Tribhuvan University

Institute Of Science and Technology

An Internship Report (CSC 462) 8th Semester Internship Report On

“Switching in Networks”

At

Nepal Telecom

Submitted In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor’s Degree in

Computer Science and Information Technology(BSc.CSIT)

Submitted by

Manju Bhusal

Registration No –5-2-52-209-2018

Roll No – 22007/075

Submitted to

BHAIRAHAWA MULTIPLE CAMPUS

Department of Information Communication and Technology Education

Bhairahawa, Rupandehi

September,2023
 SUPERVISOR’S RECOMMENDATION
I, hereby recommend that this internship report has been prepared by Manju Bhusal
under my supervision entitled Switching in Networks in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for degree of BSc.in Computer Science and Information
Technology(BSc.CSIT) Tribhuvan University, be processed for the evaluation.

Mr.Sunil Kumar Shah

Co-ordinator of department of Computer Science and Information

Technology(BSc.CSIT)

Bhairahawa Multiple Campus

Bhairahawa, Rupandehi

I
 LETTER OF APPROVAL

This is Certify that this internship report prepared by Ms.Manju Bhusal in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Computer Science and Technology of
Tribhuvan University be processed for the evaluation.

……………………… …………………………

Mr. Sunil Kumar Shah Mr.Anil Kumar Jha

BSc.CSIT Co-Ordinator Campus Chief

Bhairahawa Multiple Campus Bhairahawa Multiple Campus

……………………….. …………………….

Mr.Sunil Kumar Shah External Examiner

Internal Supervisor Tribhuvan University

Bhairahawa Multiple Campus

II
 ACKNOWNLEGDEMENT

In this report first of all deep gratitude goes towards Tribhuvan University. Deep gratitude
goes to Bhairahawa Multiple Campus and respected college chief Anil Kumar Jha,
program co-ordinator Mr.Sunil Kumar Shah for giving suggestion during internship.
My sincere gratitude to Mr.Sunil Kumar Shah for their continuous guidance, feedback,
support. The satisfaction and success of this internship report would be in completed
without heartfelt thanks to people whose constant guidance, support and encouragement
made this work successful.

All the staff of Nepal Telecom are acknowledged for their cooperation and guidance. My
sincere gratitude to Mr. Shankar B.K. for the support and mentor for my internship work
in Nepal Telecom for full support during internship period.

Thanks, and appreciation to my family, seniors and friends who have supported directly
or indirectly while preparing internship report.

____________________

Ms.Manju Bhusal
(22007/075)

III
 ABSTRACT
The main objective of this report is to recapitulate my internship job and to be familiar
with the practical aspects of the theoretical knowledge gained in a classroom. This report
is the part of my internship project required by Tribhuvan University in partial
fulfillment for the requirement of BSc.CSIT (8th semester) program.

During this internship period, I learned how to installed landline phones and setting up
Wi-fi routers, and research the communication system to identify any problem and come
with up solution by discuss with the senior engineer of the company. I also worked 2
weeks in the field, in that duration, I learned that how to install the switch wire from the
Optical Distribution Frame (ODF) to the customers service point. In this intern period, I
worked in IBS System to verify system are stable or not as well as a part of switching I
learned how to installed the system steps by steps and troubleshoot the networks and
determines the cause of system interruptions as well analyze the switching network
requirements, network performance and evaluate network security.

Overall, I found my internship program very satisfactory and helpful and gained practical
knowledge on how to help the people by making their life more convenient.

IV
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

NT Nepal Telecom

T.U. Tribhuvan University

BICTE Bachelor in Information & Communication Technology in Education

CPE Customer Premise Equipment

LTE Long-Term Evaluation

GSM Global System for Mobile

ONU Optical Network Unit

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

SIM Subscriber Identity Module

SMS Short Message Services

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

VOLTE Voice Over Long- Term Evaluation

BSS Base Station Sub-system

BTS Base Transceiver Station

BSC Base Station Controller

NSS Network & Switching Station

HLR Home Location Register

VLR Visitor Location Register

V
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Transmission Department of Nepal Telecom………………...….…….15

Figure 2: HUAWEI Server For GSM ............................................................…...16

