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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS

● Portugal and Spain are the biggest ● also known as Spice Island
rivals and nagpaparamihan sila ng ● people are curious about the island as it is
colony. said to be rich in spices.
● Mayaman ang bansa kapag may spices ● they were intrigued because spices are
ang isang bansa. As spices are as worth as much as gold.
valuable as gold. Thus, one of the
factors that determine a country's wealth
is its supply of spices.
● Magellan’s friend
● during the Exploration of Moluccas,
*LIFE BACKGROUND OF FERDINAND MAGELLAN
nasiraan ng barko si Serrano sa
inhabited island o Turtle Island sa

● Portuguese - Ferñao de Magalhães Mindanao.

● Spanish - Fernando de Magallanes ● other historians think that Serrano

● youngest (bunso) sa tatlo (3) discovered the Philippines first.

magkakapatid
● Nationality: Portuguese
● he studied at Kingsworth in Lisbon
● The King of Portugal
● Magellan went to the king and proposed
his plans but the king rejected

● Magellan’s birthday Magellan's plans and ignored him.

● he was born in Ponte de Barca, Minho,

Portugal

● The King of Spain

● after the King of Portugal rejected

● Father: Ruy (Rui) Mosquita Magellan's plans, he went to the King of

● Mother: Alda de Mosquita (Mesquita in Spain, who allowed him to find, explore

other books) and travel the Moluccas.

*IMPORTANT DATE & PEOPLE DURING THE VOYAGE OF MAGELLAN

a. Trinidad
● Magellan joined the Portuguese - led by Ferdinand Magellan
Expedition, which Francisco de
b. Santiago
Almeida led.
- led by Cap. Cartagena

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS

c. Victoria
- led by Cap. Mendoza

d. San Antonio
- led by Cap. Sebastian Elcano
● nagsimula ang paglalakbay nina
e. Concepcion
Magellan with his group.
- led by Cap. Quesada
● they attend a mass and received
communion in the Church of Santa
w
Lucia
● 265 members (in other sources: 270, 263
● bumaba ng Seville, and bumaba ulit
members)
hanggang Quadalquivir River to Port of
● 2/3 of the 265 / 263 / 270 members are
San Lucar de Barrameda.
Spaniards, and the rest are foreign
mariners.

● Magellan’s voyage and expedition

formally started.
● “Enrique de Malacca”
● natalo sa isang war and nakasurvive lang,
so nabihag sya which led him to be a
slave
● narating ang Canaries
● the interpreter of Magellan’s
● may nag-overtake na ship and binalaan
expedition.
si Magellan ng father-in-law na
● at present, it requires an in-depth study to
mag-ingat sa mga captains
determine how Enrique, the expedition's
interpreter, understands Cebuano and
Bisaya when he cannot speak either
language. ● dumaong o nagland sila sa
Pernambuco, Brazil

● a priest, who did the first mass in the

Philippines. ● napadpad sila sa Rio de Janeiro
● pinangalanan ni Magellan ang lugar na
Santa Lucia (dahil every 13th of
december ay may okasyaon which is
● a chronicler who wrote (nagsulat) and
about Santa Lucia)
record (nagrecord) ng mga pangyayari sa
barko, which is almost three (3) years
silang naglakbay sakay ng barko.

● under pa rin ng December 13, 1519

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS

● napunta sila dito dahil sa paghahanap ng ● kusot (kahoy na pinaglagarian) at patay
gateway sa Pacific na daga ang kinakain.

❖ During this time, sinasabi na flat ang ❖ Mahigit isang taon na pero hindi pa rin
mundo, na kapag napunta ka sa dulo ay nila natatanaw ang Moluccas Island.
mahuhulog ka sa “end of the world.”

