, Rey ve SHEET2 Natuval Numbers + All counting numbers axe celled natural numbers. 412,34 --- 2 Whole Numbers Natuial numbers along with 0 foun thre olllection of whole numben. 10,1,2,3 a \ @o Every natural number fs whole number but every whole number fs not nau number. As O— whole numbey byt rot natral no. a Integers, The nalvral numbers, zevo and negative of alk “patviol numbers form the colleeHon of all Pnbegen. 297 -3-2,-1,0,1,8,3,- 7-1 > Rational Numbers s The numbers which can be expressed fn the form of % slohete_p and 9, ave tntegers and 90, ave wold vatonal numbers. qr 3-4 0,5 AC GS T Se 4 _ = ane called equivalent 10 15 go yahioned nos.> Whiting Rational numbers between two given number: wh A sattonal number between two vatonal number sep a and b % arb & Ten ff ations numbers between a and xp re. ar (4) ond soon... 2 > Decimal expansion of a vation number % ether terminating oy non-tesmfnating. @> Terminating and non terminating repeating one Rational numbers. ay ati 0-888 8--- Rational 1-4 Numbers o > Rat. No. x Rat. No = Rational No, Rab. No- = Ivy. No = Trvational No. “except whe ~ (e2eget whee) Tv. No. Inv. No. = May be vat. maybe ‘ev. > Jab = 0b 5 fa. &Lb (a+b) (Ge) = (a)"-(45)" Q-b \ 2 (atvb) (a- Wb) yw (a)*- (iB) a*-b 3 To rationalise the denominator of _! 5 we (a+b at multiply Huis by ob , where a av b ave inkegen a Let a@ fsa +e veal number. (a79) mand v1 ave integers + n a Omer | + ¢ { | \ | | | {> General form of a polynornigl of degzee In’ fs given by pan Se —ee . POD = Oh” + Oar XI Oya = 2 = + OH Out, where n fs a tve fabegey and Oy Anis ~~~) 4s,doare ved no . &b,c — cons tants 2 Loge + be + ly; n> vortable s texms In any tewm, ,%% , ro variable part loefficient oF xe So, No. of tevms tm above polyorial 23 wefffcient of x*3 & coefficient of x Db Coefficient of x° 4 ¢ hfghest deg ree of x af this © called ded ne of polynomiah > CLASSIFICATION OF POLYNOMIALS On basis of On basis of “No. of berms " “Degree of Polynern {tem beim Stem DoP=0 Boke ord —_Dor=3 ta +. wroroniall Bronte Ivor “elgvowl Le Guadyate Gh> Conctant folyromial > 41,2, 3, 4,5-- zi + La? Qn? 3x? ae $0 ,9 Polynomial with degree 0% corstant polynomial. > Zero polyno rafal { of 0 ese neg S, degree = not defined > Remainder theorems Let p(x) be mt polyromias of degree ‘a queater than oy eqval +o one a be any seal no. Hf gis fs divided by (xa) ythen remainder Pe equal +0 pla) a Factor theosem : If plx) fe a poly nomial of degree nv! and ‘a te any veal number then § (xa) fs 0 factor of pfx) yf plar=0 & plad=o ff K-a) 7s afactovof pix). 2 Algebvafe IdentP ties * ti ge ie es a ee \ i (a+b)-2 g?4b?+dab \ | (a-b)*< gt+b?-dob \ \ a*- b? = (arb) (a-b) | \ (x40) (a+b) = x? + (arxb)x + ab ' L(t bre)” = orb? + c*+ labs be thea, ee a ee a eees ! (arb)? = OP+h? + Sabla) ' (a-b)?= 03 -b?- dab (a4) ! ' a?+h? = (arb) (a*+b*-ab) | ¢ ab? = (a-b) Ca* +b” +ab)] (abeb?+ $C Eaneniasbec la abba Cabo) ! rf oabac 7g then a+ bixt BabeLine with two end points %s called 0 Gere segment. 4 ® 2 Part of a Ge with one end port fs called Ray. & = \ere segment ts denoted by 5 five Line segment Ab fs denoted AS. 3 If tntee oY move polls Me on the some Mine ,they ave called collinear points. a e c otherwise tt fs callecl ron- (oll ineay points. 2 Angle % formed when fio yays ovig tnate from the same end points. Angle 3 Rays making an angle ave called axms of +he angle and the end points ave called ‘vertex of the angle. 0%< x < 40° C ot wm Jess than 49° and move than 0° a Right Avgle q = 40° y > Obtuse Angle 40 Acute angle2 Straight Angle s=190° ZS» Reflex Angle 180°< ¥< 360° C % Complementary Angle 4 Two angles hove sum is 40° axe = Ned 4 lex. called “complementary ang lex of Ss %m both cases — atb= 40° Sopplementary angles : Two angles whose sum f 180" sxe 5 L. So called “supplementary angles C b= 60° in both cases —+ atb= 180° » » yu 3 Adjacent Angles Two angles ave adjacent tf they have Q Common atm ond stheiy non- common A aims ave on different sides of common oxm. akb axe adjacent angles 3 Lfneay faiy of angles When a yay stands on a Sine and form on oR adjacent angle of sum I€0", fs cablecl Dineay pour angles. 