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Electromagnetic Induction

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
35 views9 pages

Electromagnetic Induction

Easy notes hhjs

Uploaded by

ujjwal gowda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electromagnetic Induction

When a current carrying conductor is kept in a magnetic field, it experiences a force and it moves. If
a closed circuit is moved in magnetic field, then e.m.f and current are induced. The phenomenon in which
electric current is induced by varying magnetic fields is called Electromagnetic Induction. This was
observed by Faraday in 1831.

Experiments of Faraday and Henry


Experiment 1: Current Induced by a Magnet
1. When the North pole of a bar magnet is pushed
towards the coil, the galvanometer shows a
sudden deflection indicating that the current is
induced in the coil.
2. When the magnet is brought to rest, the
deflection reduces to zero. There is no deflection
when the bar magnet is held stationary anywhere.
3. When the magnet is moved away from the coil,
the galvanometer shows deflection in the
opposite direction which indicates the reversal in
the direction of induced current.

4. The galvanometer deflections are found to be larger when the magnet is moved faster towards or
away from the coil.
5. When the bar magnet is held fixed and the coil C is moved towards or away from the magnet, the
same effects are observed. This shows that the relative motion between the magnet and the coil is
responsible for the generation of electric current in the coil.

Experiment 2: Current Induced by a Current


1. When the coil C2 is moved towards the coil 𝐶1 the
galvanometer shows a deflection which indicates
that an electric current is induced in the coil 𝐶1 .
2. When 𝐶2 is moved away from the coil 𝐶1 , the
galvanometer shows deflection in the opposite
direction. This indicates that the direction of
induced current in 𝐶1 is reversed.
3. If the coil 𝐶2 is held fixed and coil 𝐶1 is moved the
same effects are observed.
4. The deflection is observed as long as there is a
relative motion between the coils 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 . No
deflections is observed if two coils are held
stationary or moved with zero relative velocity
5. The galvanometer deflection is found to be larger when coils are moved faster towards or away from
each other
Experiment 3: Current Induced by a Changing Current
1. When the key K is pressed the galvanometer shows
momentary deflection and returns to zero
immediately.
2. When the key K is kept pressed continuously, there
is no deflection in the galvanometer.
3. When the key K is released a galvanometer again
shows momentary deflection, but in the opposite
direction and returns to zero immediately.
4. The galvanometer deflection increases dramatically
when the iron rod is inserted into the coils along the
axis and the key is pressed or released.

Magnetic Flux

The magnetic flux ϕ through any surface held in a


magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗
B is defined as “The total number of
magnetic lines of force crossing the surface”.

ϕ = ⃗⃗⃗
B . ⃗⃗⃗
A = B A cos θ
Case: 1) When the magnetic field is perpendicular to that
plane of the loop , flux ϕ = B A = maximum value
2) When the magnetic field is parallel to that plane then no
field line pass through it and ϕ = 0

Units of magnetic flux:


The SI unit of magnetic flux is order (Wb) or tesla metre square (Tm2 ).
One weber is the amount of magnetic flux over an area of 1 m2 held normal to a uniform magnetic
field of one tesla.
1 weber = 1 tesla × 1 m2
The C. G. S unit of ϕ is maxwell.
1 weber = 108 maxwell

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction


First law: Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an emf is induced in the circuit. The induced emf
lasts as long as the change in magnetic flux continues

Second law: The magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
the circuit.
ϕ2 −ϕ1
e ∝
t

ϕ2 −ϕ1
e=k
t
k is a constant of proportionality = 1
ϕ2 −ϕ1
∴ e= t
If dϕ is the small change in magnetic flux in a small time dt.

e = − dt
The – ve sign indicates the induced emf always opposes any change in magnetic flux with the circuit.

For N turns e = −N dt
Lenz Law and Conservation of Energy
In 1834, German physicist Heinrich Friedrich Lenz deduced a rule, known as Lenz’s law which
gives the polarity of the induced emf clearly and precisely.

It states that “the polarity of the induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which opposes the
change in magnetic flux that produced it”.

