Numerical

Expressions
and Factors

1.1 Powers and Exponents Chapter Learning Target:

Understand factors.
1.2 Order of Operations Chapter Success Criteria:
1.3 Prime Factorization ■
■
I can identify factors of a number.
I can explain order of operations.

1.4 Greatest Common Factor ■

■
I can solve a problem using factors.
I can model different types of multiples
of numbers.
1.5 Least Common Multiple

STEAM Video: “Filling Piñatas”

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 STEAM Video Filling Piñatas
Common factors can be used to make identical groups of
objects. Can you think of any situations in which you would
w
want to separate objects into equal groups? Are there any
common factors that may be more useful than others? Can
yyou think of any other ways to use common factors?
W
Watch the STEAM Video “Filling Piñatas.” Then answer the
following questions. The table below shows the numbers of
party favors that Alex and Enid use to make piñatas.

Party Key
Taffies Kazoos Bubbles Mints
Favor Chains
Number 50 12 16 24 100

1. When finding the number of identical piñatas that can be

made, why is it helpful for Alex and Enid to list the factors
of each number given in the table?
2. You want to create 6 identical piñatas. How can you
change the numbers of party favors in the table to make
this happen? Can you do this without changing the total
number of party favors?

Performance Task Setting the Table

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ms2019_gr6_Ch01.indb 1 1/16/18 4:26 PM

 Getting Ready for Chapter
Chapter Exploration
Work with a partner. In Exercises 1–3, use the table.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Eratosthenes
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 (c. 276– c. 194 B.C.)
This table is called the
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Sieve of Eratosthenes.
Eratosthenes was a Greek
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 mathematician who was
the chief librarian at the
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Library of Alexandria in
Egypt. He was the first
person to calculate the
1. Cross out the multiples of 2 that are greater than 2. circumference of Earth.
Do the same for 3, 5, and 7.
2. The numbers that are not crossed out are called prime numbers. The
numbers that are crossed out are called composite numbers. In your
own words, describe the characteristics of prime numbers and
composite numbers.
3. MODELING REAL LIFE Work with a partner. Cicadas are insects that live
underground and emerge from the ground after x or x + 4 years. Is it
possible that both x and x + 4 are prime? Give some examples.

Vocabulary
The following vocabulary terms are defined in this chapter. Think about what each
term might mean and record your thoughts.
exponent common factors common multiples
numerical expression greatest common factor least common multiple
order of operations

ms2019_gr6_Ch01.indb 2 1/16/18 4:27 PM

 1.1 Powers and Exponents
Learning Target: Write and evaluate expressions involving exponents.
Success Criteria: • I can write products of repeated factors as powers.
• I can evaluate powers.

RATION 1
EXPLORATION
EXPLOR Writing Expressions Using Exponents
Work with a partner. Copy and complete the table.

Repeated Factors Using an Exponent Value

a. 10 × 10

b. 4 × 4
Math Practice
c. 6 × 6
Repeat
Calculations
d. 10 × 10 × 10
What patterns do
you notice in the
e. 100 × 100 × 100
expressions? How
does this help you
f. 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
write exponents?
g. 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4

h. 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2

i. In your own words, describe what the two numbers in the

expression 35 mean.

EXPLORATION 2 Using a Calculator to Find a Pattern

Work with a partner. Copy the diagram. Use a calculator to find each
value. Write one digit of the value in each box. Describe the pattern in
the digits of the values.

a. 111

b. 112

c. 113

d. 114

Section 1.1 Powers and Exponents 3

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 1.1 Lesson
A power is a product of repeated factors. The base of a power is the repeated
Key Vocabulary factor. The exponent of a power indicates the number of times the base is used
power, p. 4 as a factor.
base, p. 4
exponent, p. 4 base exponent
perfect square, p. 5
⋅⋅⋅
3 =3 3 3 3
4

power 3 is used as a factor 4 times.

Remember
Power Words
You can use the
dot symbol • to 32 Three squared, or three to the second
indicate multiplication.
For example, the 33 Three cubed, or three to the third
product of 3 and 5
34 Three to the fourth
can be expressed as
3 × 5 or 3 • 5. 35 Three to the fi fth

EXAMPLE 1 Writing Expressions as Powers

Write each product as a power.

⋅⋅⋅⋅
a. 7 7 7 7 7
Because 7 is used as a factor 5 times, its exponent is 5.

⋅⋅⋅⋅
So, 7 7 7 7 7 = 75.

b. 12 × 12 × 12
Because 12 is used as a factor 3 times, its exponent is 3.

So, 12 × 12 × 12 = 123.

c. 100 × 100 × 100 × 100 × 100 × 100

Because 100 is used as a factor 6 times, its exponent is 6.

So, 100 × 100 × 100 × 100 × 100 × 100 = 1006.

Try It Write the product as a power.

1. 2 × 2 × 2

⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
2. 6 6 6 6 6 6
3. 15 × 15 × 15 × 15

⋅ ⋅ 20 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 20
4. 20 20

4 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors Multi-Language Glossary at BigIdeasMath.com

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 EXAMPLE 2 Finding Values of Powers
Find the value of each power.
a. 7 2 b. 53
72 = 7 7⋅ Write as repeated multiplication. ⋅⋅
53 = 5 5 5
= 49 Simplify. = 125

Try It Find the value of the power.

5. 63 6. 92 7. 34 8. 182

The square of a whole number is a perfect square.

EXAMPLE 3 Identifying Perfect Squares

Determine whether each number is a perfect square.
a. 64

Because 82 = 64, 64 is a perfect square.

b. 20

No whole number squared equals 20. So, 20 is not a

perfect square.

Try It Determine whether the number is a perfect square.

9. 25 10. 2 11. 99 12. 36

Self-Assessment for Concepts & Skills

Solve each exercise. Then rate your understanding of the success criteria
in your journal.

FINDING VALUES OF POWERS Find the value of the power.

13. 82 14. 35 15. 113
16. VOCABULARY How are exponents and powers different?
17. VOCABULARY Is 10 a perfect square? Is 100 a perfect square? Explain.
18. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which one does not belong with
the other three? Explain your reasoning.

24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 32 = 3 × 3

3+3+3+3=3×4 ⋅⋅
5 5 5 = 53

Section 1.1 Powers and Exponents 5

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 You can use powers to find areas of squares.
Remember The area of a square is equal to its side
3
The area of a length squared.
figure is the amount
of surface it covers. 3
Area is measured in
Area = 3 = 9 square units
2
square units.

EXAMPLE 4 Modeling Real Life

A life-size MONOPOLY® game board is a square with a side length of
11 yards. What is the area of the game board?
Use a verbal model to solve the problem.

Area of 2

game board
= ( Side length (
= 112 Substitute 11 for side length.
= 121 Multiply.

The area of the game board is 121 square yards.

Check
Count the number of squares
in an 11 × 11 grid.

There are 121 squares. ✓

Self-Assessment for Problem Solving

Solve each exercise. Then rate your understanding of the success criteria
in your journal.

19. A square solar panel has an area of 16 square feet. Write the area as
a power. Then find the side lengths of the panel.
4 3
20. The four-square court shown is a square made up of four identical
smaller squares. What is the area of the court?
6 ft 1 2
21. DIG DEEPER Each face of a number cube is a square with a side
length of 16 millimeters. What is the total area of all of the faces of
the number cube?

6 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 1.1 Practice Go to BigIdeasMath.com to get
HELP with solving the exercises.

Review & Refresh

Multiply.
1. 150 × 2 2. 175 × 8 3. 123 × 3 4. 151 × 9

Write the sentence as a numerical expression.

5. Add 5 and 8, then multiply by 4. 6. Subtract 7 from 11, then divide by 2.

Round the number to the indicated place value.

7. 4.03785 to the tenths 8. 12.89503 to the hundredths

Complete the sentence.