Figure 3: HUAWEI Switching Server ...........................................................…...16

Figure 4: HP Server .......................................................................................……17

Figure 5: Classification of Switching System...............................................…….21

Figure 6: Telecommunication Network………………...………….……….…….23

Figure 7: Circuit Switching……………………………………………….………25

Figure 8: Packet Switching………………………. …...………….…….………..26

Figure 9: Message Switching……………………...…...………….….…………..27

Figure 10: System Design of Switching…….…………...…...…...……….……...30

Figure 11: Test and Design Validation…………….………….……….…...….….31

Figure 12: GSM Form Registration....................................................................….39

Figure 13: GPRS Application Form..................................................................…..40

Figure 14: Complete Installation Figure of Switch…………………………….…32

Figure 15: Troubleshooting of Huawei Server of Nepal Telecom……………..…32

VI
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Duration of Internship ...............................................................................3

VII
 Table of Contents
SUPERVISOR RECOMMENDATION………………………………………………I

LETTER OF APPROVAL…………………………………………………………....II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................III

LIST OF ABBREVIATION........................................................................................IV

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... V

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………..……….....VI

Chapter – I: Introduction and Study Methodology ...........................1

1.1. Background of organization under study ............................................................1

1.2. Objective and Purpose of Butwal Multiple Campus .......................................... 1

1.3. Objective of Internship ....................................................................................... 1

1.4. Methodology of Study ........................................................................................2

1.4.1. Organization Selection .................................................................................... 2

1.4.2. Placement/ Duration/ Activities ...................................................................... 2

1.4.3. Work schedule ................................................................................................. 3

Chapter - II: Nepal Telecom…………………………………..……..4

2.3. Philosophy .......................................................................................................... 8

2.3.1. Mission and Visions of Nepal Telecom .......................................................... 8

2.3.2. Goals and Objectives of Nepal Telecom ......................................................... 8

2.4. Board of Directors .............................................................................................. 9

2.6. Product and Services Rendered ........................................................................ 10

2.7. Department of Study .........................................................................................11

2.7.1. Human Resource Management ......................................................................11

2.7.2. Function of Human Resource Management .................................................. 12

2.7.3. Department under Human Resource Management ........................................12

2.8. Finance ............................................................................................................. 13

VIII
 2.8.1. Function of Finance .......................................................................................13

2.8.2. Department under Finance ............................................................................ 13

2.9. IT Department .................................................................................................. 14

2.9.1. Department under IT department .................................................................. 14

2.10. Transmission department ................................................................................15

2.10.1. Core Network .............................................................................................. 16

2.10.2. Billing Network ........................................................................................... 16

2.10.3. Served in Used .............................................................................................16

2.11. System Used in Department and Operation ................................................... 17

Chapter - III: Intern Activities………………………………………..21

3.1.1. Classification of Switching Systems ............................................................. 21

3.1.2. Electromechanical Switching Systems ..........................................................22

Step-by-step .............................................................................................................22

Crossbar ...................................................................................................................22

3.1.3. Electronic Switching Systems ....................................................................... 22

3.2. Telecommunication Network ........................................................................... 23

3.2.1. Basics of a Switching System ........................................................................24

Inlets and Outlets .....................................................................................................24

3.2.2. Types of Connections .................................................................................... 24

3.3.1. Circuit Switching ...........................................................................................25

3.3.3. Message Switching ........................................................................................27

3.4. Customer Communication…………………………………………………….28

3.5. System Analysis……………………………………………………………….28

3.6. System Design………………………………………………………………....29

3.7. Test and Design Validation…………………………………………………....31

3.8. System Installation and Troubleshooting…………………………………….34

IX
Chapter - IV: An Assesment of the Internship……………………35
4.1. Learn From the Internship……………………………………………………35

4.2. Applied Theory Knowledge into Practical…………………………………...35

4.3. Challenges in Nepal Telecom………………………………………………...36

Chapter – V: Conclusion……………………………………………37
5.1. Summary ....................................................................................................... 37

Annexes ................................................................................................................... 39

References ............................................................................................................... 41

X
 Chapter – I: Introduction and Study Methodology

1.1. Background of organization under study

Bhairahwa Multiple Campus was established in 2025 B.S. located in Bhairahawa,
Rupandehi. It is an extension of Nobel Academy that has already acquired an enviable
reputation for the quality of its education at and higher levels affiliate to Tribhuvan
University, provides a value-based education at the Bachelor and Master level.