● after November 28, 1520, nakakita sila ng

● Narating nila ang Port San Julian, na dalawang maliit na isla o tinatawag nilang
nasa bansang Argentina. “Islets”
● tinawag nila ang dalawang island na
natanaw nila bilang “Unfortunate
Island”, dahil marami ang namatay,
● nagkaron ng kaguluhan sa mga captains nagutom, at nagkasakit dahil sa
dahil sa pagkasira ng barkong paglalakbay.
Santiago.
● gabi ng Linggo
● Linggo ng Palaspas o Palm Sunday ● narating nila ang Guam.
● dahil sa galak ni Magellan sapagkat
marami silang natatanaw na sailboats,
tinawag nya ito bilang “Island of Sails”
● sa 5 ships, ang Santiago ay nasira dahil ● dahil malaki ang barko nila, hindi
sa bagyo. pwedeng sumadsad ang barko sa
dalampasigan kasi sasabit sa buhangin
kaya hindi pwede.
● meron silang maliit na barko, nang paalis
● narating nila ang “Strait of all Saints”
na sila, ninakawan sila ng mga barko
ng mga taga-Guam.
● so instead na Island of Sais, pinalitan ito
ni Magellan, at tinawag nya itong
● during this time, nagpalit ng mga captains
“Ladrones Islands” o “Isla ng mga
each ship.
Magnanakaw”
● ang barkong San Antonio na
pinamumunuan na ni Esteban Gomez
ay bumalik papuntang Spain.

● nakita o natanaw nila ang isla ng Samar

● nag-umpisa ang Pacific Ocean Voyage

● maraming namatay and may sakit

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS

● in here, Magellan named the
Philippines as the Archipelago of St.
● sila ay dumako sa maliit na uninhabited Lazarus.
islet (walang tao) ng Homonhon. ● After maitayo ang cross, dinasal nila
● Homonhom ay matatagpuan sa Mouth ang Pater Noster (Amanamin) at Ave
of Leyte Gulf. Maria.

● mayroong siyam (9) na Filipino mula sa ● dumaong sila sa Isla ng Cebu

Island of Saluan ang dumating o ● Nagkaroon ng Blood Compact sina
pinuntahan sila at binigyan ng saging, Magellan at Rajah Humabon
isda, coconut, at palm wine.
● it shows how hospitable Filipinos are.

● Chief tale ng Cebu

● Asawa: Queen Juana
● tanghali o hapon ay nilisan nina ● namumuno ng 2000 na populasyon
Magellan ang Isla ng Homonhon.

● nagkaroon ng misa (2nd mass) sa

● dumaong o nagland sa Masao, Butuan, dalampasigan sa Cebu.
Agusan del Norte. ● after ng misa, nagtayo ulit ng wooden
● Huwebes Santo o Holy Thursday / cross.
Maundy Thursday ● binigyan ni Magellan si Queen / Reyna
Juana ng regalo na image ng Santo
Nino.

● nagkaroon ng Blood Compact sina

Magellan at Rajah Kolambu
● Biyernes Santo ● ininvade ni Magellan ang Mactan dahil
sa maling akala.

● ito ay Easter Sunday

● naganap ang unang misa sa Philippines ● Chief tale of Mactan
ni Fr. Pedro de Valderrama.
● nang mag-sunset, nagtayo sila ng
malaking krus / cross sa tuktok o
summit ng hill na nakaharap sa dagat. ● 60 armed men and 3 bezels in Spain

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS

● While, 1000 Cebuano Warriors and 30 ● dalawang barko ang nakarating sa
boats in Philippines. Spice Island. Therefore, nakarating sila
sa Spice Island.

➔ nasugatan si Magellan dahil sa

poisoned arrow sa right leg.
➔ patusok na bamboo ay isinaksak sa a. Victoria
mukha ni Magellan. - led by Cap. Sebastian Elcano
➔ isa sa 1000 na Mactan Warriors, ang
b. Trinidad
inislah or “tinaga” ang left-leg ni
- led by Cap. Gomez de Espinosa
Magellan.
➔ thus, this is the reason on why Magellan
was not the first person to explore the
world because he died in the
● dinaanan ng Victoria papuntang Spain
Philippines.

● dinaanan ng Trinidad
● dahil akala ni Magellan akala nya iisa
ang namumuno sa Cebu, akala nya is
Rajah Humabon lang. Hindi nya alam na
Rajah din si Lapu-Lapu, kaya nagkaroon ● narating nila ang San Lucar, Spain

ng labanan. ● 2 taon, 11 buwan, at 16 days bago sila

nakabalik ng Spain.

● dahil konti nalang ang force ng mga

Kastila, sila (Kastila) mismo ang ● ang barkong nakaikot sa buong mundo

sumunog at umabandona sa barkong ● which led by Cap. Sebastian Elcano

Concepcion dahil hindi na nila kaya

lumaban.

a. Limasawa Island, Southern Leyte

b. Masao or Mazaua in Butuan City, Agusan
● narating ang Isla ng Tidore
del Norte
c. Homonhon Island, Eastern Samar
d. Mahaba Island, Placer, Surigao del Norte

● maliit na isla o Islet sa pulo-pulo ng

Moluccas, Maluku, o Spice Island.

