Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction
When a current carrying conductor is kept in a magnetic field, it experiences a force and it moves. If
a closed circuit is moved in magnetic field, then e.m.f and current are induced. The phenomenon in which
electric current is induced by varying magnetic fields is called Electromagnetic Induction. This was
observed by Faraday in 1831.
4. The galvanometer deflections are found to be larger when the magnet is moved faster towards or
away from the coil.
5. When the bar magnet is held fixed and the coil C is moved towards or away from the magnet, the
same effects are observed. This shows that the relative motion between the magnet and the coil is
responsible for the generation of electric current in the coil.
Magnetic Flux
ϕ = ⃗⃗⃗
B . ⃗⃗⃗
A = B A cos θ
Case: 1) When the magnetic field is perpendicular to that
plane of the loop , flux ϕ = B A = maximum value
2) When the magnetic field is parallel to that plane then no
field line pass through it and ϕ = 0
Second law: The magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
the circuit.
ϕ2 −ϕ1
e ∝
t
ϕ2 −ϕ1
e=k
t
k is a constant of proportionality = 1
ϕ2 −ϕ1
∴ e= t
If dϕ is the small change in magnetic flux in a small time dt.
dϕ
e = − dt
The – ve sign indicates the induced emf always opposes any change in magnetic flux with the circuit.
dϕ
For N turns e = −N dt
Lenz Law and Conservation of Energy
In 1834, German physicist Heinrich Friedrich Lenz deduced a rule, known as Lenz’s law which
gives the polarity of the induced emf clearly and precisely.
It states that “the polarity of the induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which opposes the
change in magnetic flux that produced it”.
When North Pole of a bar magnet is pushed towards a closed coil, magnetic flux through the coil
increases. Hence an emf is induced because of which induced current flows in the coil. The direction of the
induced current is such that it opposed the increase in magnetic flux. This is possible only if the current in
the coil is in anti-clockwise direction with respect to an observer on the side of the magnet. Now the
magnetic dipole moment associated with this current has north polarity towards the north pole of the
approaching magnet. This north polarity repels in the north pole of the approaching magnet. Similarly if the
north pole of the magnet is moved away from the coil, the magnetic flux through the coil decreases. Hence
an emf is induced in the coil because of which an induced current flows. The direction of the induced current
is such that it opposes the decrease in magnetic flux. This if possible only if the current in the coil is in
clockwise direction with respect to an observer on the side of the magnet. Now the magnetic dipole moment
associated with the current has south polarity towards the north pole of the magnet moving away. This south
polarity attracts the north pole of the magnet moving away.
When north pole of magnet is moved away, south pole develops on the right face of the coil.
Therefore, work has to be done against the force of attraction in taking the magnet away from the coil.
This mechanical work in moving the magnet with respect to the coil changes into electrical energy
producing induced current. Hence, energy transformation takes place.
Motional Electromotive Force (emf)
Consider a long straight conductor PQ of length l
placed in a uniform magnetic field B such that the
direction of B is perpendicular to the length of the
conductor and perpendicular to the plane as shown
in the figure. The conductor is moved with a
velocity v in the direction perpendicular to the
magnetic field B. Let the conductor PQ moves by a
distance dx in a small interval dt.
The area covered by conductor is 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
The change in magnetic flux with the conductor is 𝑑ϕ = 𝐵 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
The magnitude of the emf induced in the conductor
dϕ B 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
e= =
dt dt
d𝑥
e=B𝑙v (∵ = v) -------(1)
d𝑡
Consider an arbitrary change q in conductor. When rod moves speed v, the charge also moving with speed v
in the magnetic field B. The Lorentz force of the charge is qvB in magnitude and direction is towards Q
Workdone in moving the charge from P to Q is
W = qvBl
Since emf is the workdone per unit charge
𝑊
e = 𝑞 = Blv -----(2)
If the conductor is stationary and the magnetic field is changing the force on its conductor is given by
F = q(E+vB)
F = qE (∵ v=0) Thus any force on the charge must arise from the electric field E alone.
Self-Induction
Consider a coil connected in series with a cell and a plug key. When the circuit is completed the
current in the circuit does not rise from zero to maximum suddenly instead it takes a finite time to do so.
When current starts increasing, the magnetic flux linked with the circuit also increases and induces an emf
which opposes the growth of current. The time taken by current to become maximum from zero is called
time of growth and the emf which opposes the growth of current is called back emf. When current becomes
steady there will be no change in the magnetic flux and hence no emf is induced. When the key is released
current starts decreasing, due to this the magnetic flux linked with the coil also decreases and hence an emf
is induced which opposes the decay of current. The time taken by the current to become zero from
maximum is called time of decay and the emf which opposes the decay of current is called forward emf.
The magnitude of forward emf is always more than the back emf. Thus the induced emf at the break
of the circuit is always greater than emf during the make of the circuit.
“The phenomenon in which an emf is induced in the coil due to the change in magnetic flux in the
coil itself is called Self-Induction”. Self-Induction is also called inertia of electricity.
Self-Inductance of a solenoid
Self-inductance is a property of a coil or a conductor by virtue of which it opposes any varying current in the
coil.
Consider a long solenoid of cross-sectional area A and length 𝑙 having n turns per unit length. The magnetic
field due to a current I flowing in the solenoid is
B = μ0 nI
We have ϕ = NBA
Where N = n𝑙 i.e., the total number of turns
ϕ = (n𝑙) (μ0 nI)A
ϕ = μ0 n2 𝑙IA
but ϕ=LI
∴ L I = μ0 n2 𝑙 I A
L = μ 0 n2 𝑙 A
If the solenoid has a core of some magnetic material of relative permeability μr then
L = μ 0 μ r n2 𝑙 A
Mutual Induction
The phenomenon in which a change of current in one coil induces an emf in another neighbouring coil is
called mutual induction
The emf produced in secondary coil is directly proportional to rate of change of current through the primary
coil
dϕ
We have e= dt
We know that ϕ ∝I
ϕ=MI
Where M = coefficient of mutual induction.
d(M I) dI
e= = M dt
dt
dI −1
If dt = 1 A s then M = e
The mutual induction of coils is numerically equal to the emf induced in the secondary coil when the current
through primary coil changes at a rate of 1 A s−1 .
AC Generator
Principle: Based on the phenomenon of Electromagnetic Induction
Construction
Main parts of an ac generator
• Armature − Rectangular coil ABCD
• Field Magnets − Two pole pieces of a strong electromagnet
• Slip Rings − The ends of coil ABCD are connected to two hollow metallic rings R1 and R 2 .
• Brushes − B1 and B2 are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods. They are fixed and are kept in
tight contact with R1 and R 2 respectively.
ϕ = B A cos θ B2 𝑙2 v2 1 2 e = e0 sin ωt
𝑃= U= LI
r 2
e=B𝑙v L = μ 0 n2 𝑙 A M = μ0 n1 n2 πr 2 𝑙 ω = 2πυ
e0 = NBAω