Physics for Engineers 1 Lecture

Motion in Two
Dimensions
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
Physics for Engineers 1 Lecture

Projectile
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

▪ Describe the horizontal and vertical components of motion of a projectile

▪ Apply the equations of motion of a projectile in solving projectile motion problem
▪ A projectile is an object upon
which the only force is gravity
(neglecting air resistance)
▪ A projectile is given an initial
velocity
▪ It follows a parabolic path (trajectory)
▪ The projectile motion can be split into horizontal or
vertical motion
▪ The horizontal motion of the projectile is constant
▪ No horizontal acceleration
ax = 0

▪ At any point in a projectile’s path, horizontal velocity is

the same as initial horizontal velocity
Vi = constant

▪ Gravity influences the vertical motion of the projectile,

thus causing a vertical acceleration
ay = g = - 9.8 m/s2 (downward)
Range R vs. launch angle  for a given initial velocity Vo:
Range is maximum when  = 45o

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/264165/why-do-archery-arrows-tilt-downwards-in-their-descent
Horizontal Projectile
▪ A projectile is given an initial velocity horizontally

Range 𝐑 = 𝐕𝐢 𝐭
𝟏 𝟐
height 𝐡 = 𝐠𝐭
𝟐

𝟐𝐡
time 𝐭=
𝐠
 Vx = Vi
constant
Vx = 20 m/s

Vy
starts at zero
increasing at a
rate of 9.8 m/s
every second
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/U3L2c
Example 1:
A cannon fires cannon ball 1
of mass m1 = 12 kg
horizontally at constant
velocity v = 20 m/s. At the
same time, cannon ball 2 of
mass m2 = 24 kg is dropped
from an equal height. The
fired ball lands after a time t1,
while the dropped ball lands http://scienceres-edcp-
after a time t2. educ.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2015/10/sec_phys_kinematics_pro
blems.pdf
Example 1, continuation:

Ignoring air resistance, which of the following is true?

A. t1 > t2
B. t1 < t2
C. t1 = t2
D. It is not possible to determine the relationship of t1 and t2
Answer: C
Justification: This answer does not require any calculations. First of
all, it is important to note that both the cannon balls start with the
same vertical velocity. Cannon ball 2 drops from rest, and therefore
has a vertical velocity of zero. Cannon ball 1 is fired horizontally, so
while it does have an initial component of velocity in the horizontal
direction, it does not initially have any vertical velocity (it is also
zero).
We also know that the acceleration due to gravity is the same for
both balls (regardless of mass), and since the balls start with the
same vertical velocity (zero) and are dropped from the same
height, then they must also land at the same time (answer C).
Example 2:

The same cannon from the previous question again fires a

cannon ball of mass m = 12 kg horizontally with velocity v
= 20 m/s from a height of 22 m. How far will the cannon
ball travel horizontally before it lands? Ignore air friction.
http://scienceres-edcp-educ.sites.olt.ubc.ca/
files/2015/10/sec_phys_kinematics_problems.pdf
Solution:
Given: Required: Formula:
Vi = 20 m/s R 𝐑 = 𝐕𝐢 𝐭
h = 22 m
𝟐𝐡
g = 9.8 m/s2 𝐭=
𝐠
Reference Point: ground, downward +
Solving first for time of travel t:

2h 2(22 m)
t= = 2
= 2.1 𝑚
g 9.8m/s
Solution, continuation:

Solving for range, the horizontal distance R:

R = Vi t
R = (20 m/s)(2.1 s)
R = 42 m

Answer: The cannon ball travels 42 m horizontally

before it lands.
Problem 1:

A bullet is shot horizontally from shoulder height (1.5 m)

with an initial speed 200 m/s. (a) How much time elapses
before the bullet hits the ground? (b) How far does the
bullet travel horizontally?

Answers
a. t = 0.55s
b. x = 110m
Problem 2:
A dart is thrown horizontally at a
speed of 10 m/ s at the bull’s-eye of
a dartboard 2.4 m away, as in the
following figure. (a) How far below
the intended target does the dart
hit? (b) What does your answer tell
you about how proficient dart
players throw their darts?