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS

● Noong 2020, tinuldukan o nagdesisyon

ang National Historical Commission of
the Philippines (NHCP), na ang unang
misa sa Pilipinas ay sa Limasawa Island
noong March 31, 1521

Sa Battle of Mactan, sa dalampasigan

ng Mactan dito napatunayan ng mga
Pilipino na "sa manlulupig ay hindi
tayo pasisiil."

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN CAVITE MUTINY

● ayon sa kanya, may balak daw na

patalsikin ng mga native clergy ang
● nagsimula ang Cavite Mutiny Spanish rule dahil balak gawing
[pag-aalsa, kaguluhan] bagong pinuno ang GOMBURZA.
● nangyari ito sa Cavite Arsenal ● inakit daw ng mga pari [GomBurZa] ang
● Cavite Arsenal - gawaan ng mga armas mga rebelde at kaaway ng Spain
● involve mutineers: kapalit ng pagbibigay ng…
a. Sergeant Lamadrid a. kabuhayan
b. Ferdinand Lamadrid b. pera
c. 200 army c. kapangyarihan
d. ranks in the army
BAKIT NAGALIT ANG SPANISH? e. magandang buhay kapag
napatalsik ang Kastila
● dahil maraming namatay na
high-ranking officials na Kastila.
NGUNIT, NAGKAMALI ANG MGA PILIPINO…
● mayroong naganap na fiesta sa West ng
Intramuros, Sampaloc, Manila.
● may nag-sabwatan sa Cavite ● sinasabi nila na ang pagputok ay hudyat
● ito ay ang: ng kaguluhan.
a. native clergy (pari sa Pilipinas) ● nagkamali sila dahil ang narinig nila ay
b. rebelde putok ng fireworks kung kaya't natalo
c. tao na kaaway ng Spain ang Pilipinas.

● a spanish historian who documented ● binubuo ito nina Mariano Gomez, Jose
the Spanish Perspective Burgos, at Jacinto Zamora
● sila ang taga-pagsulong ng
secularization movement.
● ang GOMBURZA ay
● ang starting point para mapatalsik ang
pagkakasunod-sunod ng kanilang
Spanish government sa Pilipinas.
pagkamatay.
● idea ito mula sa mga educated people
na naging kritiko kung tama ang treatment
ng Spanish sa kanilang kolonya.

● gobernador-heneral ng Spain

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN CAVITE MUTINY

● Filipino Perspective: Cavite Mutiny ay

dahil hindi nagustuhan ng mga Pilipino

ang pagtanggal ng mga benefits at polo y
servicio.

● A Filipino scholar and researcher, wrote

the Filipino version of the bloody
incident in Cavite.

● Nagkaroon ng kaguluhan dahil hindi

● nagkaron ng madugong labanan
nagustuhan ng mga workers sa Cavite
between Kastila and mutineers
Arsenal ang pag-alis ng benefits
privilege dahil mahigpit si Gov. Gen.
Izquierdo dahil pinagbabayad pa ng tax
[spanish: tributo] and sa sapilitang
● ilang survivors ng Cavite Mutiny ay
paggawa. [spanish: polo y servicio]
ikinulong at ang ilan ay dinala sa
● at dahil doon sinisi ng mga Pilipino si
Maynila.
Gov. Gen. Izquierdo dahil sa pagiging
mahigpit.

Nais ng mga prayle na manatili sa ● inaprubahan ni Izquierdo ang

kapangyarihan, kung kaya't kinabahan ang mga judgement na death sentence sa 41 na
prayle dahil maaaring mawala sakanila ang mutineers
kapangyarihan dahil..
➔ Sa Spain, lumalakas na ang influence
ng mga liberal thinkers
➔ Ang Spanish government sa Madrid, ● ang 11 pang nadagdag ay kinondena at
nagsimula na mag-adopt ng liberal binigyan ng death sentence pero
policies, they wanted to start creating ipinababa ng general ito
Philippine Institute ● instead of death sentence ay life
➔ They wanted to change the friars para imprisonment
mag-handle ng education system sa ● nagkaron ng trial during that time
bansa
❖ Walang makapagpatunay o positive
evidence na guilty ang GomBurZa, at
ito daw ang utak ng Cavite Mutiny
● Spanish Perspective: Cavite Mutiny ay
pagsasabwatan ng mga native clergy
para mapatalsik ang Spanish government
sa Pilipinas

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN CAVITE MUTINY

Ngunit mayroong biglang nagpakita..

