled for some time. There must not be
any water flow in the pond or water basin. When there is water flow, there are most likely
only few microorganisms to collect. Thus, you may not find and see anything once the pond
water is mounted onto the microscope.
 additionally, find one pond where there is an accumulation of algal growth (“lumot”): a good
indication of this is that the water is green. Presence of algae indicates presence of abundant
microorganisms in the water.
 before collecting, disturb the silt and sediments at the bottom of the pond or basin. Some
microorganisms have settled at the bottom due to the stillness of the water. You’ll be collecting
more microbes by bringing them up to the surface.
 collect the water sample inside a vial or any small container. Pick a few algae and leaves and
other debris in the pond and put as well inside the vial or container. Some microorganisms are
attached to these materials.
 close the vial and container securely.
 Only collect the pond sample on the day of the laboratory activity. Do not let the vial
and container be sealed for hours. Occasionally open the lid to let oxygen dissolve in the water.
Microbes do need oxygen too to “breathe”.
 Please use gloves as you collect the water. It might be contaminated for all we know.
Also wash your hands after collection.

Leon National High School Science, Technology,

Engineering,
and Mathematics (STEM)
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
F. Cabarles St., Leon Iloilo

General Biology 1
S.Y. 2023-2024

Cell Structures and Cell Types

LABORATORY ACTIVITY

Materials:
Beaker + distilled water Beaker + pipette (labelled: meth blue, iodine, glycerin, water)
1 250 ml beaker 1 1L beaker 3 Extra pipettes Glass Slides
Cover slips 2 Dissecting Kits Petri dish Methylene Blue Stain
Iodine stain Glycerin

Specimens:
Specimen 1: Onion Specimen 7: Aquatic plant Specimen 13: Wild mushroom
Specimen 2: Tomato Specimen 8: Blood Specimen 14: Lichen
Specimen 3: Bell pepper Specimen 9: Cheek scraping Specimen 15: Pond water
Specimen 4: Bangka-bangkaan Specimen 10: Semen Specimen 16: Yogurt/Yakult
Specimen 5: Leaf Specimen 11: Yeast Specimen 17: Plaque
Specimen 6: Herbaceous stem Specimen 12: Moldy bread Specimen 18: Prepared slides

Part I
1. Label and place your trash bags in your area
*Reminder: Throw all disposable waste materials and waste specimens directly into the
trash bag every after use. Separate the bag for materials (general waste), specimens (bio
wastes), and mask + gloves (surgical wastes).
2. Label all beakers using masking tape:
Distilled water
Pipettes (label 4 pipettes: meth blue, iodine, glycerin, water)
Dissecting materials (*this is where you’ll place materials from the dissecting kit every after use)
3. Place a masking tape on one side of the slide. Prepare 14 slides
4. Label each slide with its corresponding specimen number
5. Refer to Annex 1 on how to prepare the slides for each specimen
Part 2
1. Observe all specimens under Low Power Objectives (LPO) and High Power Objectives (HPO)
2. Take a picture of each specimen (as attachment for your worksheet later)

Worksheet Activity (Refer to actual worksheet)

-Draw your specimen on a separate sheet (indicate the objective lens used and magnification)
-Label and identify all visible cell structures and organelles
-Compare eukaryotic plant and animal cells as indicated on your worksheet
-Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes as indicated on your worksheet

Post-Laboratory
1. Pour 250 ml of bleach into a basin with one liter of water (measure using beakers)
2. Put all glass wares into the basin and let them be soaked for two days
3. Throw all wastes materials into their corresponding bags (labelled).
4. Securely tie all the bags and dispose them into a bag of sack
5. Wipe your tables clean and make sure your area is neat and tidy.