Bhairahawa Multiple Campus provides quality education, personal development trainings,

and extra activities. It produces future managers, entrepreneurs. IT specialist and health
professionals. It has programs of Tribhuvan University which are BCA, BSc.CSIT,BIM,
BBA, BA, BBS, BSc, LLB, MA, MBS.
1.2. Objective and Purpose of Bhairahwa Multiple Campus

 Bhairahawa Multiple Campus mission is to provide globally recognized quality

education and personal development of students.

 Bhairahawa Multiple Campus wants to produce excellent manpower for the country.

 Bhairahawa Multiple Campus mission is to provide way for bright future of the
student.

 Develop leadership skill of students.

 Develop interpersonal relation between teachers, staffs, BODs, and students.

1.3. Objective of Internship

The main objective of the internship project is partial fulfillment of the Bachelor in
Computer Science and Information Technology (BSc.CSIT) curriculum under Tribhuvan
University. And then to apply theoretical knowledge and ideas to practical and real-life
practice. It is remarkable opening to experience the real-world working environment and
culture where knowledge learned during BSc.CSIT course be implemented. While
working in Nepal Telecom, the main objective was to study of Switching of Nepal
Telecom. The aim was also providing internet communication and mobile communication
throughout the country as well as outside the boundary of the country.

1
For the mission to be completed we had analyzed the existing system under study and
provide the solution to the organization. The solution find by the project is very useful to
the mobile network department for the proper communication facilities.

Following are the points that specify more précised objective of Internship: -

 To reduce the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical work experience.

 To learn and understand Switching in Networking system.

 To learn how to work efficiently and effectively under resources constraint.

 To develop technical skill, managerial talent, self-confidence, communication and

interpersonal skill.

1.4. Methodology of Study

1.4.1. Organization Selection

The selection of the organization is very crucial and important task. This is an internship
project; the organization that is selected is going to be the first organization from where
we are going to get the real-world experience and exposure.

Since my interest was on IT sector. I joined Bhairahawa Multiple Campus an academic

organization. It provides course related to information technology like BSc.CSIT under
Tribhuvan University. I attained course related to computer networking and Programming
skill during study under BSc.CSIT and select the Switching System of Nepal Telecom for
internship project. The organization provided me new experience beside my studies.

1.4.2. Placement/ Duration/ Activities

The duration of my placement for internship in the organization was two weeks. This
internship was involved me in several activities in the organization like connection
between the mobile’s communication, internet connection, ADSL connection, Data
transfer between the internet and the user computer, server management, maintenance of
computer, management of fiber optical wire, replacement of server and maintenance of
server and replacement of it etc. for the real exposure. This intern starts from date 30th

2
April, 2023 and assigned task was completed by doing as full-time worker for the
organization.

1.4.3. Work schedule

The main task of internship project is started from observation of network diagram at very
beginning of the project. Nepal Telecom gave an approval to do intern for duration of two
weeks. As a telecommunication company and according to my purpose of internship, they
place me in Switching/Networking department where actual development process takes
place. Start date: 30th April,2023

End date: 2th July, 2023

Total duration: Approximately 10 weeks

The work schedule and the various procedures undergone during the two weeks of the
internship are depicted through the Gantt chart as shown below. Gantt chart illustrates the
time period of the various activities performed during internship.

S.N Duration (Weeks) Activity

1. 1-2 weeks Observation, Analysis and Paper work

2. 2-4 weeks Description of broadband, wire maintenance, Data

3. 4-6 weeks Analysis of Main Distribution of Frame (MDF), Optical

Distribution Frame (ODF).

4. 6-8 weeks Working on Field

5. 8-10 weeks Data collection, tower networks between two or more

towers

Table 1.4.3. Duration of Internship

3
 Chapter - II: Nepal Telecom

2.1. History of Nepal Telecom

Nepal Doorsanchar was popularly known as Nepal Telecom is state owned

telecommunication service provider in Nepal since 1970 B.S. But formally Nepal

Telecom service was provided mainly after the establishment of Mohan Akashwani in
2005 B.S. Later as per the plan formulated in First National Five-Year Plan (2012-2017);
Telecommunication Department was established in B.S.2016.