Answers:
a. t = 0.24s, d = 0.28m,
b. They aim high.
Angular Projectile
▪ A projectile is given an initial velocity at an angle  with
the horizontal
𝟐
𝐕𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧
Maximum 𝐡=
𝟐𝐠
Height
𝟐𝐕𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧
Vi 𝐭=
Flight time 𝐠

𝐕𝐢 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐
Range 𝐑=
𝐠
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mp8bz5P1m4I
Components of initial velocity Vi

Vix = Vi cos Viy = Vi sin

Useful kinematics equations:

Vf = Vi + gt
Vf 2 = Vi2 + 2gh
h = Vi t + ½ gt2
Example 1:

A cannon is firing a ball off a cliff as shown in the image. Find

the velocity of the ball when it is passing point A. Neglect air
resistance.

A. 4.6 m/s downwards

B. 18 m/s 55 º down from the horizontal http://scienceres-edcp-
educ.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2015/10/sec_phys
C. 18 m/s 35 º down from the horizontal _kinematics_problems.pdf
D. 11 m/s 25 º down from the horizontal
E. 11 m/s 65 º down from the horizontal
Answer: D
Justification: You do not need to do any calculations for this question.
In projectile motion, many properties are symmetric with the shape of
the parabola (ignoring air resistance). For example, point A is
symmetric with the cannon along the trajectory of the ball. The
direction of the velocity will be the same 25 º but directed below the
horizontal line as opposed to above the horizontal when the cannon
ball was fired.
The horizontal (or x-component) of the velocity will stay the same
throughout the projectile trajectory, but the vertical component (or y-
component) of the velocity will change depending where the cannon
ball is along the trajectory. More specifically, the vertical component
will have the same speed but directed at opposite directions (up or
down) on symmetrical points on the projectile parabola.
Example 2:
During a fireworks display, a shell is shot into the air with
an initial speed of 70.0 m/s at an angle of 75.0° above the
horizontal. The fuse is timed to ignite the shell just as it
reaches its highest point above the ground.

(a)Calculate the height at which the shell explodes.

(b)How much time passes between the launch of the shell
and the explosion?
(c)What is the horizontal displacement of the shell when it
explodes?
Solution for (a):
Given: Required: Formula: 𝟐
Vi = 70.0 m/s hmax 𝐕𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝐡=
 = 75o 𝟐𝐠
g = 9.8 m/s2
Reference Point: ground, upward +
Substituting:
Vi sinθ 2 v2i (sin θ)2 (70 m/s)2 (sin75)2
h= = = 2 = 233 m
2g 2g 2(9.8 m/s )

𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: the shell explodes at a height of 233 m.

Solution for (b):
Given: Required: Formula:
Vi = 70.0 m/s t 𝟐𝐕𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝐭=
 = 75o 𝐠
g = 9.8 m/s2
Reference Point: ground, upward +

Substituting:
2Vi sin 2(70 m/s)(sin75)
t= = = 6.9 s
g (9.8 m/s2)

𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: The shell explodes 6.9 s after its launch.

Solution for (c):
Given: Required: Formula:
Vi = 70.0 m/s R 𝐕𝐢 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐
𝐑=
 = 75o 𝐠
g = 9.8 m/s2
Reference Point: ground, upward +
Substituting:
vi 2 sin2 (70.0 m/s)2 [sin2 75 ]
R= = 2
= 125 m
g (9.8 m/s )
Answer:
The shell′s horizontal displacement when it explodes is 125m.
Illustration:
Example 3:

A tennis player wins a match at Arthur Ashe stadium and

hits a ball into the stands at 30 m/s and at an angle 45°
above the horizontal (Refer to figure next slide). On its
way down, the ball is caught by a spectator 10 m above
the point where the ball was hit.
(a) Calculate the time it takes the tennis ball to reach the
spectator.
(b) What are the magnitude and direction of the ball’s
velocity at impact?
Figure:
Solution:
Given: Required: Formula:
Vi = 30 m/s t spectator 1D kinematic
 = 45o equations
g = 9.8 m/s2
h = 10 m
Reference Point: ground, upward +
Analysis:
The path taken by the ball is not a complete nor half a
parabola. Hence, the derived projectile equations will not
be used; instead, the kinematics equations will be used.
Solution for (a):
Given: Required: Formula:
Vi = 30 m/s t spectator h = Viy t − ½ gt2
 = 45o Viy = Vi sin
g = 9.8 m/s2
h = 10 m

Substituting:
Initial speed upward:
Viy = Vi sin = (30 m/s) sin45 = 21.2 m/s
Solution for (a),continuation:
Height @ spectator:
h = Viy t − ½ gt2
10 m = (21.2 m/s)t – ½ (9.8m/s2)t2
Rearranging:
½ (9.8)t2 – (21.2)t + 10 = 0

Using quadratic formula yields t = 3.79 s and t = 0.54 s.

The ball is at height 10 m twice – way up and way down (RED line @
figure above), take the longer time for the ball to reach the spectator.

𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: The ball reached the spectator at 3.79 s.

Solution for (b):
Given: Required:
Vi = 30 m/s Vf Vfx
 = 45o
g = 9.8 m/s2 Formula:
Vfx = Vi cos Vf
h = 10 m
Vfy = Viy + gt
t = 3.79 s
Vf = (Vfx2 + Vfy2)
Viy = 21.2 m/s Vfy
Substituting:
Final speed horizontally (constant throughout flight):
Vfx = Vix = Vi cos = (30 m/s) cos45 = 21.2 m/s
Solution for (b), continuation:
Final speed vertically:
Vfy = Viy + gt
Vfy = (21.2 m/s) + (-9.8 m/s2)(3.79 s)
Vfy = -15.9 m/s Negative means velocity is downward

Final velocity:
Combine final speed horizontally Viy and vertically Vfy
Vf = (Vfx2 + Vfy2)
Vf = [(21.2 m/s)2 + (-15.9 m/s)2]
Vf = 26.5 m/s
Solution for (b), continuation:

Direction of final velocity:

−1
21.2
θ = tan = −51.3o
−15.9
Negative means θ is below horizontal
(see RED in the figure)

Answer: The ball’s final velocity as it reaches the spectator is

26.5 m/s, 51.3o SE.
Example 4

A projectile is launched at an angle of 30° and lands 20 s

later at the same height as it was launched. (a) What is
the initial speed of the projectile? (b) What is the
maximum altitude? (c) What is the range? (d) Calculate
the displacement from the point of launch to the position
on its trajectory at 15 s.
Solution:

a. c.
Vy = v0y − gt v0x = 169.7 m/s
t = 10s x = 3394.0 m
Vy = 0
V0y = 98.0m/s d.
V0 = 196.0m/s
x = 2545.5 m
y = 465.5 m
b.
𝑠=
Ԧ 2545.5 m 𝑖Ƹ + 465.5m 𝑗Ƹ
h = 490.0m
 Physics for Engineers 1 Lecture

Uniform Circular
Motion
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

▪ Describe and identify the radial and tangential components of circular motion
▪ Apply the equations of motion of a particle in solving uniform circular motion problems
▪ Objects move in circular path with constant tangential
speed v, but direction of velocity is not constant

https://slideplayer.com/slide/5008736/
Real-life examples of uniform circular motion:
(Object moves around a circular path at a constant speed)
https://www.theproblemsite.com/reference/science/physics/study-guide/kinematics-
curved/uniform-circular-motion