When North Pole of a bar magnet is pushed towards a closed coil, magnetic flux through the coil
increases. Hence an emf is induced because of which induced current flows in the coil. The direction of the
induced current is such that it opposed the increase in magnetic flux. This is possible only if the current in
the coil is in anti-clockwise direction with respect to an observer on the side of the magnet. Now the
magnetic dipole moment associated with this current has north polarity towards the north pole of the
approaching magnet. This north polarity repels in the north pole of the approaching magnet. Similarly if the
north pole of the magnet is moved away from the coil, the magnetic flux through the coil decreases. Hence
an emf is induced in the coil because of which an induced current flows. The direction of the induced current
is such that it opposes the decrease in magnetic flux. This if possible only if the current in the coil is in
clockwise direction with respect to an observer on the side of the magnet. Now the magnetic dipole moment
associated with the current has south polarity towards the north pole of the magnet moving away. This south
polarity attracts the north pole of the magnet moving away.

Lenz law is in accordance with the law of


conservation of energy. In the above experiment,
when North Pole of magnet is moved towards the
coil, the right face of the coil acquires North
polarity. Thus, work has to be done against the
force of repulsion in bringing the magnet closer to
the coil.

When north pole of magnet is moved away, south pole develops on the right face of the coil.
Therefore, work has to be done against the force of attraction in taking the magnet away from the coil.

This mechanical work in moving the magnet with respect to the coil changes into electrical energy
producing induced current. Hence, energy transformation takes place.
Motional Electromotive Force (emf)
Consider a long straight conductor PQ of length l
placed in a uniform magnetic field B such that the
direction of B is perpendicular to the length of the
conductor and perpendicular to the plane as shown
in the figure. The conductor is moved with a
velocity v in the direction perpendicular to the
magnetic field B. Let the conductor PQ moves by a
distance dx in a small interval dt.
The area covered by conductor is 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
The change in magnetic flux with the conductor is 𝑑ϕ = 𝐵 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
The magnitude of the emf induced in the conductor
dϕ B 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
e= =
dt dt
d𝑥
e=B𝑙v (∵ = v) -------(1)
d𝑡
Consider an arbitrary change q in conductor. When rod moves speed v, the charge also moving with speed v
in the magnetic field B. The Lorentz force of the charge is qvB in magnitude and direction is towards Q
Workdone in moving the charge from P to Q is
W = qvBl
Since emf is the workdone per unit charge
𝑊
e = 𝑞 = Blv -----(2)
If the conductor is stationary and the magnetic field is changing the force on its conductor is given by
F = q(E+vB)
F = qE (∵ v=0) Thus any force on the charge must arise from the electric field E alone.

Self-Induction

Consider a coil connected in series with a cell and a plug key. When the circuit is completed the
current in the circuit does not rise from zero to maximum suddenly instead it takes a finite time to do so.
When current starts increasing, the magnetic flux linked with the circuit also increases and induces an emf
which opposes the growth of current. The time taken by current to become maximum from zero is called
time of growth and the emf which opposes the growth of current is called back emf. When current becomes
steady there will be no change in the magnetic flux and hence no emf is induced. When the key is released
current starts decreasing, due to this the magnetic flux linked with the coil also decreases and hence an emf
is induced which opposes the decay of current. The time taken by the current to become zero from
maximum is called time of decay and the emf which opposes the decay of current is called forward emf.
The magnitude of forward emf is always more than the back emf. Thus the induced emf at the break
of the circuit is always greater than emf during the make of the circuit.
“The phenomenon in which an emf is induced in the coil due to the change in magnetic flux in the
coil itself is called Self-Induction”. Self-Induction is also called inertia of electricity.

Coefficient of Self-Induction or Self-Inductance



We have e = dt
We know that ϕ ∝𝐼
ϕ=LI Where L = coefficient of self-induction
d(L I) dl
∴e= = −L dt
dt
dl
It dt = 1 A s −1 then L = e
The self-inductance of a coil is numerically equal to the emf induced in the coil, when the current in it
changes at a rate of 1 A s −1 .
The S. I. unit is henry (H)
dI
If dt = 1 A s−1 and e = 1 V then L = 1 H
Self-inductance of a coil is said to be 1 H if 1 V of emf is induced in the coil when current changes at a rate
of 1 A s −1 .

