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A marketing guide for ict professionals
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
106 viewsIct A Marking Guide
A marketing guide for ict professionals
Uploaded by
sanyjospin64Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 6
ICT 796 A LEVEL PAPER 1 MARK GUIDE
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796 A* LEVEL PAPER 2
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input’) [foupac]
‘The stored-program conecpt is one in which program
instructions as well as their data are stored in memory, with
the requirement that the treatment of programs and data in
memory be interchangeable or uniform
iti,
4) _ Intranet isthe internal network ofan organization
which uses internet technology with access only to
_members ofthe organization while extranet is that part
of an organization's network with limited access to
outside users.
}) Internet is the interconnection of computer networks
worldwide while www is the World Wide Web or the
interconnections of web pages located in different
servers worldwide.
©) Asswitch is capable of sending received data directly
to the destination computer while data received
through a hub goes through other computers
‘connected to it, to locate the destination computer,
‘The creation and use of computer viruses
‘The breaking of password systems
Credit Card Fraud;This is the obtention and use of your
credit eard number by unknown persons,
Breaking of copyright and_piracy;This involves the
cobienton and ilegal use of materials, files or software without
prior authorization from the author.
Cyber terrorism;This isthe use ofthe cyber space or internet
to carryout terrorists acts which include destruction of eritical
systems, information, goverment records, shutting down
emails, etc,
HackingsHackers are knowledgeable and experienced
computer users who invade or break into other people's
computer systems. There are two types of hackers.
Cracking; Crackers are hackers (black hat hackers) who
break into a computer system with evil motives of carrying
out destructive
Salami shaving and data diddling;Salami shaving is the use
of a program by a programmer to subtract small amount of
money from someone's account and sending such funds to the
‘embezzler’s account.
Data diddling;Data diddling is the stealing of funds through
the above method by insiders, but with modification of the
data such that they would never be traced.
Denial of service (Syn flooding); denial of service attack
(DoS) involves overloading or bogging down an internet
server by hackers suchthat it becomes overloaded and cannot
‘more funetion,
Cyber Warfare:this is the act of using different methods to
carry out warfare or attacks on others using the internet.
‘Spamming:spamming is the act of sending undesired or junk
‘mail to other persons” mail box, usually by commercial sites
forthe advertisement of their products or 30.
Character deformation assassination;This involves the use
‘of messages or other publications to paint one’s character as
negative, by placing or posting them as if the massages were
‘coming from such a one whose character is deformed.
Information warfare terrorismsThis involves the use of
information technology to corrupt or destroy energy’
information or industrial system. ~ .
FRAUD;This involves using the computer to carryout
dreadful acts like manipulating company accounts, changing
results ete
is involves the physical stealing of components of an
hardware, software ete)
Scamming;This is carrying out false and itlegal business.
deals on the internet with the aim of taking advantage of the
party paying or giving out the goods or services
Cyber statking;This isthe use of the internet, emails, ete to
threaten oF harass a person repeated,
Masquerading: This is the use of someone else's identity to
access a computer by unauthorized persons, 1
‘Sexual predators/Pc , 7
‘ornography;They make adverts, movies
and enter chart rooms to lure others: ile i
eco ‘others and people's childt
sexual immorality and even commercial sex. ‘nine
Session Hijacking;This occurs when an indivi
7 ‘an individual (e.g, a co-
‘worker) takes over another user's network. session” wien
he/she goes somewhs it inating, hi
pete ere else without terminating his or her
2-2. Decision Sup
a sport Systems (DSS); These are syst
which collect and report certain types of business a hich
an help managers, make better decisions, The access and se
[pf computers here, is decentralized pemntting managers to
[fetteve data tht otherwise would not be availabe tthe,
ore data tobe used in the future and to perform a variety of
‘what-if-analysis’ Types if decision support systems include:
communications-driven DSS, Document-driven DSS,
Knowledge-driven DSS, Model-driven DSS etc.
Office Automation Systems;These are systems which make
luse of computers and/or networks for carrying out various
loperations such as_word processing accounting,
documentation, communication etc. They are designed to help
lusers manage’ information-related tasks more efficient
Examples of Office automation systems include; those which
are used in documentation, calculations recording data or
statistics etc.
‘Transaction Processing Systems(TPS);A Transaction
| Processing System is a data processing system which keeps a
‘careful record of an organization’s day-to-day transactions.