1 4
9. — of 30 is . 10. — of 25 is .
10 5

Concepts, Skills, & Problem Solving

WRITING EXPRESSIONS USING EXPONENTS Copy and complete the table.
(See Exploration 1, p. 3.)

Repeated Factors Using an Exponent Value

11. 8 × 8
12. 4 × 4 × 4
13. 9 × 9 × 9 × 9
14. 12 × 12 × 12 × 12

WRITING EXPRESSIONS AS POWERS Write the product as a power.

15. 9 × 9 16. 13 ×13 17. 15 × 15 × 15

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
18. 2 2 2 2 2 19. 14 × 14 × 14 ⋅⋅⋅
20. 8 8 8 8
21. 11 × 11 × 11 × 11 × 11 22. 7 7⋅ ⋅ 7 ⋅7 ⋅7 ⋅7 23. 16 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 16
24. 43 × 43 × 43 × 43 × 43 25. 167 ⋅ 167 ⋅ 167 26. 245 ⋅ 245 ⋅ 245 ⋅ 245

FINDING VALUES OF POWERS Find the value of the power.

27. 52 28. 43 29. 62 30. 17
31. 03 32. 84 33. 24 34. 122
35. 73 36. 54 37. 25 38. 142

USING TOOLS Use a calculator to find the value of the power.

39. 76 40. 48 41. 124 42. 175

Section 1.1 Powers and Exponents 7

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 43. YOU BE THE TEACHER Your friend finds the value of 83.
Is your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
⋅
83 = 8 3 = 24

IDENTIFYING PERFECT SQUARES Determine whether the number is a perfect square.

44. 8 45. 4 46. 81 47. 44
48. 49 49. 125 50. 150 51. 144

52. MODELING REAL LIFE On each square centimeter of a person’s

skin, there are about 392 bacteria. How many bacteria does this
expression represent?

53. REPEATED REASONING The smallest figurine in a

gift shop is 2 inches tall. The height of each figurine is
twice the height of the previous figurine. What is the
height of the tallest figurine?

54. MODELING REAL LIFE A square painting

measures 2 meters on each side.
What is the area of the painting
in square centimeters?

55. NUMBER SENSE Write three powers that have values

greater than 120 and less than 130.

56. DIG DEEPER A landscaper has 125 tiles to build a square patio.
The patio must have an area of at least 80 square feet.
12 in.
a. What are the possible arrangements for the patio?
b. How many tiles are not used in each arrangement?
12 in.
57. PATTERNS Copy and complete the table. Describe what
happens to the value of the power as the exponent decreases.
Use this pattern to find the value of 40.

Power 46 45 44 43 42 41
Value 4096 1024

58. REPEATED REASONING How many blocks do you need to add to Square 6 to
get Square 7? to Square 9 to get Square 10? to Square 19 to get Square 20? Explain.

Square 3
Square 4
Square 5
Square 6

8 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 1.2 Order of Operations
Learning Target: Write and evaluate numerical expressions using the order of operations.
Success Criteria: • I can explain why there is a need for a standard order of operations.
• I can evaluate numerical expressions involving several operations, exponents, and
grouping symbols.
• I can write numerical expressions involving exponents to represent a real-life problem.

ORATION 1
EXPLORATION
EXPLO Comparing Different Orders
Work with a partner. Find the value of each expression by using different
orders of operations. Are your answers the same?
a. Add, then multiply. Multiply, then add.
3+2×2 3+2×2
b. Subtract, then multiply. Multiply, then subtract.
18 − 3 3 ⋅ 18 − 3 3 ⋅
c. Multiply, then subtract. Subtract, then multiply.
8×8−2 8×8−2
d. Multiply, then add. Add, then multiply.

⋅
6 6+2 ⋅
6 6+2

EXPLORATION 2 Determining Order of Operations

Work with a partner.
a. Scientific calculators use a standard order of operations when evaluating
expressions. Why is a standard order of operations needed?

b. Use a scientific calculator to evaluate each expression

in Exploration 1. Enter each expression
exactly as written. For each expression,
which order of operations is correct?

c. What order of operations should

be used to evaluate 3 + 22,
Math Practice 18 − 32, 82 − 2, and 62 + 2?
Use Technology
to Explore
⋅
d. Do 18 ÷ 3 3 and 18 ÷ 32
have the same value? Justify
How does a scientific
your answer.
calculator help you
explore order of e. How does evaluating powers fit into the order of operations?
operations?

Section 1.2 Order of Operations 9

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 1.2 Lesson
A numerical expression is an expression that contains numbers and
Key Vocabulary operations. To evaluate, or find the value of, a numerical expression,
numerical expression, use a set of rules called the order of operations.
p. 10
evaluate, p. 10
order of operations,
p. 10
Key Idea
Order of Operations
1. Perform operations in grouping symbols.
2. Evaluate numbers with exponents.
3. Multiply and divide from left to right.
4. Add and subtract from left to right.

EXAMPLE 1 Using Order of Operations

a. Evaluate 12 − 2 × 4.
12 − 2 × 4 = 12 − 8 Multiply 2 and 4.
=4 Subtract 8 from 12.
b. Evaluate 60 ÷ [(4 + 2) × 5].
60 ÷ [(4 + 2) × 5] = 60 ÷ [6 × 5] Perform operation in parentheses.
= 60 ÷ 30 Perform operation in brackets.
=2 Divide 60 by 30.

Try It Evaluate the expression.

⋅
1. 7 5 + 3 2. (28 − 20) ÷ 4 3. [6 + (15 − 10)] × 5

EXAMPLE 2 Using Order of Operations with Exponents

Evaluate 30 ÷ (7 + 23) × 6.

to multiply
and 30 ÷ (7 + 23) × 6 = 30 ÷ (7 + 8) × 6 Evaluate power in parentheses.
Remember
left to ht.
ri g
= 30 ÷ 15 × 6
divide from ld
Perform operation in parentheses.
2, you shou
In Example g =2×6
re multiplyin Divide 30 by 15.
divide befo bol
division sym = 12
because the g Multiply 2 and 6.
when readin
comes first
from left to
righ t.
Try It Evaluate the expression.
4. 6 + 24 − 1 ⋅
5. 4 32 + 18 − 9 6. 16 + (52 − 7) ÷ 3

10 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors Multi-Language Glossary at BigIdeasMath.com

ms2019_gr6_Ch01.indb 10 1/16/18 4:27 PM

 ⋅
The symbols × and are used to indicate multiplication. You can also use
parentheses to indicate multiplication. For example, 3(2 + 7) is the same
as 3 × (2 + 7).

EXAMPLE 3 Using Order of Operations

8−2
a. Evaluate 9 + —.
3
8−2
Remember 9 + — = 9 + (8 − 2) ÷ 3
3
Rewrite fraction as division.
You can interpretet
=9+6÷3 Perform operation in parentheses.
a fraction as division
of the numerator by =9+2 Divide 6 by 3.
the denominator.
a = 11 Add 9 and 2.
—=a÷b
b
b. Evaluate 10 − 8(13 + 7) ÷ 42.
10 − 8(13 + 7) ÷ 42 = 10 − 8(20) ÷ 42 Perform operation in parentheses.
= 10 − 8(20) ÷ 16 Evaluate 42.
= 10 − 160 ÷ 16 Multiply 8 and 20.
= 10 − 10 Divide 160 by 16.
=0 Subtract 10 from 10.

Try It Evaluate the expression.

1 8(2 + 5)
7. 50 + 6(12 ÷ 4) − 82 8. 52 − —(10 − 5) 9. —
5 7

Self-Assessment for Concepts & Skills

Solve each exercise. Then rate your understanding of the success criteria
in your journal.

USING ORDER OF OPERATIONS Evaluate the expression.

