Solutions are expressed as: Or Mass of cane sugar = 25 × 250 = 62.

5 g
NN N N
100
IM, 2 N. 2'10 100 1000 , etc. Assignment by Dr SB SIR
Mass of water = (250 - 62.5) = 187.5 g
Like molarity, normality is also dependent on volume, Example 2. Calculate the molarity of
therefore, it depends on temperature.
Normality of solution may be represented as,
solutions: the fol owing
(a) 4 g of caustic soda is dissolved in 200
1N Normal solution, i.e., normality is 1 (b) 5.3 g of anhydrous sodium mL of the solution
0.5 Nor
N
Seminormal
100 mL of solution. carbonate is dissolved in
2 (c) 0.365 g of pure HCl gas is
N
dissolved in 50 mL of solution
0.1 Nor. Decinormal Solution: (a) Molecular mass of NaOH 40
10

M
N No.of gram moles in 4 g of NaOH = 4
0.01 Nor Centinomal =0.1
100 40

N Volume of solution in litre = 200

U
0.001 Nor Millinormal 0.2
1000
1000
No. of moles of solute 0.1
Relationship between normality and molarity: We know Molarity = =0.5 M
Volume of solution in litre

R
that, 0.2

Molarity x Molecular mass = Strength of the solution (g/L) (b)Molecular mass of anhydrous Na,CO, =106
No. of gram moles in 5.3g of anhydrous Na,CO,

FO
Similarly,
5.3
Normality x Equivalent mass = Strength of the solution (g/L) 106
=0.05

Hence, Volume of solution in litre = 100 =0.1

Molarity x Molecular mass = Normality x Equivalent mass 1000

oT
Normality Molecular mass No. of gram moles of solute
Molarity
E
MolarityEquivalent mass Volume of solution in litre
So, 0.05
Normality = nx Molarity = 0.5 M
H
0.1
[Normality (second method): Let 'd' is the density of (c) Molecular mass of HCI = 36.5
solution in g/mL and x is the percentage of the solute by mass.
Then, 0.365
No. of gram moles in 0.36S g of pure HCl=
C

x X dx 10 36.5
N=
Equivalent mass of solute Volume of solution in litre = 50
(x) Formality: It is the number of formula mass in 1000
gram
n

present per litre of solution. In case, formula mass is equal to No. of gram moles of solute
molecular mass, formality is equal to molarity. Like molarity and Molarity =
Volume of solution in litre
normality, the formality is also dependent on temperature. It is
ia

used for ionic compounds in which there is no 0.365 1000

molecule. Mole of ionic compounds is called existence of a
formole and 36.5 50
-=0.2 M
molarity as formality.
IIT

Example3. The density of a solution containing 13% by

SOME SOLVED EXAMPLEs\ mass of sulphuric acid is 1.09 g/mL. Calculate the molarity and
normality of the solution.
Example 1. Calculate the masses of canesugar and water Solution: Volume of 100 g of the solution
required to prepare 250 g of 25% cane sugar solution.
100 100
Solution: Mass percentage of canesugar =25 d 1.09
mL

We know that, 100

litre
Mass of solute 1.09 × 1000
Mass percentage = x100
Mass of solution litre
1.09 × 10
Mass of cane sugar
So, 25 = X 100 Assignment by Dr SB SIR
250 Number of moles of H,SO, in 100 g of the solution = 13
98
 No. of moles of H,SO, 13 1.09 × 10
Molarity = 34.2 34.2
Volume of soln, in litre 98 1
Assignment by Dr SB SIR
No. of moles of sugar =
Mol. mass 342
=0.1
=1.445 M
Mass of water = (214.2 -34.2)
[Note: In solving such numericals, the following formula can be 180
applied: =180g= 1000
kg
% strength of soln. x density of soln. x 10
Molarity No.of moles of water = 180 .=10
Mol, mass 18

Similarly, No. of moles of sugar 0.1

Molality = X 1000
% strength of soln. x density of soln. x 10 Mass of water in kg 180
Normality
Eq. mass

M
=0.555 m
We know that, (i)Total number of moles = 10.0 + 0.1 = 10.1
Normality =Molarity xn No. of moles of sugar

U
=1.445 x2
Mol. mass Mole fraction of sugar =
-
Total number of moles
Eq. mass
0.1
= 2.89 N =0.0099

R
10.1
Example 4. Calclate the molarity of pure Water
(d=lg/mL). Example 7. A solution contains 410.3 g of H, SO, per
litre of'solution at 20°C. Ifthe density is 1.243 g/mL, what will be