To modernize the telecommunication services and to expand the services, during third
five-year plan (2023-2028), Telecommunication Department was converted into
Telecommunication Development Board in B.S. 2026, After the enactment of
Communication Corporation Act 2028, it was formally established as fully owned
Government Corporation called Nepal Telecommunications Corporation in B.S.2032 for
the purpose of providing Telecommunication services to Nepalese People.

After serving the nation for 29 years with great pride and a sense of accomplishment,
Nepal Telecommunication Corporation was transformed into Nepal Doorsanchar
Company Limited from Baisakh 1, 2061. Nepal Doorsanchar Company limited is a
company registered under the companies Act 2053. However, the company is known to
the general public by the brand name Nepal Telecom as registered trademark.

Nepal Telecom has always put its endeavors in providing its valued customers a quality
service since its inception. To achieve this goal, technologies best meeting the interest of
its customers has always been selected. The nationwide reach of the organization, from
urban areas to the economically non-viable most remote location, is the result of all these
efforts that makes this organization different from others.

2.2. Mile stones of Nepal Telecom

Year Mile Stones

2017 4G/LTE service launched

2016 NT Pro service launched

4
2015 Social Site “Meet” launched

2015 FTTH service launched

2014 Wi-Fi Hotspot, NT Official Mobile App

2013 IP-Based Wireline Network (NGN) service launched

2012 Convergent Real Time Billing and Customer Support System launched

2012 IP-CDMA system commissioned

2012 WIMAX 4G service launched

2011 GSM 3G Data Card service introduced

2011 First International Carrier Partners Meet Organization by NT

2011 Launching of GSM 3G Data only Service

2011 Launching of Easy Phone SIP PPP Service

2010 Launching of Easy Phone SIP Easy Call Service

2010 Soft Launch of Easy Phone IP Call Service

2010 EVDO Service started

2009 Postpaid CDMA Mobile Service started

2009 SMS service from GSM to CDMA mobile started

2009 IVR 1606 service extended outside Kathmandu valley

2009 IVR 198 service extended outside the Kathmandu valley

2008 PSTN VMS-Notice Board Service launched

2008 IVR 198 service extended for ADSL Fault Complaint Registration

2008 IVR Service 1607 started for GSM and CDMA PUK Enquiry

2008 Broadband ADSL service launched

5
2007 GPRS, 3G and CRBT Service introduced in GSM mobile

2007 VOIP Call Complaint Registration started via 188 IVR service

2007 PSTN Bill Enquiry service started via 1606 IVR service

2007 Expansion of Internet Bandwidth via Optical link between Nepal and India

2007 National Roaming for CDMA Mobile (SKY Phone) started

2006 CDMA limited service in Kathmandu valley

2006 MCC (198) complaint Registration via IVR in Kathmandu valley

Years Mile Stones

2006 Home Country Direct Service – Nepal Direct (IN)

2006 PSTN Credit Limit Service – PCL(IN)

2005 Outsourcing of Enquiry Service (197)

2005 Access Network Service

2005 Soft launch of CDMA

2004 Pre-paid Calling card service

2004 Nepal Telecom (Transformation to Nepal Doorsanchar Company Limited)

2003 GSM Prepaid Service

2002 East west Highway optical fiber project

2001 launching of payphone service

2000 launching of Internet Service

2000 Implementation of SDH Microwave Radio

1999 launching of GSM Mobile Service

1998 Direct link with Bangladesh

6
1997 Digital Link with D.O.T India through optical fiber

1996 Introduction of VSAT service

1996 Independent Int. Gateway Exchange Established

1996 Automation of the entire Telephone Network

1995 Installation of Optical Fiber Network

1987 Commencement of STD Service

1984 Reliable Rural Telecom Service (JICA)

Year Mile Stones

1984 Commencement of STD service

1984 Establishment of digital Telephone Exchange

1982 Establishment of SPC telex Exchange

1971 Introduction of Telex Service

1965 First Automatic exchange in Nepal

1964 Beginning of International Telecommunication service to India and Pakistan

1962 First Public Telephone Exchange in Kathmandu

1955 Distribution of telephone line to general public

