Number system

Real Numbers

Rational Number
Irrational Numbers

Integers

Whole Numbers

2, 3 , 𝜋, … .
Natural
Numbers
1, 2, 3…
 Rational Numbers

𝑝
➢ Numbers which can be expressed in the form of , where 𝑝 and 𝑞
𝑞
are integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0.

2 8 3
For example: , , − etc
7 3 4

➢ When 𝑝 and 𝑞 does not have any common factor other than 1, then
the rational number is said to be in its standard form.
Key takeaways

Representing rational numbers on number line

➢ Representation rational number can be classified into two different

types. The rational number may be in proper fraction or improper
fraction.

➢ If it is a proper fraction, the numerator value is less than the

denominator value, and hence the given rational number should
be less than 1 and greater than zero, and we can easily represent
the given rational number on the number line.

➢ If it is an improper fraction, the numerator value is greater than the

denominator value, and hence the given rational number should
be greater than 1. So, in this case, first, convert the given improper
fraction into a mixed fraction. This conversion helps to locate the
exact position of the given fraction on the number line. It helps to
know between which integer does the fraction lie.
Key takeaways

Representing rational numbers on number line

➢ Draw a line and locate the point ‘0’. This point is known as the origin.

➢ If the given number is positive, mark it on the right side of the origin.
If it is a negative number, mark it on the left side of zero.

➢ Divide each unit into the values which are equal to the
4
denominator of the fraction. For example: representing on the
5
number line, you need to divide each unit into 5 subunits.
2 4
5 5

-2 -1 0 1 3 1 2 3 4
5 5
Key takeaways

Method of inserting rational number

➢ Case 1
When denominator is same
For example:
5 9 6 7 8
Rational number between and are , ,
10 10 10 10 10

➢ Case 2
When denominator is different
𝑎+𝑏
If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are two rational numbers, then is a rational
2
number between ‘a’ and ‘b’.
For example:
1 1
1 1 + 4
Rational number between and is 3 5
or
3 5 2 15
 Decimal Expansion of
Rational numbers

Terminating Decimal Recurring Decimal

Denominator has factors Denominator does

in the form of not have factors
2n, 5m, or 2n × 5m in the form of
2n, 5m, or 2n × 5m
Key takeaways

Terminating decimal numbers

➢ The decimal numbers having finite numbers of digits after the

decimal point are known as the terminating decimal numbers.

➢ Their number of decimal places is finite.

𝑝
Representation in form
𝑞

23
➢ 2.3 is represented as , where 𝑝 = 23, 𝑞 = 10 and the number of
10
decimal places = 1.
Key takeaways

Non-terminating decimal numbers

➢ The decimal numbers having infinite numbers of digits after the

decimal point are known as the non-terminating decimal
numbers.

➢ For example: 9.3333...., 4.43333333...., 5.3468914....

Key takeaways

Recurring decimals

The decimal numbers having infinite numbers of digits after the

decimal point, and the digits are repeated at equal intervals after the
decimal point are known as the recurring decimal numbers.
For example, 0.111…,4.444444…,5.232323…,21.123123….0.111…,4.444444…,5.232323…,21.123123…. etc.

Non-recurring decimals

The decimal numbers having infinite numbers of digits after the

decimal point and the digits are not repeated at equal intervals after
the decimal point are known as the non-recurring decimal numbers.
For example, 0.1223589…,4.4782451….,5.67245….0.1223589…,4.4782451….,5.67245…., etc
Key takeaways

𝑝
Non-terminating recurring decimals in form
𝑞

➢ In this process, we will have to multiply the decimals to the

powers of 10. After this, we will subtract them. This will eliminate
all the repeating decimals.
➢ For example, to show the number 0.7345345 (with 345 repeating
indefinitely) as a rational number, we can follow the below steps:

Step 1: We can assume that x = 0.7345345…,

This means if 10x = 7.345345…, 10000x =0.7345345.....

Step 2: Now, if we subtract both sides of this equation, we have

9990x = 7338

Step 3: Then, 10000x - 10x = 7345.345….-7.345…

7338
Step 4: Now, x = will become a fraction.
9990

7338
Step 5: Hence, 0.7345345 =
9990
 Irrational Numbers

𝑝
➢ Numbers which can not be expressed in the form of , where 𝑝 and
𝑞
𝑞 are integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0.

For example: 2, 3, 𝜋 etc

Key takeaways

Some useful results on irrational numbers

➢ Negative of an irrational number is an irrational number.

➢ The sum of a rational number and an irrational number is an

irrational number.

➢ The product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational

number is an irrational number.

➢ The sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational

numbers need not be an irrational number.
Key takeaways

Inserting irrational numbers between two numbers

➢ If a and b are two positive rational numbers such that ab is not a

perfect square, 𝑎𝑏 is an irrational numberlying between a and b.