Annex I
Slide preparations
EUKARYOTIC- PLANT CELLS
Specimen 1: Onion
 1. Cut the onion in half to expose the leafy tissues inside the plant
2. Peel the delicate transparent tissue from the inner surface using forceps or tweezers
3. Place the peel on the glass slide
4. Add a drop of iodine onto the peel
5. Gently place a cover slip on top of the peel
6. Mount the slide and examine the specimen under LPO and HPO.
Specimen 2: Tomato
1. Cut the tomato in half
2. Scrape a small amount of the tomato flesh
3. Spread the cells on a glass slide
4. Add a drop of water onto the cells
5. Gently place a cover slip on top of the cells
6. Mount the slide and examine the specimen under LPO and HPO.
7. Prepare another slide following the same steps but only add methylene blue instead of water
Specimen 3: Bell Pepper
1. Cut the onion in half to expose the leafy tissues inside the plant
2. Peel a thin piece of tissue from the inner surface or skin using forceps or tweezers
3. Place the peel on the glass slide
4. Add a drop of water onto the peel
5. Gently place a cover slip on top of the peel
6. Mount the slide and examine the specimen under LPO and HPO.
7. Prepare another slide following the same steps but only add methylene blue instead of water
Specimen 4: Bangka-bangkaan (Rhoeo discolor)
1. Cut a portion of the leaf
2. Scrape or peel a thin piece of tissue from the leaf
3. Place the peel on the glass slide
4. Add a drop of water onto the peel
6. Gently place a cover slip on top of the peel
7. Mount the slide and examine the specimen under LPO and HPO.
Specimen 5: Leaf
1. Make a small tear from the edge of the leaf and gently pull one side to peel a thin transparent
layer of the leaf surface.
2. Remove the peel by pulling it apart from the leaf using forceps or you use a razor blade to
gently cut the peel apart.
3. Place the peel on the petri dish containing water
4. Add a few drops of iodine in the petri dish
5. After a few minutes take out the peel and place it on a glass slide
5. Put a drop of glycerin and gently place a clean cover slip
6. Mount the slide and examine the specimen under LPO and HPO.
Specimen 6: Herbaceous Stem:
1. Fold the razor blades to cut in half.
2. Cut one end of the stem with a scalpel
3. Make several thin cross-section slices of the stem using half of the razor blade and place
them in a petri dish with water
4. Transfer the stem slices on a glass slide, add a drop of water, and gently place the cover slip
5. Mount the slide and examine the specimen under LPO and HPO.
Specimen 7: Aquatic plant
1. Cut one piece of a leaf from the plant
2. Place the leaf on a clean glass slide and add a drop of water.
3. Mount the slide and examine the specimen under LPO and HPO

EUKARYOTIC- ANIMAL CELLS

Specimen 8: Blood
1. Place a clean and unused lancet inside a pricker device
2. Clean the index finger from a volunteer using cotton and alcohol
3. Prick the finger using the lancet device adjusted to level 3 or 4
4. Squeeze the finger to let the blood out of the puncture wound
5. Bleed one drop of blood on a clean glass slide
6. Add a very small drop of methylene blue into the blood
7. Make a thin spread of the blood by sliding another clean glass slide on the surface of the
other glass slide with the drop of blood.
8. Mount the slide and examine the specimen under LPO and HPO
9. Prepare another slide following steps 1-5. Add a drop of water and mix it with the blood
before putting a cover slip on top of the mixture. Examine the specimen under LPO and HPO
Specimen 9: Cheek scraping
1. Add a drop of water on a glass slide
 2. Using a toothpick, scrape the surface of the inside of your cheeks
3. Mix the scrapings into the drop of water on the slide
4. Add one drop of methylene blue and gently place a clean cover slip
5. Remove excess liquids by gently placing a tissue paper on the edge of the glass slide
6. Mount the slide and examine the specimen under LPO and HPO
Specimen 10: Semen
1. Pipette a small volume of semen and add a small drop onto the glass slide
2. Gently place a cover slip (Do not press the cover slip as you may crush the cells)
3. Mount the slide and examine the specimen

EUKARYOTIC- FUNGAL CELLS

Specimen 11: Yeast
1. Pour the yeast powder in a petri dish with water
2. Wait for a few minutes and then add a drop of water and yeast mixture onto a glass slide.
3. Mount the slide and examine the specimen under LPO and HPO
Specimen 12: Molds
1. Collect some molds from the bread using a needle
2. Mix the mold in a drop of water on a glass slide and gently place a clean cover slip
3. Mount the slide and examine the specimen under LPO and HPO
Specimen 13 and 14: Lichen and Mushroom
1. Cut a small piece from the lichen and mushroom
2. Cut even a smaller piece or make some scrapings using the scalpel
3. Place the scrapings or small pieces of lichen and mushroom on separate clean glass slides
4. Add a drop of water and gently place a clean cover slip
5. Mount the slides and examine the specimen under LPO and HPO

EUKARYOTIC- PROTIST CELLS

Specimen 15: Pond Water
1. Gently shake the vial/container containing pond water with its debris
2. Using a forceps or tweezers collect some algae and place it on a clean glass slide. If there is
no algae, pick any debris instead and wipe it at the center of the glass slide.
3, Add a drop of pond water using a pipette.
4. Mount the slide and examine the specimen under LPO and HPO
5. add a drop of glycerin and examine under Oil Immersion

