International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 12, No. 1, Mar 2021, pp. 576~584

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i1.pp576-584  576

Power quality improvement using fuzzy logic-based

compensation in a hybrid power system

Soumya Ranjan Das1, Debani Prasad Mishra2, Prakash Kumar Ray3, Surender Reddy Salkuti4,
Arun Kumar Sahoo5
1,2,5Department
of Electrical Engineering, International Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
3Departmentof Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology (CET), Bhubaneswar, India
4Department of Railroad and Electrical Engineering, Woosong University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper is based on the improvement of power quality (PQ) using fuel cell
and fuzzy based controller. By using the proposed controller, the quality of
Received Sep 24, 2020 power in the grid system especially in micro grid connected with non- linear
Revised Jan 19, 2021 and unbalanced load is enhanced. The configuration of the system is
Accepted Feb 9, 2021 combined with hybrid arrangement of photovoltaic ([PV) with wind energy
conversion system (WECS), fuel cell (FC) including the compressed air
Keywords: energy storage system (CAES) where the power management is controlled
by using the distributed power sharing technique. In this proposed system the
Fuel cell distortions in voltage at point of common coupling (PCC) is decreased by
Fuzzy logic control using the FC which acts as compensator in hybrid system. Reference current
Microgrid is developed which depends on real and reactive power of the source
Power quality connected to the compensator. Based on demand of power for nonlinear load,
Total harmonic distortion without using any external communication interfaces, the proposed control
theory can change the modes of operation and can compensate the unbalance
in the system which is caused due to single-phase micro sources and load
changes. The complete productive design of the micro-sources and power
electronic converters are presented in the paper. The operation and
performance of the proposed controller used in microgrid is validated
through simulation in MATLAB/Simulink environment.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Surender Reddy Salkuti
Department of Railroad and Electrical Engineering
Woosong University
17-2, Jayang-Dong, Dong-Gu, Daejeon - 34606, Republic of Korea
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
In recent scenario modern power systems [1] faces different challenges like reduction in cost, losses
in transmission system, heavy demand of power at load end and besides these challenges reliability condition
is also an essential factor. To overcome these issues, presently the scientist and researchers are moving
towards an alternative solution using the distributed generation (DG). This use of DG impacts an alternative
to the development of the existing distribution networks [2], [3]. Nowadays less or medium DG systems,
normally including power ratings from 1 Kw to 10 MW connected at the load side are widely acceptable
because of their better operating performance with high efficiency. At the present time several renewable
source equipment like the PVs, FCs, along with micro-turbines are the best suitable DGs for power
generation during peak hours in interior regions [4]. From a report it has been found during last few years, a
significant development [5] in utilizing this renewable source equipment which is recognized, an appropriate

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  577

result for distributed generation. Microgrids systems [6]-[8] constitute collections of loads and micro-sources.
The microgrid must act single controlling unit to provide excellent value and consistent power that counters
to system deviations. There exist a concerning issue on the synchronising [9, 10] and controlling the power
quality disturbances because of large diffusion of DGs, together along linear and non-linear loads. To supply
the preferred real and reactive power to the system connected in microgrid, the DGs are connected in parallel,
besides the local signals are also utilised as feedback in controlling the converters. The distribution of power
between the DGs can be realized by monitoring two parameters; one is the frequency while the other is the
magnitude of the essential voltage. Introduction on fundamentals of microgrid followed by its configuration,
protection scheme and management of power is presented in [11]-[13]. In [14] analysis of different current
works on microgrid is discussed. Several policies of management of power with corresponding controlling
techniques for a microgrid is projected in [15, 16]. The performance of the microgrid during islanding and
synchronisation is discussed in [17], [18]. The nonlinear loads (NL) connected in the microgrid generates
harmonics [19], [20] which in turn produces losses in the system as well as reduce the efficiency level of the
system. Existence of many power filters and FACTS controller, leads to compensate the harmonics and
reduce the problems related to unbalance in three phase source and load conditions. To maintain an effective
power management between the utility grid and microgrid, a series-shunt compensator is used and is
discussed in [21]. Using this compensator, the power quality is enhanced between the two grid systems. The
proposed method presented in this paper is validated using compensating device.

2. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Figure 1 represents the block configuration of the microgrid network. The microgrid consisting of
different DG systems such as wind. FC, PV with energy storage system such as ultracapacitor (UC) and
various linear and non-linear loads attached at point of common coupling. The distortion in the voltage at
PCC is compensated using three control strategies namely droop control, STATCOM based control and
fuzzy logic-based fuel cell compensation [22]. Figure 2 illustrates configuration structure of hybrid FC-DG
system. The parameter of the different elements of the hybrid system is represented in Appendix [23].