● 35 yrs old not 30

● star witness ng government
● pinakabata & most brilliant sa
● former Bicolano soldier
triumvirate ng GOMBURZA
● binayaran ng government authorities
● before sya i-execute, yung nag peperform
para tumestigo against the three priests
ng pagsasagarote lumuhod muna sa
● sya ang unang pinatay bago patayin
kanya ang ang sabi.. "Father, forgive me
ang GOMBURZA.
for I am going to kill you..", so malinaw
sa executioner na walang kasalanan si
Isa sa abogado na magtatanggol sana sa GOMBURZA ay
si…
Fr. Borgus.
● Borgus replied, "You are forgiven, my
son, I know you are complying with
● vindictive enemy in Fr. Burgos your duty. Proceed then with your
● higit nyang diniin ang tatlong pari work.."
● habang nakasalang si Fr. Burgos,
nagdasal sya "My Father Lord, Father of
Mine, received into your bosom the
● morning [2/17/1872 not 2/28/1872] soul of an inno.." hindi na nya nasabi
● The execution of GOMBURZA since that time, namatay na sya.
● escorted sila ng mga guwardiya
papuntang Luneta
● Francisco Zaldua - unang
pinatay/ginarote

● 72 yrs old not 85/73 [birthday: August 2,

1799]
● unang pinatay sa tatlong pari
● pinakamatanda
● last words: ”Let us go where the leaves
never move without the will of God”

● 37 yrs old not 35

● nawala sa katinuan dahil hindi alam
kung saan papunta ang kapalaran

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN RETRACTION OF RIZAL

DAHIL SA RETRACTION LETTER, NAIKASAL SI
RIZAL KAY JOSEPHINE BRACKEN..
● June 19,1861
● hindi sya maikakasal kung mananatili
● José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso
syang isang mason.
Realonda
● may misunderstanding sa pamilya ni Rizal
● member of mason
at Bracken dahil nanghihingi si Bracken
ng libro na isinulat ni Rizal kaya lang ay
hinahanapan sya ng marriage contract.

● samahan na ang paniniwala ay hindi si

Mayroong mga hindi naniniwala sa Retraction
Kristo ang Diyos at taliwas ito sa
Letter kahit natagpuan ito sa de Manila…
Catholic church.
● inilalarawan nila na ang diyos ay ang
Grand Architect of Universe. 1. NASYONALISTA

● tanging ang mga mason lang ang ➔ ayon sa kanila, kung binawi ni
nakakaalam ng beliefs, ideologies, at Rizal ang mga sinabi laban sa
principle nila. Catholic churches, ibig sabihin ay
binabawi nya ang kanyang mga
sinulat. hence, binabawi din nya
ang dahilan ng kanyang
● pagbawi/retraction of Rizal pagkabayani.

2. CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
➔ sagot naman nila ay lalong
● execution of Rizal
nagiging bayani ang mga
nag-aadmit ng mga kamalian.

● after 38-39 years natagpuan ang

Retraction Letter sa Arzsobispado de
● nais ipatupad ng gobyerno ang Noli Me
Manila.
Tangere at El Filibusterismo, pero iginiit
● natagpuan ito ni Fr. Manuel Garcia C.M.
ng catholic churches na huwag ituro ang
buong nobela dahil baka masira ang
kanilang huong pananampalataya sa
bansa.
● Ayon kay Ocampo, naniniwala siya na
ang Retraction Letter na ito ay sulat
kamay ni Rizal ngunit pwedeng ang
pirma ay dinagdag lamang.

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN RETRACTION OF RIZAL

interes na ipakita sa atin na talagang may
retraction na nangyari si Rizal laban sa catholic.