➢ Irrational number between 2 and 3 is 2 × 3 = 6

 Key takeaways

Proof of 𝑛 is not a rational number, if 𝑛 is a prime number

Let n be a natural number which is 𝑞 2 = 𝑛𝑚2

prime. n is factor of 𝑞 2
If possible, let square root of n be a n is factor of q
rational number p/q which is in its As, n is factor of p and n is factor of q
standard form. also. This means that n is factor of both p
This means that p and q have no and q.
common factor and q not equal to 0; p, This contradicts the assumption that p
q E Z. and q have no common factor.
𝑝
Now, = 𝑛 ⇒ 𝑝2 = 𝑛 × 𝑞 2 ...(i) This means that our supposition is
𝑞
wrong.
n is factor of 𝑝2
Hence, 𝑛 cannot be a rational number
n is factor of p also.
i.e. 𝑛 is irrational, if n is not a perfect
Let 𝑝 = 𝑛𝑚, for some natural number
square.
m.
Then, 𝑝 = 𝑛𝑚 ⇒ 𝑝2 = 𝑛2 × 𝑚2 ⇒ 𝑛𝑞 2 =
𝑛2 𝑚2 [From (i)]
Key takeaways

Plotting irrational numbers on number line

For example: Plotting 5 on number line.

2
➢ Find 5 − 12

2
5 − 12 = 2

➢ Plot the base on the number line

0 1 2 3 4 5
 Key takeaways

Plotting irrational numbers on number line

➢ Mark a height of 1 unit from the end of the base

0 1 2 3 4 5

➢ Connect both vertices.

➢ Marc an arc, with radius equal to the length of the hypotenuse of the
triangle, on the number line.

0 1 2 3 4 5
Key takeaways

Visual representation of real numbers usingSuccessive magnification

Represent 2.453 on number line

➢ Highlight the portion between 2 and 3.

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
➢ Zoom in on the segment between 2 and 3, and highlight the
portion between 2.4 and 2.5

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Key takeaways

Visual representation of real numbers usingSuccessive magnification

➢ Zoom in on the segment between 2.4 and 2.5, and highlight the
portion between 2.45 and 2.46.

v
2.4 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.5

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

➢ Zoom in on the segment between 2.45 and 2.46 and locate 2.453 in
a similar way.
 Rationalisation

➢ Rationalization is a method to convert an irrational number to a

rational number.

2
Key takeaways

Rationalization of the denominator

1
Rationalize the denominator of
8− 7

➢ Note down the conjugate of the denominator

Conjugate of 8 − 7 is 8 + 7

➢ Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate

1 1 8+ 7
= ×
8− 7 8− 7 8+ 7

➢ Simplify the expression.

8+ 7 8+ 7
=
64−7 57
Key takeaways

Laws of exponents

➢ 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛

➢ 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛

𝑎𝑚
➢ = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑛

➢ 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑚

➢ 𝑎0 = 1, 𝑎 ≠ 0
Key takeaways

Insertion of rational numbers

➢ Let x and y be two rational numbers such that x < y.

Suppose, we want to find n rational numbers between x and y. Let,

➢ Then n rational numbers lying between x and y are x+d, x+2d,x+3d, ….x+nd,
where d is the difference between any two consecutive terms i.e
 Surds

➢ Surds are irrational numbers which can be represented in the form of:

𝑛
𝑥

➢ Here, n is a natural number and x is a rational number and n is also called the
order of the surd.
 Perfect Numbers

➢ A Perfect Number N is defined as any positive integer where the

sum of its divisors minus the number itself equals the number. The
first few of these, already known to the ancient Greeks, are 6, 28,
496, and 8128.

➢ Representation:
𝑁 = 2𝑝−1 2𝑝 − 1 , where p is a prime number.
 Palindrome Numbers

➢ A *palindromic number is a number that remains the same when

its digits are reversed. For example, the following numbers are
palindromes

11, 272, 8008, 3952593.

 Amicable Number

➢ either of a pair of numbers each of which equals the sum of the

different exact divisors of the other excluding the number itself

➢ 220 and 284 are examples of amicable numbers. The factors of 220 are 1, 2, 4, 5,
10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55, and 110, which sum to 284, while the factors of 284 are 1, 2,
4, 71, and 142, which sum to 220.
 Fibonacci Number

➢ Fibonacci numbers are a sequence of numbers where every

number is the sum of the preceding two numbers. It starts from 0
and 1 as the first two numbers.

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,...

 Absolute Value of a Number

➢ The absolute value of a number refers to the distance of a number

from the origin of a number line. It is represented as |a|, which
defines the magnitude of any integer ‘a’.

➢ The absolute value of any integer, whether positive or negative, will

be the real numbers, regardless of which sign it has.

For example: 5 is the absolute value for both 5 and -5.

|-5| = +5 and |+ 5| = +5
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