▪ The tip of the blade of a fan

▪ Airplane propeller
▪ A fly riding on a long playing record
▪ The stone in David's slingshot
▪ Earth's motion around the sun
▪ Moon's motion around the earth
▪ Many communications satellites’ motion
 𝒗𝟐
𝒂𝒄 =
▪ Velocity is not constant 𝒓
▪ Speed is constant
▪ Velocity is not constant because the direction of
motion is constantly changing
▪ With velocity changing: the object must have an
acceleration if we define acceleration as change in
velocity (not speed) divided by the time.
▪ Acceleration is constant
 𝒗𝟐
𝒂𝒄 =
𝒓
▪ Centripetal acceleration is always
perpendicular to the velocity
▪ Centripetal acceleration always
points toward the center of the
curve
http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/
hsp/sp/mod5new/mod52B.htm
 𝒗𝟐 if 𝒗 then 𝑎𝑐
𝒂𝒄 =
𝒓

if 𝒓 then 𝑎𝑐

For greater acceleration:

▪ the object would have to decrease
the radius of its circular trajectory
▪ the object increases its speed on
its existing trajectory
▪ or both.
▪ Period is time or the number of seconds to make one
revolution
▪ Period is denoted by T [unit: second]
▪ Frequency is the number of revolutions completed in a
minute (rpm), or the number of cycles in one second (cps)
▪ Frequency is denoted by f [unit: Hertz (Hz)]
▪ Period is inversely proportional to frequency

if 𝐓 then 𝐟
 𝟐𝒓 1
v= 𝑓=
𝑻 𝑇

v = speed/velocity, m/s
2r = perimeter, m
T = period, s
F = frequency, Hz
Example 1:

A record, 10" in diameter is rotating at 33 1/3 rpm

(revolutions per minute) on a turntable. A spot is on the
record, located 2" from the center.

a) Calculate the frequency and period of the record.

b) Calculate the speed of the spot.
c) Calculate the acceleration of the spot.
Solution for (a):
Given: Required: Formula:
D = 10” f and T 1
𝑓=
f = 33 1/3 rpm 𝑇
r = 2”
rev 1 min
Converting f: f = 33.33 x = 0.5556 𝐻𝑧
min 60 sec
1 1
Calculating T: T= = = 1.8 𝑠
f 0.5556

Answer: The frequency and period of the record are

0.5556 Hz and 1.8 s, respectively.
Solution for (b):
Given: Required: Formula:
T = 1.8 s v 2 r
v=
r = 2” T

2r 2(2 in)

Substituting: v = T
=
1.8 s
= 7.06 in/s

Answer:
The speed of the spot on the record is 7.06 m/s.
Solution for (c):
Given: Required: Formula:
v = 7.06 m/s a v2
ac =
r = 2” r

v2 (7.06 𝑖𝑛/𝑠)2
Substituting: ac = = = 24.5 in/s2
r 2 in

Answer: The acceleration of the spot is 24.5 m/s2.

Example 2:

A jet is flying at 134.1 m/s along a straight line and

makes a turn along a circular path level with the ground.

What does the radius of the circle have to be to produce

a centripetal acceleration of 1 g on the pilot and jet
toward the center of the circular trajectory?
Solution:
Given: Required: Formula:
Vt = 134.1 m/s r v2
ac = g = 9.8 m/s2 ac =
r

Manipulating the equation:

𝑣2 𝑣2 134.12
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑟= = = 1835 m answer
𝑟 𝑎𝑐 9.8

Answer: The radius of the circle is 1835 m or 1.835 km.

Example 3:

The world’s largest Ferris wheel with radius of 50.0 m is

located in Yokohama City, Japan. Each of the sixty
gondolas on the wheel takes 1.00 minute to complete one
revolution when it is running at full speed.
When the Ferris wheel is running at full speed, find the ff:
a) uniform speed of a gondola
b) centripetal acceleration of a gondola
Solution for (a):
Given: Required: Formula:
r = 50.0 m v 𝟐 𝒓
T = 1 min = 60 s v=
𝑻

Substituting: v=d/t
v = 2r / T
v = 2(50 m) / 60 s
v = 5.24 m/s

Answer: The uniform speed of a gondola is 5.24 m/s.