1951 Installation of open wire Trunk line from Kathmandu to Palpa

1950 Introduction to High Frequency Radio System

1950 Establishment of Telegram Service

1936 Installation of open wire Trunk line from Kathmandu to Dhankuta

1935 Installation of 25 Lines automatic exchange in Royal Palace

7
1914 Establishment of open wire Trunk link from Kathmandu to Raxaul

1913 Establishment of first telephone lines in Kathmandu

2.3. Philosophy

2.3.1. Mission and Visions of Nepal TelecomEach and every organization is established
with certain aim and objective. Whatever the organization, their vision is to reach up to
people with their services and facility as easy as possible.

Mission: “Nepal Telecom as a progressive, customer spirited and consumer responsive

entity is committed to provide nation-wide reliable telecommunication service to serve as
an impetus to the social, political and economic development of the country.”

Vision: “Vision of Nepal Telecom is to remain a dominant player in telecommunication

sector in the country while also extending reliable and cost
effective services to all.”

2.3.2. Goals and Objectives of Nepal Telecom

Any organization is a coordination of a man, machine, and materials. Organization is a

process of identifying and grouping work to be performed for the purpose of enabling
people to work.

Like every organization Nepal Telecom has also specific goals. The major goals and
objective of Nepal Telecom are:

 To provide cost effective telecommunication services to every nook and corner of

country.

 To have technologies best meeting the interest of its customers.

 The nationwide reach of the organization, from urban areas to the

economically non-viable most remote location

 To assist in the socio-economic development of urban areas as well as rural areas, as

telecommunication is one of the most important infrastructures required for
development.
8
2.4. Board of Directors

The Board of Directors of Nepal Telecom Company Limited consists of the following
persons as interim provision until the general assembly take place:

i. Chairperson: Mr. Krishna Bahadur Raut(Secretary of Ministry of Information and

Communication).

ii. Member: Mr. Sunil Paudel (Managing Director of Nepal Telecom)

iii. Member: Dr.Topraj Pandey(Joint Secretary of Ministry of Finance)

iv. Member: Mr. Sushil Koirala(Joint Secretary of Ministry of Law, Justice and
Constituent Assembly Affairs)

v. Member: Mr. Baburam Bhandari(Joint Secretary of Ministry of Information and

Communications)

vi. Member: Mr. Ambika Prasad Paudel(Public Shareholder Representative)

vii. Member: Mr. Shankar Lamichhane(Employee Representative)

2.5. Location

 Billing Department

Jawalakhel, Lalitpur

 Business Management Department

Central Office, Bhadrakali Plaza, Kathmandu

 Computer Department

Jawalakhel, Lalitpur

 Finance Department

9
Central Office, Bhadrakali Plaza, Kathmandu

 Human Resource Management Department

Central Office, Bhadrakali Plaza, Kathmandu

 Material Management Department

Central Office, Bhadrakali Plaza, Kathmandu

 Operation And Maintenance Department

Central Office, Bhadrakali Plaza, Kathmandu

 Planning Department

Central Office, Bhadrakali plaza, Kathmandu

2.6. Product and Services Rendered

PSTN Service
 Local calls

 National and International Trunk Calls

 International Telegram

 Leased Lines

 Packet Switching Data Communication

 ISDN (Integrated service Digital Network)

 Pay Phone

CDMA

 Fixed Postpaid and Prepaid

 SKY Phone

10
  Data Service

Mobile

 Postpaid

 Prepaid

 Roaming (Incoming and Outgoing)

 SMS

 MMS

 3G Service

Internet and E-mail

 PSTN Dial-up

 Night Surfing Package

 PSTN Bills in the Internet

 Postpaid mobile Bills

 Telephone Inquiry

 Web SMS

 ADSL

2.7. Department of Study

2.7.1. Human Resource Management

Human Resource Management is primarily concerned with the management of people

within organizations, focusing on policies and on systems. Human resource management
is a distinctive approach to people management, which seeks to achieve competitive
advantage of organizations through the strategic deployment of a committed and capable
workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structure and personnel techniques .

