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Mineral Processing Dissertation

A detailed look at how mineral processing has evolved over the centuries and current issues.

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coroyik584
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12 views

Mineral Processing Dissertation

A detailed look at how mineral processing has evolved over the centuries and current issues.

Uploaded by

coroyik584
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mineral Processing Dissertation

The term is used with reference to brittle materials; i.e., materials in


which failure occurs through tensile rupture rather than through excessive
deformation. For a member of given form, size, and material, loaded and
supported in a given manner, the rupture factor is the ratio of the
fictitious maximum tensile stress at failure, as calculated by the
appropriate formula for elastic stress, to the ultimate tensile strength
of the material as determined by a conventional tension test.
Roark

Meanwhile, the effects of roasting temperature, reaction time and coal to ore
ratio on the magnetic properties of roasted materials were investigated
using a vibration sample magnetometer (VSM). The results show that the
magnetic susceptibility and magnetism saturation of hematite ore can be
highly increased due to the selective conversion of hematite and siderite into
magnetite caused by magnetization roasting which facilitates their
separation from non-magnetic minerals.

This will stratify the crushed aggregate by density making separation easier.
Where the DMS occurs in the process can be important, the grinders or mills
will process much less waste rock if the DMS occurs beforehand.

These processes are gravity separation, flotation, and magnetic separation.


Gravity separation uses centrifugal forces and specific gravity of ores and
gangue to separate them. Magnetic separation is used to separate magnetic
gangue from the desired ore, or conversely to remove a magnetic target ore
from nonmagnetic gangue.[11] DMS is also considered a physical separation.

It is a little known fact that the original stress to the Sudbury environment
and more specifically to its landscape was clear cut logging.

The area was covered in mature white pine forests which grew tall and
straight; dooming them to destruction.

A prime drive behind the logging was the need for lumber during the rebuild
of the city of Chicago after the Great Fire of the late 1800's.

The clear cut logging practices of the time left behind large amounts of
"slash" ie wood leftovers such as leaves, branches, bark, small trees
destroyed by larger trees during their felling, and scrub trees unsuited for
lumber.
Once this scrub dried, the area became a tinderbox and many many fires of
natural and human causes raged through the area.

Between the pressure of clear cutting and the fires, the thin Canadian Shield
soils became extremely vulnerable to erosion as the vegetation which held it
together began to die.

The additional pressure of early mining and smelting practices, with both an
acute and chronic effect, proved too great for the remaining vegetation.

The soil structure collapsed, eroded away, and the area became famous for
denuded hills and barren clay mud flats in the interlying valleys.

Specifically. the rising trajectory, rise velocity, and aspect ratio of the
particle-laden bubbles were determined using the shadowgraphy imaging
technique. The results showed that the rise velocity reduces as the BSL
increases, reaching a plateau at BSL values > 50%. Over the range of tested
conditions, the critical BSL value was appeared to be insensitive to particle
size but increased as Re increased. The diminishing bubble surface mobility
is believed to be responsible for the observed trend. Further, a drag
modification factor as a function of BSL and Reynolds number has been
developed. Noticeably, the drag coefficient curves peaked at the
corresponding critical BSL values. The drag modification factor may prove to
be useful in modelling of the particle separation processes.

The formation of bubble clusters may be beneficial for coarse particle


recovery. The increased buoyancy force along with higher aggregate stability
may allow coarser particles to float and prevent particle detachment. In its
essence, a bubble cluster is made out of bubbles bridged together by
particles where such formations were observed in cells with high pulp
aeration, low cell turbulence and high particle hydrophobicity. Bubble
clusters have been studied with the aim to characterise these clusters with
respect to operating variables. However, not much insight can be gained in
regard to the application of bubble clusters, as these studies do not
investigate the effect of these clusters at the pulp-froth interface or froth
phase. A better understanding of their impact on flotation is needed.

10 g of cleaned particles were added to a measuring cylinder containing 200


mL of water. DDA was added and the cylinder was agitated by hand for 5
min. Bubble clusters were left to rise. Using a customised syringe, a single
cluster was collected.

Fig. 1
shows a bubble cluster prepared for imaging. The sample was subsequently
placed inside a freezer to immobilise the cluster. An sample holder
developed in-house, equipped with a cooling system, was used to keep the
sample frozen during the imaging period in the micro-CT machine. The
detailed procedure for sampling and sample preparation for imaging,
including the freezing process and the holder developed to preserve the
samples during scanning, is described in

This resulted in two distinct peaks at the glass boundaries due to the
curvature (or more accurately, thickness) of the glass. These symmetric
variations were used to detect the vertical midline of the glass tube. The
image was then horizontally cropped, creating a 150-pixel width middle
segment as shown in

Fig. 2

b to mitigate the potential errors introduced by the curvature of the glass


column and meniscus. This ensured the greyscale standard deviation for
each row was limited to less than 1 %. The grayscale values for each row
were then averaged to mitigate spatial errors and plotted against the vertical
height as in

Fig. 2

c. After calibration, as detailed in the following, these values served as the


foundation for analysing the composition variations within and between
different zones.

Similarly, another micro-CT scan test was conducted on a bubble cluster, as


illustrated in

Fig. 6

a.

Fig. 6

b presents the 3D volume rendering of the bubble cluster from the micro-CT
images.

Fig. 6

c depicts the distribution of particles of different size ranges.

Fig. 6
d-f further illustrate the distribution of particles within specific size ranges.
With these images, it becomes apparent that fully liberated particles
measuring between 200 and 350 µm play a crucial role in forming bridges
between bubbles. Conversely, particles within the 100 to 200 µm range do
not appear to contribute to the bridging process. This study significantly
aligns with

Ata and Jameson (2005)

’s proposition that cluster formation commences through particles bridging


between bubbles, essentially acting as bridges by attaching to both bubbles.
This investigation conclusively demonstrates that particles serve as bridges
within a bubble cluster, with those in the 200 to 350 µm range playing a
major role in this process.

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