PROKARYOTIC- BACTERIAL CELLS

Specimen 17: Yakult or Yogurt
1. Put a drop of water on a glass slide
2. Add a drop Yakult or a small portion of yogurt on the glass slide
3. Mix the samples into the drop of water on the slide (you may repeat this step using
methylene blue instead)
5. Remove excess liquids by gently placing a tissue paper on the edge of the glass slide
6. Mount the slide and examine the specimen under LPO and HPO
7. On top of the glass slide, add a drop of glycerin and examine under Oil Immersion
Specimen 17: Plaque
1. Put a drop of water on a glass slide
2. Using a toothpick, scrape the plaque (yellowish film) on your teeth.
3. Mix the scrapings into the drop of water on the slide
4. Add one drop of methylene blue and gently place a clean cover slip
5. Remove excess liquids by gently placing a tissue paper on the edge of the glass slide
6. Mount the slide and examine the specimen

Specimen 18: Prepared slides

Leon National High School Science, Technology,

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Engineering,
F. Cabarles St., Leon Iloilo and Mathematics (STEM)

General Biology 1
S.Y. 2023-2024

Cell Structures and Cell Types

Laboratory Worksheet
Direction: Please study the images below. Find the differences and similarities

Direction: Draw the plant specimens under the microscope and label all visible structures
 Direction: Draw the animal specimens under the microscope and label all visible structures

Specimen Name: ____________________ Specimen Name: ____________________

Objective: _________________________ Objective: _________________________
Analysis: Compare and contrast animal cells and plant cells
What structures and organelles are observable in animal cells under the
microscope? How about plants?

VENN DIAGRAM
-Write under the animal and plant cell section of the diagram all structures and organelles
unique only to either of the cell type. Write in the overlapping section of animal and plant
cells all structures and organelles common to both cell types.

ANIMAL CELLS PLANT CELLS

BOTH TYPE OF
CELLS

COMPARISON MATRIX
- Based on the microscopic images and the cell model diagram, compare plant and animal
cell in terms of the following:

COMPARISON PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL

Complexity of Cell
(Pro/Eukaryote)
Uni/Multicellular

Size

Shape

Nucleus (position)

Outer membrane

Vacuole (size,
number, and position)
Cilia/Flagella
(present/absent)
Leon National High School Science, Technology,
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Engineering,
F. Cabarles St., Leon Iloilo and Mathematics (STEM)

General Biology 1
S.Y. 2023-2024

Cell Structures and Cell Types

Laboratory Worksheet

Direction: Please study the images below. Find the differences and similarities

EUKARYOTIC
CELL

PROKARYOTIC
CELL
 Direction: Draw the fungi specimens under the microscope and label all visible structures

Specimen Name: ____________________ Specimen Name: ____________________

Objective: _________________________ Objective: _________________________
Magnification: ______________________ Magnification: ______________________

Direction: Draw the protist specimens under the microscope and label all visible structures
Specimen Name: ____________________ Specimen Name: ____________________
PROKARYOTIC
CELLS
Objective: _________________________ Objective: _________________________
Magnification: ______________________ Magnification: ______________________

Direction: Draw prokaryotic (bacterial) specimens under the microscope and label all visible structures

Specimen Name: ____________________ Specimen Name: ____________________

Objective: _________________________ Objective: _________________________
Magnification: ______________________ Magnification: ______________________

Direction: Draw the protist specimens under the microscope and label all visible structures
Specimen Name: ____________________ Specimen
EUKARYOTIC Name: ____________________
CELLS
Objective: _________________________ Objective: _________________________
Magnification: ______________________ Magnification: ______________________

Direction: Draw representative specimens under each representative organism and label all visible structures

Plant Animal

Specimen Name: ____________________ Specimen Name: ____________________

Objective: _________________________ Objective: _________________________
Magnification: ______________________ Magnification: ______________________

Direction: Draw the protist specimens under the microscope and label all visible structures

Fungi
Protist

Specimen Name: ____________________ Specimen Name: ____________________

Objective: _________________________ Objective: _________________________
Magnification: ______________________ Magnification: ______________________
Analysis: Compare and contrast eukaryotics cells and prokaryotic cells
What structures and organelles are observable in eukaryotic cells under the
microscope? How about prokaryotes?

VENN DIAGRAM
-Write under the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell section of the diagram all structures and
organelles unique only to either of the cell type. Write in the overlapping section of animal
and plant cells all structures and organelles common to both cell types.

PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
CELLS CELLS

BOTH TYPE OF
CELLS

COMPARISON MATRIX
- Based on the microscopic images and the cell model diagram, compare prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell in terms of the following:

COMPARISON PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL

Cell type (unicellular/
multicellular)
Complexity
Size
Shape
Membrane-bound
organelles
Representative
organism
Nucleus
(presence/absence)
DNA (location and
form/arrangement)