10. 7 + 2 4⋅ 11. 8 ÷ 4 × 2 12. 3(5 + 1) ÷ 32

13. WRITING Why does 12 − 8 ÷ 2 = 8, but (12 − 8) ÷ 2 = 2?

14. REASONING Describe the steps in evaluating the expression

8 ÷ (6 − 4) + 32.

15. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which expression does not belong
with the other three? Explain your reasoning.

52 − 8 × 2 52 − (8 × 2) 52 − 2 × 8 (52 − 8) × 2

Section 1.2 Order of Operations 11

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 EXAMPLE 4 Modeling Real Life
The diagram shows landing zones for skydivers.
Zone 1 is for experts. The remaining space is 40 yd
divided in half and designated as Zones 2 and 3
for tandem divers. What is the area of Zone 2? Zone 2
Understand You are given the dimensions of landing zones 40 yd
the problem. Zone 3
and that the areas of Zones 2 and 3 are equal. 20 yd Zone 1
You are asked to find the area of Zone 2.
Make a plan. Use a verbal model to write an expression. 20 yd
Subtract the area of Zone 1 from the total area
to find the combined area of Zones 2 and 3.
Then multiply the combined area by one-half.
Solve and Verbal
check.
Model
One-half ) Total area − Area of Zone 1 )
1
Expression — ( 402 − 202 )
2
1 1
— ( 40 − 20 ) = — (1600 − 400)
2 2
Evaluate powers in parentheses.
Check Verify that the areas 2 2
of the three zones have a 1
= —(1200) Perform operation in parentheses.
sum equal to the total area. 2
? 1
400 + 600 + 600 = 1600 = 600 Multiply — and 1200.
✓
2
1600 = 1600
The area of Zone 2 is 600 square yards.

Self-Assessment for Problem Solving

Solve each exercise. Then rate your understanding of the success criteria
in your journal.

16. A square plot of land has side lengths of 40 meters. An archaeologist

divides the land into 64 equal parts. What is the area of each part?

17. A glass block window is made of two different-sized glass squares. The
window has side lengths of 40 inches. The large glass squares have side
lengths of 10 inches. Find the total area of the small glass squares.

18. DIG DEEPER A square vegetable garden

has side lengths of 12 feet. You plant flowers
4 ft
in the center portion as shown. You divide
the remaining space into 4 equal sections 4 ft 12 ft
and plant tomatoes, onions, zucchini,
and peppers. What is the area of the
onion section? 12 ft

12 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 1.2 Practice Go to BigIdeasMath.com to get
HELP with solving the exercises.

Review & Refresh

Write the product as a power.
1. 11 × 11 × 11 × 11 2. 13 × 13 × 13 × 13 × 13

Find the missing dimension of the rectangular prism.

3. 4.

h 9m

4 in.
6 in. 3m
Volume = 192 in.3 Volume = 135 m3

Tell whether the number is prime or composite.

5. 9 6. 11 7. 23

Concepts, Skills, & Problem Solving

COMPARING DIFFERENT ORDERS Find the value of the expression by using
different orders of operations. Are your answers the same? (See Exploration 1, p. 9.)
8. Add, then multiply. Multiply, then add. 9. Subtract, then multiply. Multiply, then subtract.
4+6×6 4+6×6 5×5−3 5×5−3
USING ORDER OF OPERATIONS Evaluate the expression.
10. 5 + 18 ÷ 6 11. (11 − 3) ÷ 2 + 1 12. 45 ÷ 9 × 12
13. 62 − 3 4⋅ 14. 42 ÷ (15 − 23) ⋅
15. 42 2 + 8 7 ⋅
16. (5 − 2) × 1 + 4
2 5
17. 4 + 2 × 3 − 9
2
18. 8 ÷ 2 × 3 + 42 ÷ 4
19. 32 + 12 ÷ (6 − 3) × 8 20. (10 + 4) ÷ (26 − 19) 21. (52 − 4) 2 − 18 ⋅
22. 2 × [(16 − 8) × 2] 23. 12 + 8 × 33 − 24 24. 62 ÷ [(2 + 4) × 23]

YOU BE THE TEACHER Your friend evaluates the expression. Is your friend
correct? Explain your reasoning.
25. 26.
9 + 3 × 32 = 12 × 9 19 − 6 + 12 = 19 − 18
= 108 =1

27. PROBLEM SOLVING You need to read 20 poems in 5 days for an English
project. Each poem is 2 pages long. Evaluate the expression 20 × 2 ÷ 5 to find
how many pages you need to read each day.

Section 1.2 Order of Operations 13

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 USING ORDER OF OPERATIONS Evaluate the expression.
1
28. 12 − 2(7 − 4) 29. 4(3 + 5) − 3(6 − 2) 30. 6 + —(12 − 8)
4

31. 92 − 8(6 + 2) 32. 4(3 − 1)3 + 7(6) − 52 [( 1

33. 8 1— + — ÷ 4
6
5
6 ) ]
11 3
(
34. 72 − 2 — − —
8 8 ) 35. 8(7.3 + 3.7 − 8) ÷ 2 36. 24(5.2 − 3.2) ÷ 4

62(3 + 5) 122 − 4(6) + 1 26 ÷ 2 + 5

37. — 38. —— 39. —
4 2
11 2
3 −3

16 in.
40. PROBLEM SOLVING Before a show, there are 8 people in a
16 in. theater. Five groups of 4 people enter, and then three groups of
2 people leave. Evaluate the expression 8 + 5(4) − 3(2) to find
how many people are in the theater.

41. MODELING REAL LIFE The front door of a house is painted white and
blue. Each window is a square with a side length of 7 inches. What is the
area of the door that is painted blue?

42. PROBLEM SOLVING You buy 6 notebooks, 10 folders,

1 pack of pencils, and 1 lunch box for school. After using
a $10 gift card, how much do you owe? Explain how you PE #2
NC
IL
S

solved the problem.

43. OPEN-ENDED Use all four operations and at least one

exponent to write an expression that has a value of 100.

44. REPEATED REASONING A Petri dish contains

35 cells. Every day, each cell in the Petri dish divides
into 2 cells in a process called mitosis. How many cells
are there after 14 days? Justify your answer.

45. REASONING Two groups collect litter along the

side of a road. It takes each group 5 minutes to clean up
a 200-yard section. How long does it take both groups
working together to clean up 2 miles? Explain how you
solved the problem.

46. NUMBER SENSE Copy each statement. Insert +, −, ×, or ÷ symbols to make

each statement true.

a. 27 3 5 2 = 19 b. 92 11 8 4 1 = 60

c. 5 6 15 9 = 24 d. 14 2 7 3 9 = 10

14 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 1.3 Prime Factorization
Learning Target: Write a number as a product of prime factors and represent the product using exponents.
Success Criteria: • I can find factor pairs of a number.
• I can explain the meanings of prime and composite numbers.
• I can create a factor tree to find the prime factors of a number.
• I can write the prime factorization of a number.

ORATION 1
EXPLORATION
EXPLO Rewriting Numbers as Products of Factors
Work with a partner. Two students use factor trees to write 108 as a
product of factors, as shown below.
Student A Student B

a. Without using 1 as a factor, can you write 108 as a product with

more factors than each student used? Justify your answer.

Math Practice b. Use factor trees to 80

Interpret Results write 80, 162, and
How do you know your 300 as products of as 8
answer makes sense? many factors as possible.
Do not use 1 as a factor.

c. Compare your results

in parts (a) and (b) with
other groups. For each
number, identify the product
with the greatest number of factors.
What do these factors have in common?

Section 1.3 Prime Factorization 15

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 1.3 Lesson
⋅
Because 2 is a factor of 10 and 2 5 = 10, 5 is also a factor of 10. The pair 2, 5 is
called a factor pair of 10.