*Sinasabing ang version na ito ay hindi totoo,

at inexaggerate lang ng pari.
● umusbong ang radikalismo sa bansa, (1)
radical thinkers ang tinatanong ang mga
*Ang tanong ng isang historian na si Ambeth
bagay-bagay, espe. ang kabayanihan ni
Ocampo..
Rizal na kung iisipin ay hindi naman
➔ "Ganon ba kamahal ni Rizal si Bracken
kasama sa revolution.
para bawiin nya ang lahat ng kanyang
sinabi laban sa simbahang katoliko?”
[na naging dahilan ng kanyang
pagkabayani?]
● isa sa mga kinuwestyon sa pagkabayani
ni Rizal.
● ayon sa kanya, "ang bayan ang bayani, ang

tao ang bayani sapagkat ang tao ang Inilabas ni Dr Rene Escalante na chairperson ng
nagpapakilos ng kasaysayan." NCHP, ang huling 24 hours ni Rizal base sa
tala ng guwardiya ng Fort Santiago. [ngunit
hindi sure ang name ng guard]
EVIDENCES
a. Retraction Letter
b. Jesuit Version
c. Cuerpo de Vigilancia Version
● head ng cuerpo de vigilancia
● nagsulat ng cuerpo de vigilancia
version.
● Ang Cuerpo de Vigilancia ay mga espiya
ng mga Espanyol guwardiya at mga agent
ng guwardiya sibil.
● sumulat ng jesuit version
● isang paring jesuita na ayon sa kanya ay
isa sa pumasok sa kulungan ni Rizal
ng huling gabi.
● legal counsel ni Rizal

*Naroon daw sya at may incident na siya mismo

ang nakakita na ilang beses nangumpisal at
nagpamisa si Rizal.

*Maraming hindi naniniwala sa version na to

dahil isa siyang pari, therefore alagad sya ng
catholic church, kung kaya't mayroon siyang

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN RETRACTION OF RIZAL

Senor Maure (Asst. of the Plaza) were
informed.
● sinasabing ito ang retraction letter na
pinirmahan ni Rizal.
● pumasok si Rizal sa kanyang death row
kasama sina Senor Taviel de Andrade
at Jesuit priest Jose Vilaclara.

● ilang beses binasa ni Rizal ang prayer

book, lumuhod din sya sa harap ng
altar kasama sina Fr. Vilaclara at Fr.
● tinanong ni Senor Eloy Mauresi Rizal
March.
kung ano ang gusto nya.
● ilang beses din nyang binasa ang..
● sumagot si Rizal ba ang tanging gusto
a. Acts of Faith
nya ay ang prayer book na dinala ni
b. Hope and Charity
Father Estanislao March.
c. Prayers for the Departing Soul
● dito nya na rin isinulat ang Mi Ultimo A
Dios.

● nilisan ni Senor Andrade ang death row

ni Rizal.
● nagkaroon ng pag-uusap sina Rizal with
● pumasok sa selda sina…
the Priest of Jesuit: Fr. March at Fr.
1. Teodora Alonzo - mother of
Vilaclara, about religious matter.
Rizal
● ipinakita ng dalawang (2) pari ang
2. sisters of Rizal
prepared retraction letter pero nirefuse
a. Lucia
ni Rizal ang pagpirma.
b. Maria
c. Olimpia
d. Josefa
e. Trinidad
● lunch: poached egg and little chicken.
f. Dolores
● he also asked to leave and wrote for a
● habang yayakapin na ni Teodora si Rizal
long time. [pero hindi na nalaman kung
ay pinagbawalan sya ng guwardiya sibil.
ano ang isinulat ni Rizal]
● isa sa kapatid ni Rizal na nakakaintindi ng
English ay ibinigay/inabot ang alcohol
lamp na ang laman ay ang Mi Ultimo a
Dios.
● pumasok si Fr. March sa chapel and
Rizal handed him what he had written, ● pagkaabot ay sinabi ni Rizal na "there's

and immediately, the two chief of firing something inside."

squad: (1) Senor Juan del Fresno (2)

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN RETRACTION OF RIZAL

● bago umalis ay dinala na rin ni Teodora
ang two bundles of utensils na ginamit
ni Rizal sa selda.

● itinali ang kamay at nilisan ang selda

● tinola ang huling ulam ni Rizal. papuntang lugar kung saan sya
ie-execute.
● binigyan ni Fr. March si Rizal ng holy
picture of Virgin Mary that Rizal kissed
● binisita nina Fr. March at Fr. Vilaclara si repeatedly.
Rizal. ● napansin din ng guard na putla na si
Rizal.

TATLONG TAO NA PUMIRMA SA RETRACTION LETTER ● pinerform din ang death march from Fort
● Dr. Jose Rizal Santiago to Bagumbayan.
● Juan del Presno ● 4 soldiers ang merong riple.
● Eloy Maure ● andoon si Rizal, Andrade, Fr. Vilaclara,
Fr. March, at soldiers.