11
2.7.2. Function of Human Resource Management

 Workforce Planning

 Changing management

 HR Auditing and Needs assessments

 Strategic Human Resource Management

 Total compensation, benefits and rewards

 Industrial and employee Relation service

2.7.3. Department under Human Resource Management

 Planning and Records Section

 Training and Vehicle Section

 Personnel Admin Section

 Recruitment Secretariat

 Management Development and General Admin Section

 Performance Appraisal Section

 Legal Section

2.8. Finance

2.8.1. Function of Finance

 Budget preparation and budgetary control

 Revenue, inter administration and sharing accounting

 Treasury management

 Financial planning and control

 Employees welfare management

12
  Fixed assets recording and management

 Inter branch accounting administration

 Corporate tax and vat filing

2.8.2. Department under Finance

Finance department

o Procurement Section

o Expenditure Section

o Cash and Bank Section

o Welfare Section

Revenue department

o Treasury management

o Inter administration section

o Revenue Section

Central account department

o Financial Statement

o Branch Account Section

o Fixed Assets Section

o Vat and Tax Section

2.9. IT Department

2.9.1. Department under IT department

 GSM Mobile Networking Department

13
 PSTN Department
 Billing Department
 International Call Transaction Department

2.10. Transmission department

Figure 1: Transmission Department of Nepal Telecom

2.10.1. Core Network

Huawei Technology

Huawei technologies a leading suppliers of telecoms system and solutions, signed a GSM
contract from NTC, Nepal Telecommunication Corporation, NTC is currently the largest

14
telecom operator in Nepal and the only operator capable of offering Internet service. After
many rounds of negotiation with Huawei and other world-class telecom equipment
providers mainly from North America and Europe attending this bidding, NTC finally
chose Huawei for its GSM network replacement and reconstruction.

Figure 2: Huawei Server for GSM

15
 Figure 3: Huawei Switching Server

ZTE Technology

ZTE technology is the old technology used by the Nepal Telecom before Huawei
Technology. ZTE, the largest listed Chinese telecoms manufacturer and leading wireless
solution provider for telecom technology.

2.10.2. Billing Network

 Convert Real Time Billing (CRTB)

 Ace Com

2.10.3. Served in Used

 Dell Server
 HP Server
 SUN Server

Figure 4: HP Server

2.11. System Used in Department and Operation

2.11.1. Commercial Database and other Software Packages

16
Commercial Database and software packages are widely used in the telecom to support a
various function such as Customer Management, Network Management, Billing
Management and Analytics.

1. Oracle: Oracle is a popular database management used in the telecom to store and
manage subscribe data, network performance data and other critical data.
2. IMB DB2: IBM DB2 is another commercial database management system which is
known for its performance, scalability and support for high availability and disaster
recovery.
3. Salesforce: Salesforce is a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software
package used in telecom to manage customer accounts, track sales leads and provide
customer service.
4. Splunk: Splunk is a software packages used in telecom for monitoring and analyzing
network performance data as well as Network Security, application performance.
5. SAP: SAP is an enterprises resources planning (ERP) is a software packages used in
telecom for Billing, financial management and supply chain management.
6. Net Cracker: Net Cracker is a software packages used in telecom to manage network
inventory, service provisioning, and order management.

2.11.2. Database Server

A database server in telecom plays a vital role in storing, managing and retrieving data
related to telecommunication networks as well as Customers services associated with it.
Some of the key aspects of database server in Nepal Telecom are as follows:

1. Database Management System (DBMS): A DBMS is a system software that manages

the storage, retrieval and organization of data in database server. It provides a range
of services for storing and retrieving data, includes data integrity checks, data backup
and recovery and data security.
2. Subscriber Data: It includes data information about the telecom networks customers
such as their names, address, phone number, billing information, service plan and
other relevant data.