EXAMPLE 1 Finding Factor Pairs

The brass section of a marching band has
Key Vocabulary 30 members. The band director arranges the
factor pair, p. 16 brass section in rows. Each row has the same
prime factorization, number of members. How many possible
p. 16 arrangements are there?
factor tree, p. 16 Use the factor pairs of 30 to find the number of arrangements.

⋅
30 = 1 30 There could be 1 row of 30 or 30 rows of 1.
30 = 2 ⋅ 15 There could be 2 rows of 15 or 15 rows of 2.

an 30 = 3 ⋅ 10 There could be 3 rows of 10 or 10 rows of 3.

When making
o ctor 30 = 5 ⋅ 6
f fa
organized list There could be 5 rows of 6 or 6 rows of 5.
ding pairs
pairs, stop fin 30 = 6 ⋅ 5
ors begin The factors 5 and 6 are already listed.
when the fact
to repeat. There are 8 possible arrangements: 1 row of 30, 30 rows of 1, 2 rows of
15, 15 rows of 2, 3 rows of 10, 10 rows of 3, 5 rows of 6, or 6 rows of 5.

Try It List the factor pairs of the number.

1. 18 2. 24 3. 51
4. WHAT IF? The woodwinds section of the marching band has
38 members. Which has more possible arrangements, the brass
section or the woodwinds section? Explain.

Key Idea
Prime Factorization
The prime factorization of a composite number is the number written
as a product of its prime factors.
Remember You can use factor pairs and a factor tree to help find the prime
factorization of a number. The factor tree is complete when only prime
A prime number
is a whole number factors appear in the product. A factor tree for 60 is shown.
greater than 1 with 60
exactly two factors,
1 and itself. A 2⋅ 30
composite number is a 2 ⋅ 15
whole number greater
than 1 with factors in 3 ⋅ 5
addition to 1 and itself. 60 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5, or 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
2

16 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors Multi-Language Glossary at BigIdeasMath.com

ms2019_gr6_Ch01.indb 16 1/16/18 4:27 PM

 EXAMPLE 2 Writing a Prime Factorization
Write the prime factorization of 48.
Choose any factor pair of 48 to begin the factor tree.
Tree 1 Tree 2
Find a factor pair and
beginning 48 48
Notice that draw “branches.”
nt factor
with differe e same 2 ⋅ 24 Circle the prime factors
3 ⋅ 16
2 ⋅ 12
s in th
pairs result
rization. as you find them. 2 ⋅ 8
prime facto
osite numb
er 4 ⋅ 3 4 ⋅ 2
Every comp Find factors until each branch
has only on
e prime 2 ⋅ 2 ends at a prime factor.
⋅2 2
n.
factorizatio
48 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 48 = 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2

The prime factorization of 48 is 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3, or 2 ⋅ 3. 4

Try It Write the prime factorization of the number.

5. 20 6. 88 7. 90 8. 462

Self-Assessment for Concepts & Skills

Solve each exercise. Then rate your understanding of the success criteria
in your journal.

WRITING A PRIME FACTORIZATION Write the prime factorization of

the number.
9. 14 10. 86 11. 40 12. 516

13. WRITING Explain the difference between prime numbers and

composite numbers.

14. STRUCTURE Your friend lists the following factor pairs and
concludes that there are 6 factor pairs of 12. Explain why your friend
is incorrect.

1, 12 2, 6 3, 4

12, 1 6, 2 4, 3

15. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which factor pair does not belong
with the other three? Explain your reasoning.

2, 28 4, 14 6, 9 7, 8

Section 1.3 Prime Factorization 17

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 EXAMPLE 3 Using a Prime Factorization
What is the greatest perfect square that is a factor of 1575?
Because 1575 has many factors, it is not efficient to list all of its factors and
check for perfect squares. Use a factor tree to write the prime factorization
of 1575. Then analyze the prime factors to find perfect square factors.
1575
25 ⋅ 63
5 ⋅5 ⋅9 7
3 ⋅3
1575 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7
The prime factorization shows that 1575 has three factors other than 1
that are perfect squares.

⋅
3 3=9
5 ⋅ 5 = 25
(3 ⋅ 5) ⋅ (3 ⋅ 5) = 15 ⋅ 15 = 225

So, the greatest perfect square that is a factor of 1575 is 225.

Self-Assessment for Problem Solving

Solve each exercise. Then rate your understanding of the success criteria
in your journal.

16. A group of 20 friends plays a card

game. The game can be played with
2 or more teams of equal size. Each
team must have at least 2 members.
List the possible numbers and sizes
of teams.

17. You arrange 150 chairs in rows for a school

h l play.
l YouY want each h row
to have the same number of chairs. How many possible arrangements
are there? Are all of the possible arrangements appropriate for the
play? Explain.

18. What is the least perfect square that is a factor of 4536? What is the
greatest perfect square that is a factor of 4536?

19. DIG DEEPER The prime factorization of a number is 24 × 34 × 54 × 72.

Is the number a perfect square? Explain your reasoning.

18 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 1.3 Practice Go to BigIdeasMath.com to get
HELP with solving the exercises.

Review & Refresh

Evaluate the expression.
5 1
1. 2 + 42(5 − 3) 2. 23 + 4 × 32 (
3. 9 × 5 − 24 — − —
2 2 )
Plot the points in a coordinate plane. Draw a line segment connecting the points.
4. (1, 1) and (4, 3) 5. (2, 3) and (5, 9) 6. (2, 5) and (4, 8)

Use the Distributive Property to find the quotient. Justify your answer.
7. 408 ÷ 4 8. 628 ÷ 2 9. 969 ÷ 3

Classify the triangle in as many ways as possible.

10. 11. 12.

Concepts, Skills, & Problem Solving

REWRITING A NUMBER Write the number as a product of as many factors
as possible. (See Exploration 1, p. 15.)
13. 60 14. 63 15. 120 16. 150

FINDING FACTOR PAIRS List the factor pairs of the number.

17. 15 18. 22 19. 34 20. 39
21. 45 22. 54 23. 59 24. 61
25. 100 26. 58 27. 25 28. 76
29. 52 30. 88 31. 71 32. 91

WRITING A PRIME FACTORIZATION Write the prime factorization of

the number.
33. 16 34. 25 35. 30 36. 26
37. 84 38. 54 39. 65 40. 77
41. 46 42. 39 43. 99 44. 24
45. 315 46. 490 47. 140 48. 640

USING A PRIME FACTORIZATION Find the number represented by the

prime factorization.

⋅ ⋅
49. 22 32 5 ⋅ ⋅
50. 32 52 7 ⋅ ⋅
51. 23 112 13

Section 1.3 Prime Factorization 19

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 72 The prime factorization
2 36 of 72 is 2 2 2 9,⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 52.
5 YOU BE THE TEACHER Your friend finds the
2 18 or 2 3
⋅9. prime factorization of 72. Is your friend correct?
Explain your reasoning.
2 9

USING A PRIME FACTORIZATION Find the greatest perfect square that is a factor of
the number.
53. 250 54. 275 55. 392 56. 338
57. 244 58. 650 59. 756 60. 1290
61. 2205 62. 1890 63. 495 64. 4725

65. VOCABULARY A botanist separates plants into equal groups

of 5 for an experiment. Is the total number of plants in the
experiment prime or composite? Explain.

66. REASONING A teacher divides 36 students into equal

groups for a scavenger hunt. Each group should have at
least 4 students but no more than 8 students. What are the
possible group sizes?

67. CRITICAL THINKING Is 2 the only even prime number?

Explain.

68. LOGIC One table at a bake sale has 75 cookies. Another

table has 60 cupcakes. Which table allows for more rectangular
arrangements? Explain.

69. PERFECT NUMBERS A perfect number is a number that equals the sum of its
factors, not including itself. For example, the factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28.
Because 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28, 28 is a perfect number. What are the perfect
numbers between 1 and 27?