FO
Solution: Consider 1000mlL of water. its molarity and molality?
Mass of 1000 mL of water 1000 × 1=1000 g
Solution: Mol. mass of H,SO, = 98
1000
No. of moles of water = = 55.5
18 410.3
No. of moles of H,SO, = = 4.186
No. of moles of water 98
Molarity Volume in litre No. of moles of H2S04
Molarity of H,S0, solution Volume of soln. in litre
E
55.5
=55.5 M 4.186
1 =4.186 M
1
Example 5. Calculate the quantity of sodium carbonate
H
M Mass of 1litre HSO, solution = 1000 x 1.243 = 1243 g
(anhydrous) required to prepare 250 mL solution. 832.7
10
Mass of water (1243 410.3)= 832.7g kg
C

Solution: We know that, 1000

W No. of moles of H,SO4
Molarity = MxV Molality of solution =
Mass of water in kg
4.186
n

where, w= mass of Na,CO, in g, X1000

832.7
M= molecular mass of Na,CO, in gram =106
ia

250 =5.027 m
V= volume of solution in litre =0.25
1000 Example 8. The density of a2.03 Msolution of acetic acid
1
(molecular mass 60) in water is 1.017 gmL. Calculate the
IIT

Molarity = molality of thesolution.

10
Solution: Strength of the solution
Hence, 10 106 x0.25
= Molarity x mol. mass
=2,03 x 60 = 121.8 g/L
W=
106 x 0.25
= 2.65g Density of solution =1.017 g/mL
10 Mass of l litreof solution = 1000 mL x 1.017 g/mL
Example 6. 214.2 g of sugar syrup contains 34.2 & = 1017 g
SUgar. Calculate (i) molality of the solution and (ii) mole fraction 895.2
Mass of water = 1017-121.8 = 895.2g= kg
of sugar in the 1000
syrup.
Solution: i) Mass of sugar =34.2 g Assignment by Dr SBMolality=
SIR
2.03
X1000 =2.267 m
895.2
 5.64
Mass per cent of glucose = x 100 = 8.59%
Example 9. The density of a 3 M sodium thiosulphate 65.64
solution (Na,S,0; ) is 1.25 g/mL. Calculate (i) the pecentage by
Assignment by Dr SB SIR
(ii) the mole fraction of Mass per cent of water = (100- Mass per cent of glucose)
mass of sodium thiosulphate, S,0; ions.
ofNa and = (100- 8.59) = 91.41%
sodium thiosulphate and (iii) molalities 5.64
Solution: (i) Mass of 1000 mL of Na,S,O solution (ii)No. of moles of glucose
180
=1.25 x 1000= 1250 g 60
Mass of water in kg =
solution 1000
MassofNa ,S,O, in 1000 mL of 3M
5.64 1000
=3x Mol. mass of Na,S,03 Molality = X =0.522 m
180 60

M
=3x158 = 474 g
5.64
(ii) No. of moles of glucose = .=0.0313
Mass percentage of Na,S,O3 in solution 180
474 60

U
x 100 = 37.92 No. of moles of water = =3.333
1250 18
* Xd 10 0.0313
=0.0093

R
Alternatively, M= Mole fraction of glucose 3.333 + 0.0313

X X1.25 x 10 Mole fraction of water =

3.333
=0.9907
3=

FO
158 3.333 + 0.0313
x =37.92 Example 11. What would be the molality of a solution
474 made by mixing equal volumes of 30.0% by mass of H,S0,
.=3
(iü) No.of moles of Na,S,O3 =
158 (density 1.218 g cm) and 70% by mass of H,S04 (density
1.610 g cm)?
Mass of water = (1250 - 474) = 776g
Solution: Let 100 mL of one solution be mixed with 100 mL
E
776 of the other solution.
No. of moles of water = = 43.1
18
3 3
Mass of 100 mL of 30% H,SO, = 100 x 1.218 = 121.8 g
H
= 0.065
Mole fraction of Na,S,O, = 43.1+3 46.1 Mass of H,SO, in 121.8 g of 30% H,SO4
30
x 121.8 g = 36.54 g
(iiü) No,of moles of Na ions 100
C

=2x No. of moles of Na,S,O3 Mass of water =(121.8-36.54) = 85.26g

=2×3=6
Mass of 100 mL of 70% H,SO, = 100 × 1.61= 161.0g
No.of moles of Na ions Mass of H,S0, in 161.0 g of 70% H,S04
Molality of Na ions =
n