17
3. Network Configuration Data: It includes information about the telecom network
infrastructure, such as the location of network devices, network topology, and
network performance metrics.
4. Service Data: Service Data includes the information about the services provided by
the Nepal telecom network such as voice, data, and messaging services.
5. Provisioning Data: It includes information about the provisioning of network services
such as the activation and deactivation of service plans, assigning phone numbers and
configuring network devices.
6. Security and Privacy: Telecom networks stores sensitive customer data and its
essentials to ensure that this data is protected against unauthorized access.
2.11.3. Hardware Equipment
There are variety of hardware equipment used in Nepal Telecom to support the
transmission, processing and storage of information. Some of the common hardware
used in Nepal Telecom are as follows:
1. Switches: Switches are used to connect network devices together allowing them to
communicate with each other. They may use to connect multiple local area network
(LANs) or to connect devices within single LAN.
2. Routers: Routers are used to connect multiple networks together, allowing devices on
different networks to communicate with each other They may use to connect LAN to
the internet for example.
3. Modems: Modems are used to convert digital signals to analog signals and vice versa
allowing digital devices to communicate over along telephone lines.
4. Repeaters: Repeaters are used to amplify and regenerate signals that are transmitted
over long distances, allowing them to travel further without degradation.
5. Multiplexers: Multiplexers are used to combine multiple signals into a single signal,
allowing more information to be transmitted over a single transmission medium.
6. Network Interface Cards (NICs): NICs are used to connect devices to network,
allowing them to send and receive data.
7. Servers: Servers are used to store and process data, allowing multiple devices to
access the same information. They may be used to host application, websites or other
services.
8. Storage devices: Storage device is used to store data and allowing it to be accessed
and retrieved later.

18
9. Firewall: Firewall are used to control access to network, allowing administrators to
block unauthorized access and protect against cyberattacks.
10. PBX (Private Branch Exchange): PBX system are used to manage internal telephones
within an organization, allowing calls to be routed and managed internally.

2.11.4. Testing and Verification Method

Testing and Verification methods are critical to ensure that telecom system are reliable,
secure, and meet their design specification. Some of the key testing and verification
method used in telecom are:

1. Functional Testing: Functional Testing involves testing in the features and

functionality of the telecommunications system to ensure that it is functioning
correctly. This may involve testing call routing, messaging and other features to
ensure that they are working as expected.
2. Performance Testing: Performance Testing involves testing the telecommunications
system under different loads and conditions to ensure that it can handle the expected
traffic volumes.
3. Security Testing: Security testing involves testing the telecommunications systems
for vulnerabilities and potentials threats.
4. Interoperability Testing: Interoperability Testing involves testing the ability of the
telecommunications system to work with other system and devices. This may involve
testing compatibility with different hardware and software platforms.
5. Compliance Testing: It may involve the testing for compliance with data protection
regulations such as GDPR, or industry standards such as the 3Gpp (Third Generation
Partnership Project) standard for mobile telecommunications.
6. User Acceptance Testing: It involves the testing the telecommunications system with
the actual end-users to ensure that it meets their needs and expectations.

19
 Chapter - III: Intern Activities
3.1. Switching

Switching is process to forward packets coming in from one port to a port leading
towards the destination. When data comes on a port it is called ingress, and when data
leaves a port or goes out it is called egress. A communication system may include
number of switches and nodes

3.1.1. Classification of Switching Systems

In the early stages of telecommunication systems, the process and stages of switching,
played an important to make or break connections. At the initial stages, the switching
systems were operated manually. These systems were later automated. The following
flowchart shows how the switching systems were classified.

Figure 5: Classification of Switching System

The switching systems in the early stages were operated manually. The connections were
made by the operators at the telephone exchanges in order to establish a connection. To
minimize the disadvantages of manual operation, automatic switching systems were
introduced.

The Automatic switching systems are classified as the following −

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 Electromechanical Switching Systems − Here, mechanical switches are electrically
operated.
 Electronic Switching Systems − Here, the usage of electronic components such as
diodes, transistors and ICs are used for the switching purposes.
3.1.2. Electromechanical Switching Systems

The Electromechanical switching systems are a combination of mechanical and electrical

switching types. The electrical circuits and the mechanical relays are deployed in them.
The Electromechanical switching systems are further classified into the following.

Step-by-step

The Step-by-step switching system is also called the Strowger switching system after its
inventor A B Strowger. The control functions in a Strowger system are performed by
circuits associated with the switching elements in the system.