Self-Inductance of a solenoid
Self-inductance is a property of a coil or a conductor by virtue of which it opposes any varying current in the
coil.
Consider a long solenoid of cross-sectional area A and length 𝑙 having n turns per unit length. The magnetic
field due to a current I flowing in the solenoid is
B = μ0 nI
We have ϕ = NBA
Where N = n𝑙 i.e., the total number of turns
ϕ = (n𝑙) (μ0 nI)A
ϕ = μ0 n2 𝑙IA
but ϕ=LI
∴ L I = μ0 n2 𝑙 I A
L = μ 0 n2 𝑙 A
If the solenoid has a core of some magnetic material of relative permeability μr then
L = μ 0 μ r n2 𝑙 A

Energy Stored in an induction coil:-


In self-inductance , the induced emf always opposes any change in current in the circuit called back emf.
Work has to be done against this back emf in establishing the current. This work done is stored as magnetic
potential energy. Let dW be the work done in establishing a current I in the coil in a time dt. Then
dW = −e I dt
dI
But e = −L dt
dI
∴ dW = L dt I dt
dW = L IdI
the total work done is W = ∫ dW
W = ∫ L IdI = L ∫ IdI
I2
W=L2
1
W = 2 LI2
But work done is potential energy
1
∴ U = 2 LI2

Mutual Induction
The phenomenon in which a change of current in one coil induces an emf in another neighbouring coil is
called mutual induction
The emf produced in secondary coil is directly proportional to rate of change of current through the primary
coil

We have e= dt
We know that ϕ ∝I
ϕ=MI
Where M = coefficient of mutual induction.
d(M I) dI
e= = M dt
dt
dI −1
If dt = 1 A s then M = e
The mutual induction of coils is numerically equal to the emf induced in the secondary coil when the current
through primary coil changes at a rate of 1 A s−1 .

Mutual Inductance of Two Long Solenoids

Consider two long solenoids 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 of same


length 𝑙, such that solenoid 𝑆2 surrounds solenoid
𝑆1 completely. Let n1 and n2 be the number of
turns per unit length of S1 and S2 , I be the current
passed through S1.
We know that ϕ21 ∝ I1
ϕ21 = M21 I1
M21 = co-efficient of mutual induction of the two solenoids
we know that B1 = μ0 n1 I1
total magnetic flux linked with the solenoid S2
ϕ21 = N2 B1 A
ϕ21 = (n2 𝑙) (μ0 n1 I1 ) (πr 2 )
ϕ21 = μ0 n1 n2 πr 2 𝑙 I1
But ϕ21 = M21 I1
M21 I1 = μ0 n1 n2 πr 2 𝑙 I1
M21 = μ0 n1 n2 πr 2 𝑙
Similarly M21 = M12 = M
∴ M = μ0 n1 n2 πr 2 𝑙
For a relative permeability present inside a solenoid,
M = μ0 μr n1 n2 πr 2 𝑙

AC Generator
Principle: Based on the phenomenon of Electromagnetic Induction
Construction
Main parts of an ac generator
• Armature − Rectangular coil ABCD
• Field Magnets − Two pole pieces of a strong electromagnet
• Slip Rings − The ends of coil ABCD are connected to two hollow metallic rings R1 and R 2 .
• Brushes − B1 and B2 are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods. They are fixed and are kept in
tight contact with R1 and R 2 respectively.

Theory and Working


As the armature coil is rotated in the magnetic field, angle θ between the field and normal to the coil
changes continuously. Therefore, magnetic flux linked with the coil changes. An emf is induced in the coil.
According to Fleming’s right hand rule, current induced in AB is from A to B and it is from C to D in CD.
In the external circuit, current flows from B2 to B1 .

Let n be the number of turns and A be the area


of cross section placed in a magnetic field of flux
density B. θ be the angle made by the coil placed in
an magnetic field.