70. REPEATED REASONING Choose any two perfect squares and find their
product. Then multiply your answer by another perfect square. Continue this
process. Are any of the products perfect squares? What can you conclude?

71. PROBLEM SOLVING The stage manager of a school

play creates a rectangular stage that has whole number
Rectangular Prism dimensions and an area of 42 square yards. String lights will
outline the stage. What is the least number of yards of string
lights needed to enclose the stage?

72. DIG DEEPER Consider the rectangular prism shown. Using

only whole number dimensions, how many different prisms
Volume = 40 cubic inches are possible? Explain.

20 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 1.4 Greatest Common Factor
Learning Target: Find the greatest common factor of two numbers.
Success Criteria: • I can explain the meaning of factors of a number.
• I can use lists of factors to identify the greatest common factor of numbers.
• I can use prime factors to identify the greatest common factor of numbers.

A Venn diagram uses circles to describe

Factors Factors
relationships between two or more sets. The
of 12 1 of 15
Venn diagram shows the factors of 12 and 15.
2 5
Numbers that are factors of both 12 and 15 are 4 6 3
15
represented by the overlap of the two circles. 12

EXPLORATION 1 Identifying Common Factors

Work with a partner. In parts (a)–(d), create a Venn diagram that represents
the factors of each number and identify any common factors.
a. 36 and 48 b. 16 and 56
c. 30 and 75 d. 54 and 90
e. Look at the Venn diagrams in parts (a)–(d). Explain how to identify
the greatest common factor of each pair of numbers. Then circle it
in each diagram.

EXPLORATION 2 Using Prime Factors

Work with a partner.
a. Each Venn diagram represents the prime factorizations of two
numbers. Identify each pair of numbers. Explain your reasoning.

2
3 3 2
2 5 11
3 3
3

Math Practice b. Create a Venn diagram that represents the prime factorizations of
36 and 48.
Interpret a
Solution c. Repeat part (b) for the remaining number pairs in Exploration 1.
What does the diagram d. STRUCTURE Make a conjecture about the relationship between
representing the prime
the greatest common factors you found in Exploration 1 and the
factorizations mean?
numbers in the overlaps of the Venn diagrams you just created.

Section 1.4 Greatest Common Factor 21

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 1.4 Lesson
Factors that are shared by two or more numbers are called common factors.
The greatest of the common factors is called the greatest common factor
(GCF). One way to find the GCF of two or more numbers is by listing factors.

EXAMPLE 1 Finding the GCF Using Lists of Factors

Find the GCF of 24 and 40.
Key Vocabulary List the factors of each number.
Venn diagram, p. 21
Factors of 24: 1 , 2 , 3, 4 , 6, 8 , 12, 24
common factors, p. 22 Circle the common factors.
greatest common Factors of 40: 1 , 2 , 4 , 5, 8 , 10, 20, 40
factor, p. 22
The common factors of 24 and 40 are 1, 2, 4, and 8. The greatest of these
common factors is 8.

So, the GCF of 24 and 40 is 8.

Try It Find the GCF of the numbers using lists of factors.

1. 8, 36 2. 18, 72 3. 14, 28, 49

Another way to find the GCF of two or more numbers is by using prime factors.
The GCF is the product of the common prime factors of the numbers.

EXAMPLE 2 Finding the GCF Using Prime Factorizations

Find the GCF of 12 and 56.
Make a factor tree for each number.
12 56
2 ⋅ 6 7 ⋅ 8
2 ⋅3 2 ⋅4
2 ⋅2
and 2 show
Examples 1 Write the prime factorization of each number.
nt methods
two differe
⋅⋅
er
the GCF. Aft 12 = 2 2 3
for finding od,
h one meth Circle the common prime factors.
solving wit 56 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 7
the other
you can use
check
method to
2 ⋅2 = 4
r.
your answe Find the product of the common prime factors.

So, the GCF of 12 and 56 is 4.

Try It Find the GCF of the numbers using prime factorizations.

4. 20, 45 5. 32, 90 6. 45, 75, 120

22 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors Multi-Language Glossary at BigIdeasMath.com

ms2019_gr6_Ch01.indb 22 1/16/18 4:27 PM

 EXAMPLE 3 Finding Two Numbers with a Given GCF
Which pair of numbers has a GCF of 15?
A. 10, 15 B. 30, 60 C. 21, 45 D. 45, 75
The number 15 cannot be a factor of the lesser number 10. So, you can
eliminate Choice A.
The number 15 cannot be a factor of a number that does not have a 0 or 5
in the ones place. So, you can eliminate Choice C.
List the factors for Choices B and D. Then identify the GCF for each.
Choice B: Factors of 30: 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 15 , 30
Factors of 60: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4, 5 , 6 , 10 , 12, 15 , 20, 30, 60
The GCF of 30 and 60 is 30.
Choice D: Factors of 45: 1 , 3 , 5 , 9, 15 , 45
Factors of 75: 1 , 3 , 5 , 15 , 25, 75
The GCF of 45 and 75 is 15.
The correct answer is D.

Try It
7. Write a pair of numbers whose greatest common factor is 10.

Self-Assessment for Concepts & Skills

Solve each exercise. Then rate your understanding of the success criteria
in your journal.

FINDING THE GCF Find the GCF of the numbers.

8. 16, 40 9. 35, 63 10. 18, 72, 144
11. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which number is not a factor of 10? Explain.
A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5
12. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find
“both” answers.

What is the greatest common factor of 24 and 32?

What is the greatest common divisor of 24 and 32?

What is the greatest common prime factor of 24 and 32?

What is the product of the common prime factors of 24 and 32?

Section 1.4 Greatest Common Factor 23

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 EXAMPLE 4 Modeling Real Life
You are filling piñatas for your friend’s birthday
party. The list shows the gifts you are putting into
the piñatas. You want identical groups of gifts
in each piñata with no gifts left over. What is the
greatest number of piñatas you can make?
The GCF of the numbers of gifts represents the
greatest number of identical groups of gifts you
can make with no gifts left over. So, to find the
number of piñatas, find the GCF.
Write the prime factorization of each number.

⋅⋅
18 = 2 3 3
24 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 Circle the common prime factors.
42 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7

2 ⋅3 = 6 Find the product of the common prime factors.

The GCF of 18, 24, and 42 is 6.

So, you can make at most 6 piñatas.

Check Verify that 6 identical piñatas will use all of the gifts.
18 kazoos ÷ 6 piñatas = 3 kazoos per piñata
24 mints ÷ 6 piñatas = 4 mints per piñata
42 lollipops ÷ 6 piñatas = 7 lollipops per piñata ✓

Self-Assessment for Problem Solving

Solve each exercise. Then rate your understanding of the success criteria
in your journal.

13. You use 30 sandwiches and 42 granola bars to make identical picnic
baskets. You make the greatest number of picnic baskets with no food
left over. How many sandwiches and how many granola bars are in
each basket?

14. You fill bags with cookies to give to your friends. You bake
45 chocolate chip cookies, 30 peanut butter cookies, and
15 oatmeal cookies. You want identical groups of cookies in
each bag with no cookies left over. What is the greatest number
of bags you can make?

24 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 1.4 Practice Go to BigIdeasMath.com to get
HELP with solving the exercises.

Review & Refresh

List the factor pairs of the number.
1. 20 2. 16 3. 56 4. 87

Tell whether the statement is always, sometimes, or never true.