*Habang naglalakad, nakita ni Rizal ang Ateneo

mula sa dalampasigan
● tinanong niya ang Jesuit priest, "Ayan po
● nagpatuloy si Rizal sa pagdadasal sa
ba ang Ateneo?" The priest replied, "Oo",
harap ng altar.
and he replied, "Marami akong masasayang

ala-ala dyan."
*Habang naglalakad sa dalampasigan, Rizal
● dumaring si Josephine Bracken kasama
said..
ang kapatid na si Pillar, which they both
● "Marami akong masasayang alaala dito
dressed in mourning.
● si Bracken lang ang pinapasok, followed kasama ang aking sinta."

by a military chaplain na hindi sure ang

guard sa name ng military chaplain.
● donning his formal clothes and aided by a
soldier of artillery the nuptials of Rizal (1) Humiling si Rizal kay Kapitan, kung
and woman who had been his lover maaaring wag siyang barilin patalikod, ngunit,
were performed at the point of death. dahil nga convicted si Rizal sa salang tresyon,
(in articulo mortis) siya ay babarilin sa likod.
● tunay na nagretract si Rizal, dahil kung
hindi, hindi sila maikakasal. Kapag binaril sa likod, ay ang pagsubsob sa lupa.
Ang pagsubsob ng mukha sa lupa ay ang

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN RETRACTION OF RIZAL

pagkamatay na walang dangal at ito ay ● Pero nang barilin siya, nag-twist o
ginagawa sa mga taksil. Kaya't hindi umikot si Rizal hanggang sa
pinayagan ng kapitan ang hiling ni Rizal. napabagsak sya ng nakaharap sa
kalangitan — meaning hindi aya
(2) Ang tanging hiling na lang ni Rizal ay barilin sumubsob sa lupa.
sya sa likod malapit sa puso.

Sumigaw ang mga Kastila…

Nang barilin, malapit sa puso ng walong (8) na
● "Viva Espanya!"
Pilipinong sundalo.
● Bakit? dahil sa likod nila ay walong (8) ● "Muerte a los Traídos!"
Kastila na kapag di nila pinutok ang baril
ay sila ang babarilin. SUMMARIZATION AND CLARIFICATION
Moreno’s report contains details that are not
*Ayon sa expert, may isang riple na walang consistent with Fr. Balaguer’s affidavit. The most
malay. serious and obvious discrepancy is that Moreno
never mentioned Fr. Balaguer in his report. All
throughout the history of the retraction
controversy, Fr. Balaguer consistently claimed that

● tiningnan/chineck ni Dr. Felipe Ruiz he was present in Rizal’s prison cell and actively
involved in convincing him to retract. All other
Castillo ang pulse rate ni Rizal. pro-retraction advocates who came after Fr.
● After macheck sinabi ni Ruiz na..”It was Balaguer took his account as historical fact and
perfectly normal.” argued their case using him as their primary
source. The Masons attacked Fr. Balaguer’s

Ang kapitan ay sumigaw… narrative, but they never questioned his claim that
he was a witness to this event. However, in
● "Preparen!" - iniload ng mga sundalo
Moreno’s account only two Jesuits are identified:
ang mga baril.
Fr. Jose Vilaclara and Fr. Estanislao March.
● "Aputen!" - pagtutok ng baril kay Rizal.
● kinuhanan ang pinakahuling picture ni In his affidavit, Fr. Balaguer declared that he
Rizal at sinabing… "Consummatum est." talked to Rizal three times on December 29, 1896.
The first time was in the morning, from 10 to
● "It is done." [english]
12:30. It was during this meeting that he
presented the retraction template to Rizal but the
After non, sumigaw ang Kapitan…
latter did not sign. Moreno confirmed this meeting,
● "Fuego!" - Fire including the presentation of the draft retraction.
But he reported that Rizal was talking not to Fr.
Nakatalikod pa rin si Rizal kasi hindi pinagbigyan Balaguer but to Frs. March and Vilaclara. Moreno
ang hiling nya, ang nais na lang niya is barilin also confirmed that Frs. March and Vilaclara
sya malapit sa puso. returned to Rizal around 3 o’clock in the