Magnetic flux linked with the coil is given by


ϕ = NBA cos θ
But θ = ωt
∴ ϕ = NBA cos ωt

We have e = − dt
d(NBA cos 𝜔𝑡)
e=− dt
e = −NBA (− sin ω t) ω
∴ e = NBA ω sin ωt
e = e0 sin 𝜔t
where NBAω = e0 called peak or maximum value of emf.
We have ω = 2πυ ; υ = frequency of A.C.
∴ e = e0 sin 2πυt
Note:- Frequency of AC in India is 50 Hz.
List of formulae

ϕ = B A cos θ B2 𝑙2 v2 1 2 e = e0 sin ωt
𝑃= U= LI
r 2
e=B𝑙v L = μ 0 n2 𝑙 A M = μ0 n1 n2 πr 2 𝑙 ω = 2πυ
e0 = NBAω

Questions for Practice


1. Define magnetic flux. Give its equation and S.I unit.
2. Mention the unit of magnetic flux.
3. Obtain an expression for energy consideration in motional emf.
4. Define self-induction. Give its S.I unit.
5. Give the equation for self-induction of a solenoid.
6. Obtain an expression for energy stored on a solenoid.
7. What is meant by mutual induction?
8. Give the theory and working of AC generator.
9. North Pole of a bar magnet is moved towards a metal ring. What is the direction of induced current
in the ring when viewed from magnet side? (M.Q.P-I (1m))
10. What are eddy currents? Mention one application of eddy currents. (M.Q.P-I (2m), July-14 (2m),
July-15 (2m))
11. Explain briefly an experiment with a coil and magnet to demonstrate the phenomenon of
electromagnetic induction. (M.Q.P-I (3m), March-16 (3m), July-18 (3m))
12. Name the law which gives the polarity of induced e.m.f. (M.Q.P-II (1m))
13. What is self-induction? Write the expression for self-inductance in terms of geometry of the coil.
Obtain the expression for energy stored in an inductor. (M.Q.P-II (5m))
14. Give the expression for energy stored in an inductance coil carrying current. (March-14 (1m))
15. Mention any two advantages of eddy currents in practical applications. (March-14 (2m), July-17
(3m), June-19 (1m))
16. State and explain Lenz’s law for induced e.m.f. (March-14 (3m))
17. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. (July-14 (1m), March-16 (1m), March-18-(1m))
18. Derive an expression for electromotive force [motional emf] induced in a rod moving perpendicular
to the uniform magnetic field. (July-14 (3m), March-15 (3m), July-16 (3m), March-17 (3m))
19. Mention the significance of Lenz’s law. (March-15 (1m), July-16 (1m), March-17 (1m))
20. Current in a coil falls from 2.5 A to 0.0 A in 0.1 second inducing an emf of 200 V. Calculate the
value of self-inductance. (March-15 (2m))
21. What is self-induction? (July-15 (1m))
22. Derive the expression for energy stored in a current carrying coil. (July-15 (3m))
23. The current in a coil of self-inductance 5 mH changes from 2.5 A to 2.0 A in 0.01 second. Calculate
the value of self-induced emf. (March-16 (2m))
24. What is meant by Self-inductance and Mutual inductance? (July-16 (2m))
25. State and explain Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. (March-17 (2m))
26. A circular coil of radius 10 cm and 25 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with an angular
speed of 40 rad s −1 , in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 5 × 10−2 T. Calculate the
emf induced in the coil. Also find the current in the coil if the resistance of the coil is 15 Ω.
(March-18 (5m))
27. What is motional electromotive force? (July-17 (1m))
28. The magnetic flux linked with a coil varies as ϕ = 3t 2 + 4t + 9. Find the magnitude of the emf
induced at t = 2 s. (July-17 (2m))
29. State Lenz’s law in electromagnetic induction. (July-18 (1m))
30. Mention any two factors on which the self- inductance of a coil depends. (July-18 (2m))
31. How does the self-inductance of a coil depend on number of turns in the coil? (March-19 (1m))
32. A conductor of length 3 m moving in a uniform magnetic field of strength 100 T. It covers a distance
of 70 m in 5 sec. Its plane of motion makes an angle of 30° with direction of magnetic field.
Calculate the emf induced in it. (March-19 (5m))
33. Derive an expression for instantaneous induced emf in an A.C generator. (June-19 (5m))

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