Supercapacitor
PV panel system Fuel cells
Wind
turbine

Point of common
coupling

Common ac bus

Static transfer
switch
Distributed loads Micro-grid

Figure 1. Block configuration of the microgrid network

Grid

R L
PCC
Vs

DC
Fuel
Cell DC

Supercapacitor DC to AC
Converter
DC

DC Local
Load

Figure 2. Configuration structure of hybrid FC- DG system

Power quality improvement using fuzzy logic-based compensation in a hybrid … (Soumya Ranjan Das)
578  ISSN: 2088-8694

3. SYSTEM MODELING AND CONTROL STRATEGIES

3.1. Solid oxide fuel cell model
Reference [24] proposes a developed and validated model based on the dynamic SOFC stack model.
The (1) represents the voltage of the FC stack.

0.5
𝑅𝑇 𝑃𝐻2 𝑃𝑂2
𝑉𝑓𝑐 = 𝑁0 (𝐸0 + 𝑙𝑛 (( ) )) − 𝑟𝐼𝑓0 (1)
2𝐹 𝑃𝐻2𝑂

𝑃𝐻2 , 𝑃𝐻2𝑂 , 𝑃𝑂2 are represented by the following (2), (3), and (4),

1 1
𝑃𝐻2 = − (𝑃𝐻2 + (𝑞𝐻𝑖𝑛2 − 2𝐾𝑟 𝐼𝑓𝑐 )) (2)
𝑡𝐻2 𝐾𝐻2

1 2
𝑃𝐻2𝑂 = − (𝑃𝐻2𝑂 + 𝐾𝑟 𝐼𝑓𝑐 ) (3)
𝑃𝐻2𝑂 𝐾𝐻2 𝑂

1 1
𝑃𝑂2 = − (𝑃𝑂2 + (𝑞𝑂𝑖𝑛2 − 2𝐾𝑟 𝐼𝑓𝑐 )) (4)
𝑡𝑂2 𝐾𝑂2

𝑁0 is the number of FCs joined in series in the pack; 𝐸0 , normal no-load voltage;𝑅, general gas
constant (×101.325 kPa/(kmol·K)); T is the absolute temperature (K); 𝑖𝑓0 , current in FC stack (A); 𝐹 is
Faraday’s constant (C/kmol); KH2 ,KH2 O and KO2 are the molar constants (kmol/(101.325 kPa·s)) of the
hydrogen, water, and oxygen valves, respectively; Kr, modeling constant (kmol/(s·A)); 𝑃𝐻2 , 𝑃𝐻2𝑂 and 𝑃𝑂2 are
the partial pressure (×101.325 kPa) of hydrogen, water and oxygen, respectively; 𝑞𝐻𝑖𝑛2 is the hydrogen input
flow (kmol/s) 𝑞𝑂𝑖𝑛2 is the oxygen input flow (kmol/s); r is the FC internal resistance (Ω); 𝑡𝐻2 , 𝑡𝑂2 and 𝑡𝐻2𝑂 are
the hydrogen, oxygen and water time constants (s), respectively [25]. The 𝐾𝑟 is evaluated from the behaviour
among the rate of reactant hydrogen and the FC current, which is a constant value:
𝑁0 𝐼
𝑞𝐻𝑟 2 = = 2𝐾𝑟 𝐼 (5)
2𝐹

Where 𝑞𝐻𝑟 2 represents the flow of hydrogen (kmol/s). The functional variable 𝑈𝑓 , defined as the
division of the total fuel and is presented as (6) [26],
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟
𝑞𝐻 2
−𝑞𝐻2
𝑞𝐻 2
𝑈𝑓 = 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛 (6)
𝑞𝐻 𝑞𝐻
2 2

Where, 𝑞𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡
2
is the hydrogen output flow (kmol/s). A huge application is required as it reduces the
necessary fuel and flow of oxidant for a least fuel price. Furthermore, a basic prototype of reformer that
produces hydrogen through methane is presented. The proposed model is having transfer function with
second-order. The (7) represents the mathematical expression of the model [27].
𝑞𝐻2 𝐶𝑉
= (7)
𝑞𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝜏1 𝜏2 𝑠 2 +(𝜏1 +𝜏2 )𝑠+1

3.2. DC/DC converter design

It is highly required to raise the FC voltage and to raise quantity of cells for linking the FC with an
external network. Function of this converter is to upgrade FC voltage, power control of FC and to maintain
the voltage regulation. Figure 3 illustrates the model of DC/DC converter. The (8) and (9) represents two
nonlinear state space averaged equations of the enhanced converter [28].
𝑑𝑋1 1−𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑋2 + 𝑈 (8)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿

𝑑𝑋2 −(1−𝑑) 𝑋2
= 𝑋1 − (9)
𝑑𝑡 𝐶 𝑅𝐶

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2021 : 576 – 584
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  579