5. A rectangle is a rhombus. 6. A rhombus is a square.
7. A square is a rectangle. 8. A trapezoid is a parallelogram.

Concepts, Skills, & Problem Solving

USING A VENN DIAGRAM Use a Venn diagram to find the greatest common
factor of the numbers. (See Exploration 1, p. 21.)
9. 12, 30 10. 32, 54 11. 24, 108

FINDING THE GCF Find the GCF of the numbers using lists
of factors.
12. 6, 15 13. 14, 84 14. 45, 76
15. 39, 65 16. 51, 85 17. 40, 63
18. 12, 48 19. 24, 52 20. 30, 58

FINDING THE GCF Find the GCF of the numbers using

prime factorizations.
21. 45, 60 22. 27, 63 23. 36, 81
24. 72, 84 25. 61, 73 26. 38, 95
27. 60, 75 28. 42, 60 29. 42, 63
30. 24, 96 31. 189, 200 32. 90, 108

OPEN-ENDED Write a pair of numbers with the indicated GCF.

33. 5 34. 12 35. 37

36. MODELING REAL LIFE A teacher is making identical activity packets

using 92 crayons and 23 sheets of paper. What is the greatest number
of packets the teacher can make with no items left over?

37. MODELING REAL LIFE You are making balloon arrangements for a
birthday party. There are 16 white balloons and 24 red balloons.
Each arrangement must be identical. What is the greatest number
of arrangements you can make using every balloon?

Section 1.4 Greatest Common Factor 25

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 YOU BE THE TEACHER Your friend finds the GCF of the two numbers. Is your
friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
38. 39.

⋅ ⋅
42 = 2 3 7 ⋅
36 = 22 32
154 = 2 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11 ⋅ ⋅
60 = 22 3 5
The GCF is 7. The GCF is 2 ⋅ 3 = 12.
2

FINDING THE GCF Find the GCF of the numbers.

40. 35, 56, 63 41. 30, 60, 78 42. 42, 70, 84
43. 40, 55, 72 44. 18, 54, 90 45. 16, 48, 88
46. 52, 78, 104 47. 96, 120, 156 48. 280, 300, 380

49. OPEN-ENDED Write three numbers that have a GCF of 16. What method did you
use to find your answer?

CRITICAL THINKING Tell whether the statement is always, sometimes, or never true.
Explain your reasoning.
50. The GCF of two even numbers is 2. 51. The GCF of two prime numbers is 1.
52. When one number is a multiple of another, the GCF of the numbers
is the greater of the numbers.
53. PROBLEM SOLVING A science museum makes gift
bags for students using 168 magnets, 48 robot figurines,
and 24 packs of freeze-dried ice cream. What is the greatest
number of gift bags that can be made using all of the
items? How many of each item are in each gift bag?
54. VENN DIAGRAM Consider the numbers 252, 270, and 300.
a. Create a Venn diagram using the prime factors of
the numbers.
b. Use the Venn diagram to find the GCF of 252, 270, and 300.
c. What is the GCF of 252 and 270? 252 and 300? 270 and 300?
Explain how you found your answers.
55. REASONING You are making fruit baskets using 54 apples, 36 oranges,
and 73 bananas.
a. Explain why you cannot make identical fruit baskets without leftover fruit.
b. What is the greatest number of identical fruit baskets you can make with the
least amount of fruit left over? Explain how you found your answer.

56. DIG DEEPER Two rectangular, adjacent rooms share a

Room 1 Room 2
wall. One-foot-by-one-foot tiles cover the floor of each room.
Describe how the greatest possible length of the adjoining
wall is related to the total number of tiles in each room. Draw
adjoining wall a diagram that represents one possibility.

26 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 1.5 Least Common Multiple
Learning Target: Find the least common multiple of two numbers.
Success Criteria: • I can explain the meaning of multiples of a number.
• I can use lists of multiples to identify the least common multiple of numbers.
• I can use prime factors to identify the least common multiple of numbers.

ORATION 1
EXPLORATION
EXPLOR Identifying Common Multiples
Work with a partner. In parts (a)–(d), create a Venn diagram that
represents the first several multiples of each number and identify
any common multiples.
a. 8 and 12 b. 4 and 14
c. 10 and 15 d. 20 and 35
e. Look at the Venn diagrams in parts (a)–(d). Explain how to identify
the least common multiple of each pair of numbers. Then circle it
in each diagram.

EXPLORATION 2 Using Prime Factors

Work with a partner.
a. Create a Venn diagram that represents the prime factorizations
Math Practice of 8 and 12.

Analyze b. Repeat part (a) for the remaining number pairs in Exploration 1.
Conjectures
c. STRUCTURE Make a conjecture about the relationship between
How can you test your
the least common multiples you found in Exploration 1 and the
conjecture in part (c)?
numbers in the Venn diagrams you just created.
d. The Venn diagram shows the prime factors of two numbers.

2
2 5 3
2
3

Use the diagram to complete the following tasks.

• Identify the two numbers.

• Find the greatest common factor.
• Find the least common multiple.

Section 1.5 Least Common Multiple 27

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 1.5 Lesson
Multiples that are shared by two or more numbers are called common multiples.
Key Vocabulary The least of the common multiples is called the least common multiple (LCM).
common multiples, You can find the LCM of two or more numbers by listing multiples or using
p. 28
prime factors.
least common multiple,
p. 28

EXAMPLE 1 Finding the LCM Using Lists of Multiples

Find the LCM of 4 and 6.
List the multiples of each number.
Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12 , 16, 20, 24 , 28, 32, 36 , . . . Circle the common multiples.
Multiples of 6: 6, 12 , 18, 24 , 30, 36 , . . .
Some common multiples of 4 and 6 are 12, 24, and 36. The least of these
common multiples is 12.
So, the LCM of 4 and 6 is 12.

Try It Find the LCM of the numbers using lists of multiples.

1. 3, 8 2. 9, 12 3. 6, 10

EXAMPLE 2 Finding the LCM Using Prime Factorizations

Find the LCM of 16 and 20.
Make a factor tree for each number.
16 20
2 ⋅ 8 4 ⋅ 5
2 ⋅4 2 ⋅2
2 ⋅ 2
Write the prime factorization of each number. Circle each different factor
where it appears the greater number of times.

⋅⋅⋅
16 = 2 2 2 2 2 appears more often here, so circle all 2s.
20 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 5 appears once. Do not circle the 2s again.
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 = 80 Find the product of the circled factors.

So, the LCM of 16 and 20 is 80.

Try It Find the LCM of the numbers using prime factorizations.

4. 14, 18 5. 28, 36 6. 24, 90

28 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors Multi-Language Glossary at BigIdeasMath.com

ms2019_gr6_Ch01.indb 28 1/16/18 4:27 PM

 EXAMPLE 3 Finding the LCM of Three Numbers
Find the LCM of 4, 15, and 18.
Write the prime factorization of each number. Circle each different factor
where it appears the greatest number of times.
4=2 2 ⋅ 2 appears most often here, so circle both 2s.
15 = 3 ⋅ 5 5 appears here only, so circle 5.
18 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 3 appears most often here, so circle both 3s.
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 = 180 Find the product of the circled factors.

So, the LCM of 4, 15, and 18 is 180.

Try It
Find the LCM of the numbers.
7. 2, 5, 8 8. 6, 10, 12
9. Write three numbers that have a least common multiple of 100.

Self-Assessment for Concepts & Skills

Solve each exercise. Then rate your understanding of the success criteria
in your journal.

FINDING THE LCM Find the LCM of the numbers.

10. 6, 9 11. 30, 40 12. 5, 11

13. REASONING Write two numbers such that 18 and 30 are multiples
of the numbers. Justify your answer.
14. REASONING You need to find the LCM of 13 and 14. Would you
rather list their multiples or use their prime factorizations? Explain.
15. CHOOSE TOOLS A student writes the prime factorizations of
8 and 12 in a table as shown. She claims she can use the table to
find the greatest common factor and the least common multiple
of 8 and 12. How is this possible?