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN RETRACTION OF RIZAL

afternoon. Fr. Balaguer claimed in his affidavit that Moreno’s report may have damaged the credibility
he was one of Rizal’s afternoon visitors. Fr. of Fr. Balaguer, but it did not refute the claim that
Balaguer continued that the third time he talked to Rizal retracted. It mentions that when Fr. March
Rizal was around 10 in the evening. He had returned at 3 o’clock in the afternoon, Rizal
another lengthy and passionate discussion with handed him a document. Then it says that Rizal,
him for more than an hour. It was on this occasion together with Juan del Fresno and Señor Maure,
that Rizal finally signed his retraction letter. signed the document. In the retraction document
Moreno confirmed that Rizal had visitors after that Fr. Gracia found in 1935, one sees that the
dinner, but the persons he identified were Señor three persons Moreno identified were signatories
Andrade, Señor Maure, and Frs. March and of the document. Moreno did not provide details
Vilaclara. Again, Fr. Balaguer was not mentioned, on the contents of the document, probably
and the time of the meeting was 9 o’clock and not because he was witnessing the event from a
shortly before midnight. Neither did Moreno’s distance. But that did not prevent him from
report mention that they discussed issues presupposing that the document was Rizal’s
concerning faith and retraction. The narrative is retraction letter. He simply wrote, “It seems this
short and ends with Rizal going to bed. was the retraction [parece que el escritoera la
retractación].”
Moreno’s report is a big blow to the credibility of
Fr. Balaguer. The fact that Moreno never The latter part of Moreno’s report confirmed a few
mentioned him in his report casts a cloud of doubt other controversial events that occurred before
on the veracity and accuracy of the affidavit that Rizal was executed. Moreno reported that right
he executed. If we are to believe Moreno, Fr. after Rizal signed the alleged retraction letter, he
Balaguer did not have personal knowledge of read the Acts of Faith, Hope and Charity as well
what happened to Rizal the day before he died. If as the Prayers for the Departing Soul. While
his affidavit contains accurate historical details, he kneeling in front of the altar, he also read his
might have gotten them from those who were with prayer book in the company of Frs. Vilaclara and
Rizal on December 29, 1896. If Fr. Balaguer was March. Moreno also reported that in the early
the chief negotiator who convinced Rizal to morning of the following day, Rizal and Josephine
recant, and if he talked to Rizal three times that Bracken got married. The ceremony was done in
day, Moreno would surely have inquired who he articulo mortis (at the point of death), and there
was. There is a remote possibility that Moreno did were no sponsors or witnesses present.
not know Fr. Balaguer because he was a priest Moreover, Moreno did not mention that the couple
and not an ordinary visitor. Since Moreno was signed a marriage contract. This should explain
able to identify the names of Rizal’s relatives and why this document remains unaccounted for until
the other visitors who talked to him, there is no today, and therefore people should stop looking
reason why Moreno would not mention Fr. for it. All these details in Moreno’s report are
Balaguer in his report if indeed he talked to Rizal indirect forms of proof that Rizal retracted.
three times. Archbishop Nozaleda and Fr. Pio Pi’s instructions
were clear that Rizal should not be given the
sacraments unless he retracted his anti-Catholic

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN RETRACTION OF RIZAL

beliefs. The fact that the marriage took place La Voz Española reported what happened in
confirms that Rizal re-embraced his Catholic faith. Luneta, and it also printed the text of the
Lastly, Moreno also reported that minutes before retraction letter that Rizal allegedly signed (NAP
Rizal was brought to Luneta, he heard Mass, Manuscript A-1, Doc. 27).
confessed to Fr. March, received Holy
Communion, and kissed the image of the Blessed The Cuerpo collection also has a photograph of
Mother. All these acts suggest and may be Rizal and the members of the execution squad
considered evidence supporting the claim, that (NAP Manuscript A-1 [9], Doc. 307). Finally, the
Rizal died a Catholic. collection has a three-page letter written by Juan
Ferrer to a person he simply calls “Apolinario,”
There is another thing Rizal did that is recorded in dated two weeks after Rizal died. The writer
many history books and also confirmed by states that Rizal was very brave during his
Moreno. He handed his family members his execution. He also asks Apolinario to inform his
personal belongings when they visited him the friends in Imus that they will not stop fighting the
day before he died. Unfortunately, Moreno did not Spaniards until Manila is independent. The author
specify the person to whom Rizal gave his claims that he was tasked to monitor Manila and
personal belongings. Specifically, he did not buy clothes and arms. Moreover, he offers his
mention to whom he gave the stove (others say help to Apolinario in case he organizes meetings
lamp) where Rizal put his Mi Ultimo Adios. A in Vigan. He ends his letter warning Apolinario not
number of biographies state that Rizal gave it to to tell his parents about his involvement in the
his sister Trinidad with the message “there is revolution and that he accepts that he will be
something inside” (Craig 1913, 240; Guerrero arrested one day
1971, 480). Moreno simply wrote that his weeping
mother left the chapel carrying “two bundles of
several utensils belonging to her son.” One can
easily assume that the stove was one of the
utensils that Teodora Alonzo brought home.