Mass of water in kg 70
x161.0 g=112.7 g
100
ia

X1000
776 Mass of water = (161.0 - 112.7) = 48.30 g
=7.73 m Total H,S0, in solution = 36.54 + 112.7 = 149,24 g
IIT

ions = No. of moles of Na,S,O, 149.24

No. of moles of S,0 No. of moles of H,S04
98
=3
Total mass of water in solution = (85.26 + 48.30)
3 133.56
Molality of S,0 ions = ×1000 = 3.86 m
=133.56g= kg
776
1000
Example 10, Asolution is preparedby dissolving 5.64 g of No. of moles of H2S04 149.24 1000
glucose in 60 g ofwater. Calculate the following: Molality = 133.56
Mass of water in kg 98
(1) mass per cent of each of glucose and water
(i) molality of the solution, =l14 m
(ii) mole fraction of each of glucose and water Bxample 12. The mole fraction of CH OH in an aqueouS
Solution: (i) Total mass of solution Assignment by solution
Dr SB SIRis0.02 and its density is 0.994 g cm -3 Determine its
=5.64 +60= 65.64g molarity and molality.
 Solution: Let x mole of CH, OH and y mole of water be where, n, and n, are corresponding coefficients.
present in solution. Assignment by Dr SB SIR 0.06x 50 0.05 x V2
Mole fraction of CH,OH= =0.02 2
Vh=30 mL
2_ 49 Or Example 16. Calculate the molarity, molality and mole
So, 49 fraction of ethyl alcohol in a solution of total volume 95 mL
1000 prepared by adding 50 mL of ethyl alcohol (density
Molality = x1000 = =1.13 m =0.789 mL') to 50 mL water(density =1.00 g mL).
18 × y 18x 49
Solution:
Total mass 32 x + 18y Vol. x density
Volume of solution mL
No.of moles of ethyl alcohol =

M
density 0.994
Mol. mass
32 x + 18y litre = 32 x+18y litre 50x 0.789 =0.8576
0.994 x 1000 994 46

U
x 994
Vol. x density 50 x 1
Molarity No, of moles of water - 2,7777
32 x + 18y Mol. mass 18

R
994 994 No. of moles
=1.0875 M Molarity = X 1000
32 + 18 >x y/x 32 + 18 x 49 Vol. of sol. in mL
Example 13. Calculate the concentration of NaOH

FO
0.8576
solution in glmL, which has the same normality as that of a x1000=9.027 M
95
solution of HCl of concentration 0.04 g/m. No. of moles of solute
WB X1000 0.04x 1000 Molality= x1000
Solution: NHCI =1.095 Mass of solvent in grams
E XV 36. 5x 1
0.8576
x1000 =17.152 m
NNaoH =NHCI 50
E 0.8576
Wa X 1000 0.8576 = 0.236
1.095 = Mole fraction =
40 x 1 0.8576 +2.7777 3.6353
H
Wa =0.0438 g/mL
Example 14. How many Na ions are present in 50 mL of
a 0.5 Msolution of NaCl?
C

MV
Solution: Number of moles of NaCl
1000
0.5 × 50
=0.025
1000
n

NaCl ’ Na +CI
Number of moles of Nat = Number of moles of NaCl
ia

=0.025
Numbe of ions of Na =0.025 x6.023x10
IIT

=1.505x 1022

Example 15. Reaction,

2Br(ag) +Cl,(ag) 2CI (aq) + Br,(aq)
1S used jor commercial preparation of bromine from its salts.
Sippose we have 50 mL of a 0.06 M solution of NaBr. What
Volume ofa 0.05 MsolutionofCI, is needed toreact completely
with the Br?
Solution: 2Br (ag) + Cl,(ag) 2C1 (ag) + Brz (ag)
M,V,(Br)_ MV;(Cl;) Assignment by Dr SB SIR
n
 IULLSTRATIONS OF OBJECTIVE
Assignment QUESTIONS
by Dr SB SIR
1. 0.5 MH,SO, is diluted from 1 litre to 10
litre, normality of the
resulting solution is:
(a) 1 N (b) 0.1 N (c) 10N (d) 11N
[Ans. (b)]
[Hint: MV = M
0.5 x 1= M, x 10
M, =0.05
N= M x basicity of acid = 0.05 × 2 = 0.1 N]
2. Molar solution means 1
mole of solute present in:
(a) 1000g of solvent (b) 1litreof solvent
(c) 1litre of solution (d) 1000g of solution
[Ans. (c)]
3. The molarity of a solution containing 50 g of