Eg, the Automatic Teller Machine (ATM),
| Health Information Systems (HIS);These are systems that
fare used to manage hospitals as well as health related
problems. They can be used to record disease trends over &
Period of time for different geographical locations and
Fifferent people groups so as to be able to deduce the actions
to take. HIS is used in the public health sector.
Systems _(EIS);AnBxceutive
highly interactive MIS that helps
lems and take advantage of
| Executive Information
Information system is &
‘managers to solve prot
‘opportunities.
ibrary Information System (LIS);A library informs
Tstem a an IS that is developed to help inthe management of
Tunas, They are used to record information on the books
rorarved, returned, stolen, etc. You may find L1S in public
libraries or in schools.
a) Whatisan array?
In programming, It is a data s :
| ot Reta values, al of the same type, any element of which can
| be referenced by an expression consisting of the array name
[followed by an indexing expression. Its also called a vector
b) Asynchronous Data Transmission This is when the
sending end of the transmission set each individual
Character with a start and a stop bit to enable the
fructure which represents a list
receiver identify the characters of the message. An
‘example is the keyboard.
¢) Multiplexing: A technique used in communication
tnd inputfoutput operations for transmitting a
alimber of separate signals simultaneously over a
ingle channel oF line, The signals can be separated
by time, space or frequency:
@) State and explain the ju
ean infected computer
Diseonnect the computer from any network or
ws devices that may carry viruses.
IBackup important Data in the computer if possible or Baclep
Disk containing | Data. .
Disconnect Local Disks and use an anti-Virus boot scanner to
Iscan and clean infected disk, files or drives.
Update System and application program files from a trusted
source.
instal a licensed and updated Antivirus the computer. If there
Iwas one, uninstall. Ensure that only one Antivirus is installed at
\efime, Don’t use outdated antivirus software. Most software
can update freely through the internet.
ete dat ha was backup up making sre that there is
another backup source.
Run your system.
virus infection.
+ Install updated Antivirus
= Always scan any storage device before opening it in
the computer.
+ Use only software from legitimate source.
= Avoid Games
Sean email atachments and other downloads from
the internet.
= Watch out for freeware.
4 Avoid indiscrimate opening of files with
pornographic stuff.
Educate yourself regularly on computer security
would tal
8) Data security involves the following: Confidentiality,
integrity, availability. Explain each of those words
Confidentiality is a term used to describe data that is kept
secretly from any other users that should not have access to it
unless permission is granted by the owner of the dat
Data integrity or integrity is a term used to describe when
data or computer files are kept clean and reliable without
being erased or mistakenly changed. Data in the beginning
should be identic to the one at end of the process.
Availability: It is to prevent (minimize/mitigate risk of )
damage from attacks that make key systems/information
becoming unavailable for legitimate purposes. Data should be
always be available when itis needed, ‘Tokesi Ring:Token rin,
all computers on the net
fashion. The term toke
of information that is
‘computer on the netw
the information is
16 OF 802.5 is a network where
work re connecedinacirele
1 is used to describe a segment
sent through that circle; when a
fork is able to decode that token,
1965, @ packet is a segment of data sent from one
SOmPUL oF network device to another computer oF
network device over a network. A packet contains the
source, dexiatan s Pe, dat, and other uefa
packet get to its destination and
then read. Another name for a packet is a datagram.
Because packets are limited in size, most” data
‘ransmitted over a network is broken up into multiple
packets before being sent out and then put back
together when received. m
Blogging : A Blog a Web site that has regular
updated content reflecting the interes Of the ses
host. Often, but not always, the content isin jour-nal
form, has highlights of news and information from
other Web sites, and is presented from a personal
point of view. On some sites, the Weblog is a
collaboration between visitors to the site, The act of
publishing a content into a blog is blogging
Robot:robot is used to describe a computerized
machine designed to respond to input received
‘manually or from its surroundings. Today, robots are
formulas used to solve a problem. algorithm must satisfy the
following criter ae
1. input: there are zero or more quantities which are
externally supplied;
output: at least one quantity is produced;
definiteness: each instruction must be clear and
‘unambiguous; .
finiteness: if we trace out the instructions of an
algorithm, then for all cases the algorithm will
terminate after a finite number of steps; |
effectiveness: every instruction must be sufficiently
‘that it can in principle be carried out by a person
using only pencil and paper. Its not enough that each
‘operation be definite but it must also be feasible.