Solution for (b):
Given: Required: Formula:
r = 50.0 m ac v2
T = 1 min = 60 s ac =
r
v = 5.24 m/s

Substituting: a = v2 / r
a = (5.24 m/s)2 / (50.0m)
a = 0.548 m/s2
Answer:
The centripetal acceleration of a gondola is 0.548 m/s2.
Problem:

A fan is rotating at a constant 360.0 rev/min. What is the

magnitude of the acceleration of a point on one of its
blades 10.0 cm from the axis of rotation?

Answer:
a = 360 rev/min = 6 rev/s
V = 3.8m/s
aC = 144 m/s2
 Physics for Engineers 1 Lecture

Non-Uniform
Circular Motion
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

▪ Describe the motion of an object in a non-uniform circular motion

▪ Describe what a centripetal force is
▪ Apply the equations of motion of a particle in solving non-uniform circular motion problems
Three kinds of acceleration are involved in
non-uniform circular motion:
▪ Constant angular acceleration:
causes change in direction of motion
(circular path)
▪ Constant tangential acceleration:
causes change in tangential speed
▪ Centripetal (normal) acceleration changes
due to changing velocity
▪ The linear acceleration of
the object is the vector sum
of the tangential
acceleration and centripetal
acceleration

a = ac + aT
▪ The net (total or linear) acceleration no longer points to
the center
▪ Magnitude of net acceleration is found using:
𝒅𝒗
a= a2 = ac2 + aT2
𝒅𝒕

a = instantaneous acceleration at any point along a curve

a𝑇 = tangential acceleration
aC = normal, or radial, or centripetal acceleration
Using ratio and proportion,

∆𝑣 𝑣∆𝑡 ∆𝑣 𝑣2
= =
𝑣 𝑟 ∆𝑡 𝑟


2 𝑟 2
𝑣2 𝑇
𝑎𝑐 = =
𝑟 𝑟

𝑎𝑐 = 42𝑟𝑓2
 Examples of Non-uniform Circular Motion:
Roller Coaster Vertical Loop

https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/new-us-roller-coasters- https://www.slideshare.net/HurumaPeter/uniform-circular-
for-2017/index.html motion-76049157
 Vertically Rotating Ball Pendulum

https://elearning.reb.rw/course/view.php?id=313&section=8
Vertical circles are non-uniform circular motion:
▪ Unlike horizontal circular motion, in vertical circular motion
the speed, as well as the direction of the object, is
constantly changing.
▪ Gravity is constantly either speeding up the object as it
falls, or slowing down the object as it rises.
Example:

A fan whose blades measure 30 cm is located in the roof

spinning at 140 rpm. A blackout makes the fan stops,
with a tangential acceleration of –0.174 m/s2.

With normal acceleration of 10.65 m/s2, calculate the full

acceleration .
Solution:
Given: Required: Formula:
r = 30 cm hmax 𝑎 2 = 𝑎 c2 + 𝑎 T 2
f = 140 rpm
aT = -0.174 m/s2
aC = 10.65 m/s2

Substituting: 𝑎2 = 𝑎c2 + 𝑎T2

𝑎= (10.652)2 + (−0.174)2 = 10.651 𝑚/𝑠2

𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: The fan′ s acceleration is 10.651 𝑚/𝑠2

 Twirling a lasso Spinning a ball

https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free- https://byjus.com/physics/centripetal-and-centrifugal-force/
vector/cowboy-kid-twirling-a-lasso-vector-26605909
Car turning a curve road Planets orbiting the sun

https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/physics/ https://byjus.com/physics/centripetal
banking-of-road/6394/ -and-centrifugal-force/
Spinning a ball on a string:
▪ Fc is due to tension on the string
Turning a car:
▪ Fc due to friction between the wheels and the ground
▪ Centripetal force FC is the force on the body towards the
center of rotation when the body is moving around a curved
path.

𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎𝒂𝒄

𝒗𝟐
𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎
𝒓
Ling, Samuel J., et.al (2018). University Physics Volume 1.
OpenStax Rice University. Texas. Accessed at
https://openstax.org/details/books/universityphysics-
volume-1

Physics Ninja (2017). Projectile Motion: Finding the

Maximum Height and the Range. Accessed at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mp8bz5P1m4I
Physics Stack Exchange (2017). Questions. Accessed at
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/264165/why-
do-archery-arrows-tilt-downwards-in-their-descent

The Physics Classroom. Accessed at

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/U3L2c

University of British Columbia. Physics: Kinematics

Problems. Accessed at http://scienceres-edcp-
educ.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2015/10/sec_phys_kinematics_p
roblems.pdf
Slide Player (2020). Physics 2011. Accessed at
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5008736/

Cooper, Ian. Visual Physics Online. School of Physics

University of Sydney. Accessed at
http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/hsp/sp/mod5new/
mod52B.htm
Hetter, Katia (2018). A Roller Coaster Fanatic’s 10 Picks.
Accessed at https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/new-us-
roller-coasters-for-2017/index.html

Mammba, Peter Huruma (2017). Uniform Circular Motion.

Accessed at
https://www.slideshare.net/HurumaPeter/uniform-circular-
motion-76049157

Rwanda Educational Board (2019). Physics. Accessed at

https://elearning.reb.rw/course/view.php?id=313&section=8
Vector Stock. Accessed at
https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/cowboy-kid-
twirling-a-lasso-vector-26605909

BYJU’S The Learning App. Accessed at

https://byjus.com/physics/centripetal-and-centrifugal-force/
List of Videos and Simulations for Subtopic 1

Professor Dave Explains (Feb 3, 2017). Kinematics Part 3: Projectile Motion.

Accessed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aY8z2qO44WA

Duffy, Andrew (July 30, 2016). Projectile Motion. Accessed at

http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/HTML5/projectile_motion.html

Walsh, Tom. Projectile Motion: Tranquilize the Monkey. Accessed at

https://ophysics.com/k10.html

Walsh, Tom. Projectile Motion. Accessed at https://ophysics.com/k8.html

Phet Interactive Simulations. Projectile Motion. Accessed at
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/projectile-motion/latest/projectile-
motion_en.html

Walsh, Tom. Exploring Projectile Motion Concepts. Accessed at

https://ophysics.com/k9.html
List of Videos and Simulations for Subtopic 2

Professor Dave Explains (Mar 18, 2017). Uniform Circular Motion and
Centripetal Force. Accessed at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZj6DuB0vvo

The Physics Classroom. The Case Studies in Circular Motion Concept Builder.
Accessed at
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Concept-Builders/Circular-and-Satellite-
Motion/Case-Studies/Concept-Builder

Duffy, Andrew (Aug 9, 2017). Uniform Circular Motion. Accessed at

http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/HTML5/circular_motion.html
The Physics Classroom. The Circular Logic Concept Builder. Accessed at
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Concept-Builders/Circular-and-Satellite-
Motion/Circular-Logic/Concept-Builder

The Physics Classroom. The Uniform Circular Motion Interactive. Accessed at

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Circular-and-Satellite-
Motion/Uniform-Circular-Motion/Uniform-Circular-Motion-Interactive

GCSE Physics Ninja (Nov 18, 2016). Centripetal Tension in a String - The
Physics of Circular Motion. Accessed at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gg1NgFc500Q
List of Videos and Simulations for Subtopic 3

Cash, Jennifer (Aug 4, 2015). Non-uniform Circular Motion. Accessed at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dS8RYxcOdZE

Physics Lens (Dec 6, 2019). Vertical Non-Uniform Circular Motion. Accessed at

https://physicslens.com/vertical-circular-motion/

Ackerman, Nicole (Sept 20, 2017). Non-Uniform Circular Motion. Accessed at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOVu12t4I58

Centripetal Acceleration & Tangential Acceleration, Physics. Accessed at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XlvD5_0FVSc