INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
(w.e.f. 2020-2021 A.Y.)
Sem
Semes Course Course Hrs/S Hrs/ Credi End
ter Code (LS) Title em wk ts Exa
m
(2 hrs)
Information
II Life skill and 30 2 2 50 Marks
course Communicati
on
Technology
(ICT)

UNIT-I:

Fundamentals of Internet: What is Internet?, Internet

applications, Internet Addressing – Entering a Web Site

Address, URL–Components of URL, Searching the Internet,

Browser–Types of Browsers, Introduction to Social

Networking: Twitter, Tumblr, LinkedIn, Facebook, flickr,

Skype, yahoo, YouTube, WhatsApp.

What is Internet?
The internet is defined as a global network that connects billions of computers,

servers, phones, and smart appliances that communicate across the world with each

other and to the World Wide Web. using the transmission control protocol (TCP)

standard to enable the fast exchange of information and files, along with other types

of services. The internet is a global hub of computer networks

It is set up by using cables such as optical fibers and other wireless and networking

technologies. At present, internet is the fastest mean of sending or exchanging

information and data between computers across the world.

What is the Web?

www
The World Wide Web—usually called the Web for short—is a collection of
different websites you can access through the Internet.

It was created to help people share and find information easily, using links that
connect different pages together. The Web allows us to browse websites, watch
videos, shop online, and connect with others around the world through our
computers and phones.

website
website is a collection of web pages and related content that is identified by a
common domain name and published on at least one web server. Websites are
typically dedicated to a particular topic or purpose, such as news, education,
commerce, entertainment, or social media. Hyperlinking between web pages guides
the navigation of the site, which often starts with a home page. The most-visited sites
are Google, YouTube, and Facebook.

Web Page
A web page (or webpage) is a document written in hypertext (also known as
HTML) that is accessed in a web browser.

A website typically consists of many web pages linked together under a

common domain name. The term "web page" is thus a metaphor of paper pages bound
together into a book.

Web Server
Where the web content is stored called a web server. The web server is used to host
web sites.The web server is a software that responds to the request for web resources.
History of Internet

1969: Arpanet network (the predecessor to the Internet) launched

1971: First email sent over Arpanet
1973: First trans-Atlantic connection set up
1974: Early versions of TCP/IP protocols developed

1984: Domain Name System (DNS) established

1987: Internet grew to 30,000 servers

1991: World Wide Web went public; first web page; first web browser for the public;
first website search protocol; first webcam
1995: Internet became widely commercialized (Amazon.com, Craigslist, eBay, etc.)

1999: 282 million Internet users

2000: The dot-com bubble burst
2001: Wikipedia launched
2004: Facebook launched; 817 million Internet users
2005: YouTube launched
2006: Twitter launched
2009: 1.75 billion Internet users
2011: Snapchat released; Twitter and Facebook play role in Arab spring

How does the Internet work?

At now you’ll be wondering, how does the web work? The exact answer is pretty
complicated and would take a short time to elucidate.
It’s important to understand that the web may be a global network of physical cables,
which may include copper telephone wires, TV cables, and Fiber Optic Cables. Even
wireless connections like Wi-Fi and 3G/4G believe these physical cables to access the
web.
When opening a site, Computer sends an invitation over the wire to a server. Where
websites are stored. It works tons like your computer’s disk drive. A request arrives
one time. The server retrieves the web site and sends the right data back computer.
What’s amazing is that this all happens in just a few seconds!
Internet Applications:-
Internet is interconnection of large number of heterogeneous computer networks all
over the world that can share information back and forth. These interconnected
network exchange information by using same standards and products. The internet is
treated as one of the biggest invention. It has a large number of uses.
Communication
It is used for sending and receiving message from one and other through internet by
using electronic mail. Some of the web sites providing this service are yahoo mail.
Com Hotmail.Com rediffmail.com etc.
Job searches
 Getting information regarding availability of job in different sectors and areas. You
can publish your resume in online for prospective job some of the web sites providing
this service are
naukri.com, monster. Com, summer job. Com recuritmentidia.com etc.
Finding books and study material
Books and other study material stared around the world can be easily located through
internet. Latest encyclopedias are available online.
Health and Medicine
Internet provides information and knowledge about field of health and medicine.
People can have information about various diseases and can receive help. Patient can
be taken to virtual
check room where they can meet doctors.