») Give £80 ithms
Search algorithms: Linear search, random search, middle
search, binary search
Sort algorithms: bubble sort, insertion sort, selection sort,
aquicksort, sort by merge, heap sort, Shell sort
©) Consider the following Algorithm,
Start
Get price of lem
Get VAT rate
VAT = Price of item * VAT rate
Final Price = Price of lem + VAT
Display Final Price
commonly used to perform repetitive and difficult | Represent the rithm using Pseudocodes thi
tasks such as building cars and even computer | Floweharts,
| equipment. The term robot is also used to describe a | Flowchart, Pseudocode
software program designed to perform tasks are ‘Algorithm price
sutonatialy. Ge) Ve pe tem
Neural Network: a neural network is a method of vat_rate, VAT,
simulating intelligence based on how the human brain | /" Got ane price ot tem final_price
receives and processes information, Because Neural Begin
networks rely on parallel processing, standard Print(‘enter the
computers are incapable of performing the tasks price of each item”)
needed for neural networks and require special Read(price tem)
hardware or processors. ae ee Prini(‘enter the
ix. Data Protection Act: The Data Protection Act 1998 = Price of tem + vAT-ratel | rate of the item”)
(DPA) is a in 3f Parliament which Read(var_rate)
defines UK law on the processing of data on) [Finai price = price orstem + var| VAT
identifiable living people. It is the main piece of price item .
oo eee “i
in the UK ee
QUESTION7 = ea
Define an Algorithm and give its qualiti Ce Display(Final_price)
End
i i f
1 algorithm is procedure consisting of a finite set o
‘ambiguous rules (instructions) which specify a finie
2guence of operations that provides the solution toa problem,
10-4 specific class of problems for any allowable ma &
}Put quantities (if there are inputs). “ Cie
is a step-by-step procedure to solve a giv
Tan algorithm is a list of instructions, procedures, oF
Indicate the control structures available in_your flow
chart.
‘No control structure is used in this algorithm,
‘QUESTIONS =
=
ork
aa eS
28
20 SaRe se
=ar5,
mom
8) Project management is the application of knowledge,
skills, tools and technics to project activites in order to
‘meet project requirements.
}) Gant chart in Project Management: it graphical
i Pisteathe subtask of atk inprogene
4) The Pert Chart: itis management tool for
Planning coordinating, and controlling large
‘Complex project such as master budget
1) Spiral’ Model: it is a model of soft.
m are
evelopment which combine the features of the
prototyping model and the water fll model used in
large expensive and complicated project
‘Waterfall Model: it sa linear and sequential
‘method in which the output of each phase became
the input ofthe next phase: planning, analysis
chine eapable of carrying out a
complex series of action automatically and is programed
9 by a computer.
Automobile companies and logistic companies
°) Robots rarely ake ‘mistakes and are more precise than
‘They can work at a constant speed with no break
‘The can work with no problem in dangerous zones
oOonrn—rr
‘QUESTION 9
4, Systems software: The set of programs designed to
operate, control and extend the processing capabilities of
‘the computer while an application software isa software
program design to perform a particular task.
b. GUL GraphicalUser Interfice):is an interfacewhere the
userissuescommends byusing a pointingdevice
(€.g.mouse) to pointand click onicons, buttons,menus and
listson the sezeen. WhileCLI(Command Line Interface):
isa form of interface where the user types commands for
the computer to carry out.
©. Batch processing system
Batch processing was the very first method of processing
which was adapted. The main
purpose of this system was to enable the computer to
move automatically from one job to
another, without the operator having to intervene.
Jobs (that consist of data and programs) are queued. The
‘computer would then process the jobs
‘one at atime without further human intervention. Batch
processing i still used nowadays —
Example printing thousands of m
Real time system
Immediate processing and up-to-date information are major
characteristics ofa real-time system. Such a
system, the information in files has tobe located very
uickly, and the updating of records must be fast.
‘The system must be able to respond quickly to an enquiry
‘otherwise it becomes impractical. Ina realtime system a
transaction is processed to completion atthe time is
cccurs, ensuring thatthe information in
the files reflects the true (real) situation
Examples ofa real-time system would be: a flight
reservation system, a banking system.
4, Peer-topeer all computer are at the same level they all
Provide and request services from other computersend for
client server network the elient only request for services
from amore powerful, high speed computer known as the
server.