U
NaCl in 500 g of
a solution and having a density of
0.936 g/cm is:
(a) 1.5 M

R
(b) 1.6 M (c) 1.8 M (d) 1.2 M
[Ans. (b)]
M = x X d X 10
FO
[Hint:
... ()
50
X 100 = 10
500

M=
10x 0.936 × 10
58.5 =1.6 M]
E

4. 20 mL of 0.5 M HCI is mixed with 30

mL of 0.3 M HC1, the
molarity of the resulting solution is:
H

(a) 0.8 M (b)0.53 M (c) 0.38 M (d) 0.83 M

[Ans. (c)]
[Hint: MV, + MY = M(V+V)
C

0.5x 20+ 0.3 x30 =Mp X50

Mp =0.38 M
where, M, = resultant molarity of the mixture.]
n

5. HoW many moles and how many grams of

NaCl are present in
ia

250 mL of a 0.5 M NaCl solution?

(a) 0.125 mol; 7.32 g (b) 7.32 mol; 0.125 g
(c) 0.125 mol; 0.125 g (d) 7.32 mol; 7.32 g
IIT

[Ans. (a)]
MV 0.5 × 250
[Hint: Number of moles = = 0.125
1000 1000
Mass of NaCl= 58.5 x0.125= 7.32 gl
6. Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in water is
g/mL. The molality of the solution is: 1.02
(a) 1.14 mol kg (b) 3.28 mol kgl
(AIEEE 2006)
(c) 2.28 mol kg (d) 0.44 mol kg
[Ans. (c)]
[Hint: m= Mx1000 2.05× 1000
1000d - Mma 1000x 1.02- 2.05 x 60
Assignment by Dr SB SIR
=2.28 mol kg]
 7. The hardness of water sample containing 0.002 mol of
magnesium sulphate dissolved in a litre of water is expressed
Assignment by Dr SB SIR
as. [PET (Kerala) 2007]
(a) 20 ppm (b) 200 ppm (c) 2000 ppm (d) 120 ppm
(e) 240 ppm
[Ans. (b)]
[Hint: 10°g water contains (0.002 x 1000)mol MgSO4
1 mol MgSO, 1mol CaCO,
2 mol MgSO, 2mol CaCO3, i.e.,2 x 100 gCaCO
Hardness of water=200 ppm]
8. The density (in g m ofa 3.6 Msulphuric acid solution, ie.,
29% H,SO, (molar mass = 98 g mol ") by mass will be:
(AIEEE 2007)
(a) 1.45 (b) 1.64 (c) 1.88 (d) 1.22
[Ans. (d))

U
x Xdx 10
[Hint: M=
m

d= MX m¡
x X 10
3.6 x98
29 x 10 R
1.22 gmL]
9. 1 litre solution containing 490 g of sulphuric acid is diluted to
FO
10 litre with water. What is the normality of the resulting
solution?
(SCRA 2007)
(a) 0.5 N (b) 1.0 N (c) 5.0 N (d) 10.0 N
[Ans. ()]
1000
[Hint: N WB X 490 x 1000
=10
49 x 1000
E

NV, =N,V
10x 1= N, X10
H

N, =1]
10. 250 mL of a Na,CO% solution
contains 2.65 gof Na,CO,.
10mL of this solution is added to x
C

mL of
0.001 MNa,CO, solution. Thevalue of xis...water to obtain
(Molecular mass of Na,CO, = 106 amu)
(a) 1000 (b) 990 (c) 9990
an

[Ans. (b)] (d) 90

[Hint :Molarity of solution.
1000 2.65 × 1000
M WB X
=0.1
106 x 250
Ti

MV = M,V
0.1x 10=0.001(10+ x)
x=990 mL]
11. The volumes of two HCl
solutions A(0.5 N) and B (0.1 N) to
be mixed for preparing 2 L of 0.2 N
(a)0.5 L of A+ 1.5 L of B HCI are :
(b) 1.5 L of A+ 0.5 L of B
(c) 1L of A+ 1L of B
(d) 0.75 L of4 + 1.25 L of B
[Ans. (a)]
[Hint : Let xL of and (2- x) L ofB are
mixed.
MV + M}=M(V+V;)
Assignment by Dr SB SIR
0.5 Xx +0.1(2- x)= 0.2 x 2
 Illustrations of Objective Questions

R
Assignment by Dr SB SIR

FO
1. 0.5 MHSO4 is diluted from 1 litreto l0litre,
(AFMC2003)
of the resulting solution is:
(a) 1N (b) 0.1 N