9 Vertically opposite angles (v-0-A) a When two Wthes Phtevsect eachother at a poirt, —¢ a then the opposite angle formed are called Von. b = they ave always equol. -? Tatersecting and Non-tntersecting Ines ——— ——- Tntersecting Lines ron-fntersecting Lines ®= the Lensths of the common perpendicular at different poirs on these parvalle| [fies ave same. This equal Jengtins fs cabled the ol’stance between paratel ne Important Axfoms & Axfom L) Tf vay, stands on a fine, then the sum of 4wo adjacent angles “so formed fs 180". Axfom 2) It the sum of two adjacent angles fs 180° then the ‘mon- Common arms of the angles form a Ane. Important Theovems % . Theorem 1) Tt foo Wd fntersect each other , then the ver Heatly Opposite amyles are equa. Thtorem 2) Lines whch ave parallel to the same kre ave paratiel to each ofney:Two pe Ove Sofd to be tongyvent If they have same s avd size - Two Bne Seaments ase egyal when thei Lengths “awe. equal - Two crelee ove congruent when adi? ove equal . SAS tongauente yyle > Two teFang les aye congruent Ff two sdes ond the fneluded amyl 4 one tridhgle ave equal to the sides and the included angles of "other tvfang les. ASA congrvenice wie Two A ave congsvent ff two oo and the Included sfde of one tyfangle ave eyvak to the angles and the Pncluded side of otney 4. AAS congwence wie: Two & ave congruent tf ary two pas of amyles and one poly of corses pon ding sPdex ave ewval. SSS congyence yle > Lf three sides of one A ave equal to the tree sides of another A ,then the two A ave cong went. RUS Cong uence tole [f fn two vight A the hypotenuse and one side of one A ave equal “to the hyporenuse and one side of othey A, then two A are congruent:> Angles opposite 40 equal sides of an tins celes A ase equal. FE AB=AC then, LB=LC B iC 2 The sides opposite to equal anglers of a A age equal. ¢ Mel then, AB= AC b&b ct > Ina A, the angle opposite fo Songer stde % larger. A =. 8 > Vie versa, the side opposite fo Larger angle is. losger 3 The sum of omy +wo sides of a A &s qreatey than the tntsd side. Ab+ AC ? Bc Ab+ BC ZAC BCtAC 7ABThe ara of A when ik height fs_gfven = L xbase X hefaht Cunt % these fs no heft 7 for example A tvfangulay parle with thee sides 40m , 30m and 20m. How will we Calculate 2 for that we use Heron's formula + | Avea of A = Js(s-a) (s-B) So where a,b and c ave the sides of the trtangle and Ss the semi pevfmetes Me s= atbte a For examples shdes of A ave a= 40m be 24m c= 3am Solon o= YOtV+32 Wotayy ge |S= 48m Now, ( $-= (Y8-YO)m= 8m fee: (4¥8- &¥)m= 4m { SC = (4&-32)m= lbm vo Axea of park= J s(s-a)(s-b)(s-e) = J4gxgx Quxio 7 384m?I Quadrant Cc,» I Quadvant (+) positive y-axis —+ positive x-axls — “lA 1 Quadvant f-,> 4 2 3 W qvadvant “yf G7) s «negative yroxis © Horizontal Line f cabled x-axis. * Vertfead dPne @s cabled y-axis. . a of fnbercechon of x-axis 4 y-axis fs called origin. * Qvadvant both the axes divide the plain in four equad farts and each part fs cabhes quadrant * loovdinate (ordered parr) - A coordfnate the mathematical expression fos denoti the volue of x-axis and y-axis and denotecl by (x,y) where value of % fs tolled as abcissa ond, value of ys ordinate2 2? aL A Mneav equation fn two variables hor fnfPrite solutions An equation of the form orxtby +c =0 , where O,b ard ¢ ave veal numbers ,such that a and b at not both zero, Fs called a Minear equation fn 2 variables Rvery point on the graph of a Linea equation tn & variables Ps a Solution of the linear equat'on. And, every solution of the Uneay equation fs a point on the qigoh of the Linear equation. €gvation of y-axls — x%=0 Equation of x-axts —» _Y=O The eqph n=O is ane parallel +0 y-axts the guaph Y=b Ba Line parallel to x-axis.