Travel
One can use internet to gather information about various tourist place. It can be used
for booking holiday tours, hotels, train and flights. Some of the web sites providing
this service air India travels. Org. com, raj travel. Com, make mytrip. Com.
Entertainment
Songs, movies, latest sports update through internet some of the web sites providing
this services are cricinfo.com.

Shopping
o Internet is also used for online shopping. By just giving accounts details you can
perform the transaction you can even pay your bills and perform bank related
transaction.
Stock Market Updates
o You can sell or bases shares white sitting on computer through interest several
websites like ndtv profit.com, money pore.com, provide information regarding
investment.
Research
o A large number of people are using internet for research purposes you can download
any kind information by using internet.
Business use of internet: Different ways by which internet can be used for
business are:
Information about the product can be provided online to the customer. Provide market
information to the business.
helps business to recruit t alented people.Help in locat ing suppliers of t he product.
Fast information regarding customers view about company’s product. Eliminate
middle men and have a direct contact with customer Providing information to the
investor by providing companies background and financial information on website.

Internet Addressing

An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local

network. IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the
format of data sent via the internet or local network.

In essence, IP addresses are the identifier that allows information to be sent between
devices on a network: they contain location information and make devices accessible
 for communication. The internet needs a way to differentiate between different
computers, routers, and websites. IP addresses provide a way of doing so and form an
essential part of how the internet works.

What is an IP Address?

An IP address is a string of numbers separated by periods. IP addresses are expressed

as a set of four numbers — an example address might be 192.158.1.38. Each number
in the set can range from 0 to 255. So, the full IP addressing range goes from 0.0.0.0
to 255.255.255.255.

IP addresses are not random. They are mathematically produced and allocated by
the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), a division of the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). ICANN is a non-profit
organization that was established in the United States in 1998 to help maintain the
security of the internet and allow it to be usable by all. Each time anyone registers a
domain on the internet, they go through a domain name registrar, who pays a small
fee to ICANN to register the domain.

How do IP addresses work

Internet Protocol works the same way as any other language, by communicating using
set guidelines to pass information. All devices find, send, and exchange information
with other connected devices using this protocol. By speaking the same language, any
computer in any location can talk to one another.

Types of IP addresses :

Types of IP addresses depend on their version (IPv4 and IPv6), availability, usage,
and the purpose of the IP address assignment.
Both versions, IPv4 and IPv6, can be divided into public and private IP addresses,
which are used for different purposes:
 Public IP addresses are assigned to a device by the internet service provider
(ISP) and are used to identify the device on the public internet.

 Private IP addresses are assigned to devices on a private network, such as a

home or office network.

IP addresses are further subdivided into dynamic and static IPs:

 Dynamic IP addresses change at set time intervals and are usually assigned
by the ISP to a device when it connects to the internet.

 Static IP addresses remain the same over an extended period and are often
used for services that require a consistent address, such as hosting a website or
running a mail server.

– Entering a Web Site Address:

You can specify a URL in several ways, but three methods are most commonly used.
(1) Type the URL in the browser’s address box.
(2) Click a hyperlink that is linked to that URL. ‘
(3) Store the URL in your browser’s favorites’ list, then select the URL from the list

URL–Components of URL:

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of a unique resource on the

internet.URL is a unique identifier used to locate a resource on the Internet. It is also
referred to as a web address. URLs consist of multiple parts -- including a protocol
and domain name -- that tell a web browser how and where to retrieve a resource.

The URL contains

1) protocol: access a resource, as well as a resource name. The first part of a URL
identifies what protocol to use as the primary access medium.

A) HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

B) HTTPS (HTTP Secure): for web resources, mail to for email addresses.

C) FTP(File Transfer Protocol) :for files on a FTP server.’

D) Telnet: for a session to access remote computers.

Most URL protocols are followed by a colon and two forward slashes; "mail to" is
followed only by a colon.

2) IP address or domain name: where the resource is located.

Optionally, after the domain, a URL can also specify:

 a path to a specific page or file within a domain;

 a network port to use to make the connection;

 a specific reference point within a file, such as a named anchor in an HTML

file; and

 a query or search parameters used -- commonly found in URLs for search

results.
Components of URL

1) absolute URL

An absolute URL is the full URL, including protocol (http/https), the optional
subdomain (e.g. www), domain (example.com), and path (which includes the
directory and slug). Absolute URLs provide all the available information to find the
location of a page.

Here's an example of an absolute URL:

https://www.example.com/about/team/

2) relative URL?
A relative URL is a URL that only includes the path. The path is everything that
comes after the domain, including the directory and slug.

Here’s an example of a relative URL:

/about/team/