16. CRITICAL THINKING How can you use least common multiples to add
or subtract fractions with different denominators?

Section 1.5 Least Common Multiple 29

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 EXAMPLE 4 Modeling Real Life
One firefly flashes every 8 seconds. Another firefly flashes every
10 seconds. Both fireflies just flashed. After how many seconds will
both fireflies flash at the same time again?
Understand
the problem. You are given the numbers of seconds between flashes for two different
fireflies. You are asked when the fireflies will flash at the same time again.
The LCM of the numbers of seconds between flashes represents the
Make a plan. number of seconds it will take for both fireflies to flash at the same time
again. So, find the LCM of 8 and 10 byy listing
lis
isti
ting
n the m ultip
ples of each
multiples h number.
n
Solve and Multiples of 8: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, . . .
check.
0, . . .
Multiples of 10: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50,
The LCM of 8 and 10 is 40.

So, both fireflies will flash at the

same time again after 40 seconds. d.
ds.
ds

Another Method Find the LCM using

s ng
sin
prime factorizations.
8= 2⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 10 = 2 ⋅ 5
So, the LCM is 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 = 40. ✓

Self-Assessment for Problem Solving

Solve each exercise. Then rate your understanding of the success criteria
in your journal.

1
17. A geyser erupts every fourth day. Another geyser erupts every sixth day.
Today both geysers erupted. In how many days will both geysers erupt
on the same day again?

1
18. A water park has two large buckets that slowly fill with water. One bucket
dumps water every 12 minutes. The other bucket dumps water every
10 minutes. Five minutes ago, both buckets dumped water. When will
both buckets dump water at the same time again?

1
19. DIG DEEPER You purchase disposable plates, cups, and forks for
a cookout. Plates are sold in packages of 24, cups in packages of 32,
and forks in packages of 48. What are the least numbers of packages
you should buy in order to have the same number of plates, cups,
and forks?

30 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 1.5 Practice Go to BigIdeasMath.com to get
HELP with solving the exercises.

Review & Refresh

Find the GCF of the numbers.
1. 18, 42 2. 72, 96 3. 38, 76, 114

Divide.
4. 900 ÷ 6 5. 1944 ÷ 9 6. 672 ÷ 12

Write an ordered pair that corresponds to the point. y

9
7. Point A 8
C
7
8. Point B D
6
5
9. Point C A
4
10. Point D 3
2
B
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

Concepts, Skills, & Problem Solving

USING A VENN DIAGRAM Use a Venn diagram to find the least common multiple of
the numbers. (See Exploration 1, p. 27.)
11. 3, 7 12. 6, 8 13. 4, 5

FINDING THE LCM Find the LCM of the numbers using lists of multiples.
14. 1, 5 15. 2, 6 16. 2, 3
17. 2, 9 18. 3, 4 19. 8, 9
20. 5, 8 21. 11, 12 22. 12, 18

FINDING THE LCM Find the LCM of the numbers using prime factorizations.
23. 7, 12 24. 5, 9 25. 4, 11
26. 9, 10 27. 12, 27 28. 18, 45
29. 22, 33 30. 36, 60 31. 35, 50

32. YOU BE THE TEACHER Your friend finds the

LCM of 6 and 9. Is your friend correct? Explain
6 × 9 = 54
your reasoning.
The LCM of 6 and 9 is 54.

33. MODELING REAL LIFE You have diving lessons every fifth day and swimming
lessons every third day. Today you have both lessons. In how many days will you
have both lessons on the same day again?

Section 1.5 Least Common Multiple 31

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 34. REASONING Which model represents an LCM that is different from the other
three? Explain your reasoning.
A. B.

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24

C. D.

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24

FINDING THE LCM Find the LCM of the numbers.

35. 2, 3, 7 36. 3, 5, 11 37. 4, 9, 12
38. 6, 8, 15 39. 7, 18, 21 40. 9, 10, 28

Subway Arrival
41. PROBLEM SOLVING At Union Station, Line Time
you notice that three subway lines just
A Every 10 min
arrived at the same time. How long must
you wait until all three lines arrive at B Every 12 min
Union Station at the same time again?
C Every 15 min

42. DIG DEEPER A radio station gives away $15 to every 15th caller,
$25 to every 25th caller, and a free concert ticket to every 100th caller.
When will the station first give away all three prizes to one caller?
When this happens, how much money and how many tickets
are given away?

43. LOGIC You and a friend are running on treadmills. You run 0.5 mile every
3 minutes, and your friend runs 2 miles every 14 minutes. You both start and
stop running at the same time and run a whole number of miles. What are the
least possible numbers of miles you and your friend can run?

Prime Prime 44. VENN DIAGRAM Refer to the Venn diagram.

factors factors
of 16 of 24 a. Copy and complete the Venn diagram.
2
b. What is the LCM of 16, 24, and 40?

Prime factors c. What is the LCM of 16 and 40? 24 and 40? 16 and 24?
of 40 Explain how you found your answers.

CRITICAL THINKING Tell whether the statement is always, sometimes, or

never true. Explain your reasoning.
45. The LCM of two different prime numbers is their product.
46. The LCM of a set of numbers is equal to one of the numbers in the set.
47. The GCF of two different numbers is the LCM of the numbers.

32 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 Connecting Concepts
Problem-Solving Strategies
Using an appropriate strategy will help you make sense of problems as you
study the mathematics in this course. You can use the following strategies to
solve problems that you encounter.
● Use a verbal model. ● Solve a simpler problem. ● Make a table.
● Draw a diagram. ● Sketch a graph or ● Make a list.
● Write an equation. number line. ● Break the problem into parts.

Using the Problem-Solving Plan

1. A sports team gives away shirts at the stadium. There are 60 large shirts,
1.6 times as many small shirts as large shirts, and 1.5 times as many medium
shirts as small shirts. The team wants to divide the shirts into identical groups to
be distributed throughout the stadium. What is the greatest number of groups
that can be formed using every shirt?
Understand You know the number of large shirts and two relationships among the numbers
the problem.
of small, medium, and large shirts. You are asked to find the greatest number of
identical groups that can be formed using every shirt.

Make a plan. Break the problem into parts. First use multiplication to find the number of
each size shirt. Then find the GCF of these numbers.

Solve and Use the plan to solve the problem. Then check your solution.
check.

2. An escape artist fills the tank shown with water. Find the
6 ft
number of cubic feet of water needed to fill the tank. Then
find the number of cubic yards of water that are needed to
fill the tank. Justify your answer. 6 ft
6 ft

Performance Task Setting the Table

At the beginning of this chapter, you watched a STEAM
video called “Filling Piñatas.” You are now ready to
complete the performance task for this video, available
at BigIdeasMath.com. Be sure to use the problem-solving
plan as you work through the performance task.

Connecting Concepts 33

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 Go to BigIdeasMath.com to download
Chapter Review blank graphic organizers.

Review Vocabulary
Write the definition and give an example of each vocabulary term.
power, p. 4 evaluate, p. 10 Venn diagram, p. 21
base, p. 4 order of operations, p. 10 common factors, p. 22
exponent, p. 4 factor pair, p. 16 greatest common factor, p. 22
perfect square, p. 5 prime factorization, p. 16 common mutliples, p. 28
numerical expression, p. 10 factor tree, p. 16 least common multiple, p. 28

Graphic Organizers
You can use an Information Frame to organize and remember concepts. Here is an
example of an Information Frame for the vocabulary term power.

Words:
A power is a product of repeated factors. The
base of a power is the repeated factor. The
exponent of a power indicates the number
of times the base is used as a factor.

Numbers: Numbers:
Power
52 = 5 • 5 43 = 4 • 4 • 4

Example:

Find the value of the power.

24 = 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 = 16

Choose and complete a graphic

organizer to help you study the concept.