Where d denotes duty cycle of the converter; U, input voltage; X1, current in inductor; X2, voltage
across capacitor.
Io

D
IL
R
L C Vc

Q
U

Figure 3. Boost dc/dc converter model

3.3. DC/AC converter modeling

A VSI is used in order to integrate various renewable energy sources between supply of the grid and
the loads. Pulse width modulation (PWM) is extensively implemented in integrating a FC between the supply
and load. For harmonic reduction, filters are allied in-between the converter and the power system, denoted
by Ls and Rs, respectively [29]. In Figure 4, 𝑉𝑖𝑎 , 𝑉𝑖𝑏 , 𝑉𝑖𝑐 and 𝑖𝑎 , 𝑖𝑏 , 𝑖𝑖𝑐 are respectively AC three phase output
voltage and output currents of VSI. While, 𝑉𝑠𝑎 , 𝑉𝑠𝑏 , 𝑉𝑠𝑐 represents the grid bus voltage.

Ls
Rs

Vdc ia

C ib
ic

Via Vib Vic Vsc Vsb Vsa

n

Figure 4. Three-phase DC/AC voltage source inverter

3.4. Application of fuzzy logic control for fuel cell based copmensation
Fuzzy logic control (FLC) is treated as one of the efficient approaches [23]-[25] in soft computing
methods. FLC is derived from fuzzy set theory. FLC is very dynamic in dealing with complications like
parameter variation, ambiguity and complexity in system design. For a conventional control system, the
structure is based on mathematical design of the plant. To analyze any model, the system design or model
with known parameters is needed. But in FLC the mathematical model is not required and can provide robust
performance of the linear and non-linear control system with parameter variation. A fuzzy logic controller
can be classified as fuzzification, knowledge base and defuzzification. Fuzzification is process of converting
to linguistic variable from crisp value based on certain membership function. FC is utilised as an alternative
for the typical PI controller. Block configuration of the FLC is equivalent to the scheme shown in Figure 5
where FLC are employed alternative to PI [30].
In this model the input to the FLC are the crisp values which are taken as error in voltage and its
derivatives. And the outputs from the FLC are the crisp value which is considered as the reference voltages
for the PWM generator. Tracking error and transient overshoots of PWM can be significantly decreased with
the use of FLC. The control surface of the FLC can be built to represent suitable reactivity for individual
operating point compared to the typical PI controller. The FLC is executed easily as an off-line pre-calculated
with control surface of three-dimensional lookup table. Generally, the controlling parameter of a PI
Controller is fixed. It has to be redesigned if there is variation in operation point of VSI [31].

Power quality improvement using fuzzy logic-based compensation in a hybrid … (Soumya Ranjan Das)
580  ISSN: 2088-8694

PLL
Gain
d/dt FUZZY
Vref

+ 
θ - θ
Gain
Vabc abc dq0
Pulses
Constant
PWM
dq0 abc
+ Gain

-

Vref
d/dt
FUZZY

Gain

Figure 5. Block diagram for fuzzy controller (voltage regulator)

First FLC receives input crisp values as 𝑉𝑑 and ∆𝑉𝑑 . Where, 𝑉𝑑 and ∆𝑉𝑑 ΔVd are respectively the
voltage error and its derivatives. Similarly, for the second controller Vq and ΔVq are considered as the output
crisp values. Where, Vq and ΔVq are respectively the voltage error and its derivatives Vdref and Vqref are taken
as voltage reference [32]. Figure 6 illustrates the triangular membership functions which behave triangular
shaped by 50%-fold over for an easy and advanced control tuning. Nine membership functions are induced in
each variable. Where NL, N, NM, Z, PS, PM, P, PL are defined as membership functions. Figure illustrates
an integrated coordinate system and can improved by means of normal boost for each variable, Gevd for ΔVd,
Grvd for ΔVd, Gevq for ΔVd, and Gevq for ΔVq. The FLC with 81 rules is selected. The switching function is
performed by FLC using the Mandani's implication and centroid method for de-fuzzification. The appropriate
switching pattern for the converter is controlled by the triangular carrier modulation method. Finally, the
gating patterns can be performed accurately [33], Fuzzy Rule shown in Table 1.