Aside from Federico Moreno’s report, there are

other documents in the collection that can enrich
further the narrative of Rizal’s final 24 hours. For
instance, the collection has several newspaper
clippings of what happened to him before and
after his death. One is the account of La Voz
Española, dated December 26, 1896, which
reports the meeting of the Consejo de Guerra on
the trial of Jose Rizal (NAP Manuscript A-1, Doc.
25). El Diario de Manila has a similar account of
this topic and event (NAP Manuscript A-1, Doc.
26). On the day of his execution, the newspaper

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN THE FIRST CRY

● Nanghihingi ng tulong si Andres ● August 25, 1896

kasama ang mga katipunero at
kinukumbinsi ang mga tao sa
rebolusyon.
● Asawa ni Andres Bonifacio
● August 25, 1896
● nangyari daw sa Balintawak (Caloocan)
● Sang-ayon sa libro ni Zayde, ang o kung tawagin ay "Pasong Tamo"
maituturing na First Cry of Philippine
Independence ay ang naganap sa
kweba ni Bernardo Carpio or
Pamitinan Cave. ● napangasawa ni de Jesus after
mamatay/mapatay ni Andres Bonifacio
● August 24, 1896
● nangyari sa lugar na kung tawagin ay
"Kangkong" o "Sitio Kangkong" na
1. nagkaroon ng meeting halos katapat lang ng Pasong Tamo na
2. nagkaron ng talumpati part pa rin ng Balintawak.
3. pagpunit ng sedula
4. pagsigaw ng "Mabuhay ang Pilipinas"

● He’s not an eyewitness, hence this cannot

be accepted. [inadd ko lang beh] auq
● isang importanteng document ng Pilipino ● August 24, 1896
dahil lagi to hinahanap ng mga Spanish ● Sampalukan, barrio of Bahay Toro
Authorities kung sila ba ay
nakapagbayad na ng community taxes.

● katipunan leader
● nangyari ng August 23, 1896
● saan: "Sitio Gulod" sa Pugadlawin sa
tahanan ni Juan Ramos [anak ni
Tandang Sora]
● August 26, 1896
● Paglilinaw ni Valenzuela: ayon kay
● nangyari sa Balintawak
Masangkay, sa Balintawak daw sa bahay
● Sa bahay ni Apolonio Samson na kung
ni Ramos, pero sabi ni Valenzuela ang
saan ay isang kabesa de barangay o
naganap daw sa bahay ni Apolonio ay
barangay chairman sa isang baryo sa
Caloocan.

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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN THE FIRST CRY

pag-uusap lamang ngunit walang
desisyon about sa revolution.

● Nagkaroon ng pag-aaral ng NHCP, ayon

na rin kay Teodoro Agoncillo na syang

kumuha ng pahayag kay Pio Valenzuela,

dapat daw na kilalaning date ay August
23, 1896 at ang lugar ay Pugadlawin.

Importance:
● hindi lang ito tungkol sa date pero yung
halaga na ginawa ni Andres at mga
katipunan and yung kanilang desisyon na
magrebelsyon para sa pilipinas. and yung
essence and importance ng pagbabago
ng mga katipunero sa daloy ng
kasaysayan ng bansa.
● either of the two dates, ang titingnan natin
ay ang essence, ang halaga, naganap, at
ginawa at naging kontribusyon ng mga
tao na involve sa katpunan at hindi yon
basta mapapantayan dahil ito ang stary
ng pagbabago, na pagbabago ng ating
bansa tungo sa kalayaan na tinatamasa
ngayon.
● it demonstrates the love for our country at
konsepto na tayo ay iisnag bansa at hindi
isang kolonya na pinaghajarian ng mga
banyaga.

18