E
and
(c) 10 N (d) 11 N

H
[Ans. (b)]
[Hint: C M1V = M2V2
0.5 xAssignment
1 MT by Dr X
SB 10
n
SIR
 M = 0.05
N = M xbasicity of acid= 0.05 x 2= 0.1 N]Assignment by Dr(e) 240 ppm
SB SIR
1 mole of (Ans. (b)]
Molar solution means solute present in:
2. [Hint: 10°g water contains (0.002x 1000) mol MgSO4
solvent
|BCECE (Medical) 200S]
(a) 1000 g ofsolution (b) 1litre of solvent I mol MgSO, Imol CaCO3
(c) 1litre of (d) 1000g of solution 2 mol MgSO4 2 mol CaCO,, i. e,2x 100 g CaCO3
[Ans. (c)) .. Hardness of water = 200 ppm ]

3. The
molarity of a solution containing 50 g of NaCl in 8. The density (in g mL) of a 3.6 M sulphuric acid
500gofasolution and having a density of0.936 g/cm
solution, i. e., 29% H,SO4 (molar mass -98g mol") by
is: mass will be:

M
(a)1.5M (b) 1.6 M (a) 1.45 (b) 1.64
(c) 1.8M (d) 1.2 M (c) 1.88 (d) 1.22
[Ans. (b)] [Ans. (d)]

U
M :XXdx 10 MXdx 10
Hint: MB ...(i) (Hint:

X= 50 X 100 = 10 M X mB 3.6x 98

R
500 d 1.22 g mL] 1
XX 10 29 x 10
10x 0.936 × 10
M=
58.5 =1.6 M] 9. 1litre solution containing 490 g of sulphuric acid is

FO
diluted to 10 litre with water. What is the normality of
4, 20 mL of 0.5 MHCl is mixed with 30 mL of 0.3 M HCI. the resulting solution?
the molarity of the resulting solution is: (a) 0.5 N (b) 1.0 N
(a) 0.8 M (b) 0.53 M (c) 5.0N (d) 10.0 N
(c) 0.38 M (d) 0.83 M [Ans. (b)]
[Ans. (c)] WB X 1000 490 × 1000
[Hint: N= = 10
[Hint: Mh + MV) = Mr(V + V2) 49 x 1000
E
0.5 x 20+ 03 x 30= MR X50
MR = 0.38 M 10 x1= N2 X10
H
where, MR = resultant molarity of the mixture.] N2 =1]
5. How many moles and how many grams of NaCl are 10. 250 mL of a Na,CO; solution contains 2.65 g of
present in 250 mL of a 0.5 M NaClsolution? NazC03. 10 mL of this solution is added to x mL of
C

(a) 0.125 mol; 7.32g (b)7.32 mol; 0.125 g water to obtain 0.001 M NazC03solution. The value of
(c)0.125 mol; 0.125 g (d) 7.32 mol; 7.32 g x is....
[Ans. (a)] (Molecular mass of Na,CO3 = 106 amu)
(BHU(Mains) 2008)
n

Hint: Number of moles =MV 0.5 x 250 = 0.125 (a) 1000

1000 1000 (b)990 C
(c) 9990 (d)90
ia

Mass of NaCl = 58.5 x 0.125 =7.32 g]

D. Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in water is [Ans. (b))
1.02 g/mlL. The molality of the solution is: (Hint :Molarity of solution.
(a) 1.14 mol kg -1 WB X 1000
IIT

2.65 x 1000
(b) 3.28 mol kg M 0.lt0
L06 x 2s0
(c) 2.28 mol kg (d) 0.44 mol kg
MVi = Mz V2
[Ans. (c)] 0.1x 10=0.001 (10+ x)
Hint: m= M×1000 2.05 × 1000
1000× 1.02- 2.05 × 60 x=990 mL]
1000d- Mmg 11, The volumes of two HCI solutions ot

=2.28 mol kg] B (0.1 N) to be mixed for 0.5 N) and

7. The hardness of water sample containing 0.002 mol of are:
preparing 2 Hof 0.2 N HCI
aignesium sulphate dissolved in a litre of water is (a)0.5 L of 4+ 1.5 L of B |EAMCET;(Med.) 2008])
Cxpressed as: (b) 1.5 L of4+ 0.5 L of B
(a) 20 ppm (b) 200 ppm Assignment by Dr SB
(c)SIR
1 Lof A+ 1L of B
(c) 2000 ppm (d) 120 ppm (d) 0.75L of A+ 1.25 L of B