N N PS P PL
NM NS Z PM
1 L

0.5

-0.8 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.4 0.6 1

-1 -0.6

Figure 6. Triangular membership functions

Table 1. Fuzzy rule

e L N NM NS Z PS PM P PL
Δe
NL NL NL NL NL NL NL N N NM
N NL NL NL NL N N NM NS NS
NM NL NL NL N N N NM NS NS
NS NL N NM NM NM NM NS NS NS
Z N NM NS NS Z PS PS PM P
PS PS PS PS PM PM PM PM P PL
PM PS PS PM P P P PL PL PL
P PS PS PM P P PL PL PL PL
PL PM P P PL PL PL PL PL PL

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2021 : 576 – 584
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  581

4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

To authenticate the proposed control strategy, a microgrid is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. This
microgrid is rated at 380V (rms of phase-to-phase) and 50 Hz connected to non-linear load. Two DGs (PV
and wind turbine) with FC and supercapacitors are connected in this hybrid system [34]. The carrier
frequency of the interface inverters is 2 kHz. Harmonic compensation for the hybrid DG system under
different scenarios of load is tested. The current profile of the hybrid system in the absence of the proposed
controller under balanced nonlinear load is found to be 7.25% and 28.15% for source current and load current
respectively. Simultaneously, the same system is tested under unbalanced nonlinear load, and the source
current and load current profile shows around 10.15% and 35.16% respectively. The values are shown in
Table 2. But after application of fuzzy controller, the current profile is observed to be improved. The
principle behind the improvement is that FC power generation when surplus is being stored in the super
capacitors. Then the stored power in super capacitor offers the required reactive power by the load in order to
keep the voltage at PCC at constant value. System performance is operated for balanced and nonlinear load
conditions and the corresponding source voltage (𝑉𝑠 ), source current (𝑖𝑠 ), load current (𝑖𝑙 ) and compensating
current (ic) are presented in Figure 7. Their respective THD values are 1.80% and 19.18%. It shows under
balanced load the current is improved as compared to the system without controller. Figures 8a and 8b shows
the THD values of source and load currents. Now the performance of the system is analysed under
unbalanced nonlinear load conditions. The corresponding source voltage (𝑉𝑠 ), source current (𝑖𝑠 ), load
current (𝑖𝑙 ) and compensating current (𝑖𝑐 ) waveforms are shown in Figure 9. Their respective THD values
are 3.90% and 19.84%. The system performance is found satisfactory as compared to the proposed system
without controller. The THD values are represented in Figures 10(a) and 10(b).

500
Vs (V)

-500
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
5
is (A)

-5
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
5
il (A)

-5
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
2
ic (A)

-2
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (seconds)

Figure 7. Performance of system balanced and nonlinear load

THD= 1.80% THD= 19.18%

10
Mag (% of Fundamental)

Mag (% of Fundamental)

20
8
15
6
10
4
5 2
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Harmonic order Harmonic order
(a) (b)

Figure 8. (a). Harmonic spectrum of source current, (b). Harmonic spectrum of load current

Power quality improvement using fuzzy logic-based compensation in a hybrid … (Soumya Ranjan Das)
582  ISSN: 2088-8694

500

Vs (V)
0

-500
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
50

is (A)
0

-50
0.1
5 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

il (A) 0

-5
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
50
ic (A)

-50
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (seconds)

Figure 9. Performance of system under unbalanced and nonlinear load

THD= 3.90% THD= 19.84%

Mag (% of Fundamental)

Mag (% of Fundamental)

20 5

15 4
3
10
2
5
1
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Harmonic order Harmonic order
(a) (b)

Figure 10. (a). Harmonic spectrum of source current, (b). Harmonic spectrum of load current

Table 2. THD analysis

Balanced non-linear load conditions % Unbalanced non-linear load conditions % THD
Controller THD analysis analysis
is il is il
Without controller 7.25 28.15 10.15 35.16
With controller using FLC 1.80 19.18 3.90 19.84

5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a hybrid power system based with PV, wind and FC has been proposed which is
further integrated with inverter to eliminate the current harmonics in the source current. The compensating
current is injected at PCC to reduce the level of harmonic content in the utility system. The proposed system
employs FLC technique to perform fast with low complexity burden. FLC is operated under both balanced
and unbalanced non-linear load. The results outcome reveals that the FLC is providing better performance
under both the loads with minimum THD.

APPENDIX
The parameter of the different elements of the hybrid system is represented in Table 3.
Table 3. System parameters
Parameters Value Parameters Value

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2021 : 576 – 584
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  583

Line voltage and frequency 230V, 50Hz Hysteresis band limit 0.5 A
Line and load inductance 1mH, (30, 20, 10) mH Sampling time 2e-5 seconds
Load resistance (20, 15 and 10) Ω Switching frequency of boost 2 kHz
converter
Inductance of boost converter 3.5 mH Balanced active and reactive load 10 kW, 6kVAR,
(pv side)
Filter coupling inductance 2.25 mH Unbalanced active and reactive 10 kW, 9 kW, and 11 kW;
Controller gain KP=24, KI=1.2 load 6 kVAR, 5.5 kVAR, and
6.6 kVAR.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research work was supported by “Woosong University's Academic Research Funding - (2020-
2021)”.

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