‘+ A breakdown ofthe server leads to a breakdown of the
‘entire network
Very expensive to set up.
£. Machine dependent language it is the language understood
by the computer and based on binary ie O and 1. The low
level language (LLL) is machine dependent.
1g labels.
Paper three Check candidate folder CD »
Explain the use of the following in data protection and
Security,
i. arfitioning of hard drive: is the process to divide
the hard drive into different part so that each one can
be view as a whole disk. By partitioning the hard
drive, it is then possible to separate data. from
Programs in such « way that only the partition of
rogram could be format what an error appears in the
system, Data is then safe but is not kept out of the
Physical damage ofthe hard drive,
fi, Firewall: ‘A Firewall is a computer, a program or
device that filters access to the network. It allows
Company, for example, to protect its network to
undesired intrusion from the Intemet — whilst
Permitting its employees to get access to Internet
services such as web and e-mail.
Password: A password is a combination of
characters used to prevent unauthorized computer
access. It permits to assure that only the ‘ones
_ Supposed to enter a system are actually doing it
iv. Data encryption: It is the process of making data
unreadable by other humans or computers for the
Purpose of preventing others from gaining access to
its contents, . In order to read or use the encrypted
data, it must be decrypted, and only those who have
the correct password or decryption key are able to
make the data readable again,
Back-up: Itis a data security measure. It is the act of
creating a copy or copies of data such that in the
event of system failure, the data would not be lost.
“Today, there are dozens of different ways to backup
‘your information and mediums to keep your data, For
‘example, CD-R, DVD-R, USB thumb drives,
‘extemal drives, and in the cloud are some of the mast
popular places to backup your data a
©) Define the following in fabases_ givin
their diagrammatic re ion where available
i) _Entityzwhich information need to. be stored
Entities represent collections of things. Eg.
Entity STUDENT ean represent a collection of
stent wihin a school, Enis are mmc
using a reetangle,
ii) Attributes: These are the smallest units
‘characterise an entity. For example student ean
have the following attributes: name,
date_of birth, class, address, Its represented
by an oval
{if)Relation: association between common fields of
©) An 8GB flash disk is formatted
ortert Subject
Student
= Allare type of RAM
= Allare volatile
Differences
~ SRAM sands for Static Read Only Memory and DRAM
stands for Dynamic Read Only Memory .
within an integrated circuit and SRAM uses bistable
latching ciruitry to store each bit.
DRAM must be periodically refreshed.
+ SRAM is faster than DRAM,
> SRAM more expensive,
> SRAM consume last power than DRAM
») Diseu Je stating clearly what
hapnensat
1) Fetching: Before the CPU can execute an instruction, the
control unit must retrieve or fetch a command or data
from the computer's memory.
2) Decoding: Before a command can be executed, the
‘control unit must decode the command into instruction
set.
3), Executing: When the command is executed, the CPU
carried out the instructions in order by converting them
into macrocode,
4) Storing: The CPU may be required to store the result of
instruction in memory.
ig the FAT file
system and known to lose 0.57 GB of disk space in the
process.
4) What accounts for the disk space loss?
~ Gap batween sectors: Since the hard dive is. divided
ino sectors during the formatting process, the
indicating the limit of each sector actually occupy space
‘onthe disk
~ Used by the FAT. The file allocation Table resides also
on the disk, thus occupy spaces on that disk.
Wh enti tthe disk?
= You may want to change to a new file system
= You may want to gain disk space using a type of
formatting switch. Use Format [Drive] /[Drive}size
different tables. Frequently, a meaningful relationship exists
(ize = Sector Size which may be 512, 1024, 2048
between two different types of entity. For example: |
‘You may want to free your computer from viruses
STUDENTs attend a SCHOOL, STUDENTS offer SUBJECT | = You may want to insall a new operating system oF to
It is represented by a diamond ‘upgrade an old one
Use an ERD to illustrate these. - You may want to install another OS or use another
partition for a security purpose
Question 4 {il) 1a cluster of this Flash is 2048 bytes how many.
a) State the similarity and differences between SRAM slusters will be available for use?
and DRAM Space available for datainGB: — 8GB - 0.57 GBXOR
7.4308 5 he
‘Conversion into byte: 7.43GB X 1000 obi Fealize that the truth table eel
1000 = 7430000000 bytes