1. perfect square
2. numerical expression
3. order of operations
4. prime factorization
5. greatest common factor (GCF)
6. least common multiple (LCM)

“Dear Mom, I am sending you an

Information Frame card for Mother’s Day!”
34 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 Chapter Self-Assessment
As you complete the exercises, use the scale below to rate your understanding of the
success criteria in your journal.

1 2 3 4
I can do it I can do it on I can teach
I do not understand.
with help. my own. someone else.

1.1 Powers and Exponents (pp. 3–8)

Learning Target: Write and evaluate expressions involving exponents.

Write the product as a power.

1. 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 2. 5 × 5 × 5 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
3. 17 17 17 17 17

Find the value of the power.

4. 33 5. 26 6. 44

7. Write a power that has a value greater than 23 and less than 33.

8. Without evaluating, determine whether 25 or 42 is greater.

Explain.

9. The bases on a softball field are square.

What is the area of each base?

15 in.
n.

15 in.

1.2 Order of Operations

perations (pp. 9–14)
14)

Learning Target: Write and evaluate numerical expressions using the order of operations.

Evaluate the expression.

10. 3 × 6 − 12 ÷ 6 11. 30 ÷ (14 − 22) × 5
5(2.3 + 3.7) 1
12. — 13. 43 − —(72 + 5)
2 2
14. 20 × (32 − 4) ÷ 50 15. 5 + 3(42 − 2) ÷ 6

16. Use grouping symbols and at least one exponent to write a numerical expression
that has a value of 80.

Chapter Review 35

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 1.3 Prime Factorization (pp. 15–20)

Learning Target: Write a number as a product of prime factors and represent the product using exponents.

List the factor pairs of the number.

17. 28 18. 44 19. 96

20. There are 36 graduated cylinders to put away on a shelf

after science class. The shelf can fit a maximum of
20 cylinders across and 4 cylinders deep. The teacher
wants each row to have the same number of cylinders.
List the possible arrangements of the graduated
cylinders on the shelf.

Write the prime factorization of the number.

21. 42 22. 50 23. 66

1.4 Greatest Common Factor (pp. 21–26)

Learning Target: Find the greatest common factor of two numbers.

Find the GCF of the numbers using lists of factors.

24. 27, 45 25. 30, 48 26. 28, 48

Find the GCF of the numbers using prime factorizations.

27. 24, 80 28. 52, 68 29. 32, 56

30. Write a pair of numbers that have a GCF of 20.

SPECIAL 31. What is the greatest number of friends you can

g Pizzas invite to an arcade using the coupon such that
1 Toppin )
2 Large l Sli es
c
(24 Tota the tokens and slices of pizza are equally split
ens
+ 90 Tok between you and your friends with none left
$44.99 over? How many slices of pizza and tokens
.S. stores. will each person receive?
ticipatig U
co upon only in par ther offer.
Valid wit
h yo /23
ed with an nment. Expires 06
e combin
Cannot b e. © BIM Entertai
lu
No cash va

36 Chapter 1 Numercial Expressions and Factors

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 1.5 Least Common Multiple (pp. 27–32)

Learning Target: Find the least common multiple of two numbers.

Find the LCM of the numbers using lists of multiples.

32. 4, 14 33. 6, 20 34. 12, 28

Find the LCM of the numbers using prime factorizations.

35. 6, 45 36. 10, 12 37. 18, 27

38. Find the LCM of 8, 12, and 18.

39. Write a pair of numbers that have an LCM of 84.

40. Write three numbers that have an LCM of 45.

41. You water your roses every sixth

day and your hydrangeas every fifth
day. Today you water both plants.
In how many days will you water
both plants on the same day again?

42. Hamburgers are sold in packages of 20, while buns are sold in
packages of 12. What are the least numbers of packages you
should buy in order to have the same number of hamburgers
and buns?

43. A science museum is giving away a magnetic liquid kit to

every 50th guest and a plasma ball to every 35th guest until
someone receives both prizes.

a. Which numbered guest will receive both a magnetic

liquid kit and a plasma ball?
b. How many people will receive a plasma ball?

Chapter Review 37

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 Practice Test

1. Find the value of 23.

5 + 4(12 − 2)
2. Evaluate ——
2 .
3

⋅ ⋅
3. Write 264 264 264 as a power.

4. List the factor pairs of 66.

5. Write the prime factorization of 56.

Find the GCF of the numbers.

6. 24, 54 7. 16, 32, 72 8. 52, 65

Find the LCM of the numbers.

9. 9, 24 10. 26, 39 11. 6, 12, 14

12. You have 16 yellow beads, 20 red beads, and 24 orange beads to make
identical bracelets. What is the greatest number of bracelets that you
can make using all of the beads?

13. A bag contains equal numbers of green marbles and blue marbles.
You can divide all of the green marbles into groups of 12 and all the
blue marbles into groups of 16. What is the least number of each color
of marble that can be in the bag?

14. The ages of the members of a family are 65, 58, 27, 25, 5, and 2 years old.
What is the total admission price for the family to visit the zoo?

15. A competition awards prizes for fourth, third, second, and first place.
The fourth place winner receives $5. Each place above that receives a
prize that is five times the amount of the previous prize. How much prize
money is awarded?

16. You buy tealight candles and mints

as party favors for a baby shower. The
tealight candles come in packs of 12
for $3.50. The mints come in packs of
50 for $6.25. What is the least amount
of money you can spend to buy the
same number of candles and mints?

38 Chapter 1 Numercial Expressions and Factors

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 Cumulative Practice
Test-Takin
g Strateg
Solve Dir y
1. What is the value of 8 × 135? ectly or E
lminate C
hoices

2. Which number is equivalent to the

expression below?

⋅
3 23 − 8 ÷ 4

A. 0 B. 4
“Which
C. 22 D. 214 one: solv strategy would
e directl yo
y or elim u use on this
inate ch
oices?”

3. The top of an end table is a square with a

side length of 16 inches. What is the area of
the tabletop?

16 in.

16 in.

F. 16 in.2 G. 32 in.2
H. 64 in.2 I. 256 in.2

4. You are filling baskets using 18 green eggs, 36 red eggs, and 54 blue eggs.
What is the greatest number of baskets that you can fill so that the baskets
are identical and there are no eggs left over?

A. 3 B. 6
C. 9 D. 18

Cumulative Practice 39

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 5. What is the value of 23 32 5? ⋅ ⋅

6. You hang the two strands of decorative lights shown below.

Strand 1: changes between Strand 2: changes between green

red and blue every 15 seconds and gold every 18 seconds

Both strands just changed color. After how many seconds will the strands
change color at the same time again?

F. 3 seconds G. 30 seconds
H. 90 seconds I. 270 seconds

7. Point P is plotted in the coordinate plane below.

y
7
6
P
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

What are the coordinates of Point P ?

A. (5, 3) B. (4, 3)
C. (3, 5) D. (3, 4)

8. What is the prime factorization of 1100?

F. 2 × 5 × 11 G. 22 × 52 × 11
H. 4 × 52 × 11 I. 22 × 5 × 55

40 Chapter 1 Numercial Expressions and Factors

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 9. What is the least common multiple of 3, 8, and 10?

A. 24 B. 30
C. 80 D. 120

10. What is the area of the shaded region of the figure below?

9 yd

9 yd 4 yd
4 yd

F. 16 yd2 G. 65 yd2
H. 81 yd2 I. 97 yd2

11. Which expression represents a prime factorization?

A. 4 × 4 × 7 B. 22 × 21 × 23
C. 34 × 5 × 7 D. 5 × 5 × 9 × 11

12. Find the greatest common factor for each pair of numbers.
Think
Thiin
Th ink
ink
Solve
Solv
Sol
So l ve
lve 10 and 15 10 and 21 15 and 21
Explain
Expllai
Ex ain
in
What can you conclude about the greatest common factor of 10, 15, and 21?
Explain your reasoning.

Cumulative Practice 41

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