Crossbar

The Crossbar switching systems have hard-wired control subsystems which use relays
and latches. These subsystems have limited capability and it is virtually impossible to
modify them to provide additional functionalities.

3.1.3. Electronic Switching Systems

The Electronic Switching systems are operated with the help of a processor or a computer
which control the switching timings. The instructions are programmed and stored on a
processor or computer that control the operations. This method of storing the programs on
a processor or computer is called the Stored Program Control (SPC) technology. New
facilities can be added to a SPC system by changing the control program.

The switching scheme used by the electronic switching systems may be either
Space Division Switching or Time Division Switching. In space division switching, a
dedicated path is established between the calling and the called subscribers for the entire
duration of the call. In time division switching, sampled values of speech signals are
transferred at fixed intervals.

The time division switching may be analog or digital. In analog switching, the sampled
voltage levels are transmitted as they are. However, in binary switching, they are binary
coded and transmitted. If the coded values are transferred during the same time interval
from input to output, the technique is called Space Switching. If the values are stored and
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transferred to the output at a time interval, the technique is called Time Switching. A time
division digital switch may also be designed by using a combination of space and time
switching techniques.

3.2. Telecommunication Network

A Telecommunication network is a group of systems that establishes a distant call. The

switching systems are part of a telecommunication network.

The switching stations provide connection between different subscribers. Such switching
systems can be grouped to form a telecommunication network. The switching systems are
connected using lines called the Trunks. The lines that run to the Subscriber premises are
called the Subscriber Lines.

The following figure shows a telecommunication network.

Figure 6: Telecommunications Network

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3.2.1. Basics of a Switching System

In this section, we will learn about the different components and terms used in switching
systems.

Inlets and Outlets

The set of input circuits of an exchange are called Inlets and the set of output circuits are
called the Outlets. The primary function of a switching system is to establish an electrical
path between a given inlet-outlet pair.

Usually, N indicates the inlets and the outlets are indicated by M. So, a switching network
has N inlets and M outlets.

3.2.2. Types of Connections

There are four types of connections that can be established in a telecommunication

network. The connections are as follows −

 Local call connection between two subscribers in the system.

 Outgoing call connection between a subscriber and an outgoing trunk.
 Incoming call connection between an incoming trunk and a local subscriber.
 Transit call connection between an incoming trunk and an outgoing trunk.

3.3. Types of Switching

Different switching techniques can be used in different applications. So, some of them are
as follows:

 Circuit Switching
 Packet Switching
 Message Switching

3.3.1. Circuit Switching

Circuit switching is the switching type with which dedicated communication paths
(circuits) are used. In this type of switching, a dedicated circuit (path) is established and

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the communication occurs over this circuit. During the session this path remains and after
termination of the communication, circuit is also terminated.

In Circuit switching, the circuits can be permanent or temporary. According to your need,
you can select one of these types.

Figure 7: Circuit Switching

There are three phases of Circuit switching. These Circuit Switching phases are:

 Circuit Establishment
 Data Transfer
 Circuit Disconnect

3.3.2. Packet Switching

Packet Switching is another type that is done mainly dividing the message into
smaller packets. By doing this, each packet become independent and with its own header,
it can follow an independent path from other packets. In this type of switching, resource
demand is less.

In the header used in packet switching, there are different information about the packet
like source Ip address, destination Ip addresses, sequence number etc. Here, each packet
has a unique sequence number that provides identification of the packet at the destination.

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At the destination, the packets can be received in the correct order. After receiving the
packets in the correct order, the acknowledgement is sent.

Figure 8: Packet Switching

In packet switching, there are different techniques for data prioritization. Any data packet
can be sent with a better priority with a better condition. Other packets can be sent over
different priorities and conditions.

There are two approaches to Packet switching. These are:

 Datagram Packet
 Virtual Circuit

3.3.3. Message Switching

Message Switching is the technique that is similar to both circuit switching and packet
switching. In other words, it is in the middle. In this type of switching, the entire packet is
treated completely.

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During the data transmission, the entire message is stored in each node and when the path
is available, it is sent completely. Here, there is a buffer mechanism named store and
forward, so this type of switching need more resources and it is a slow. So, this type of
switching is good for the applications that do not need fast transmission.

Figure 9: Message Switching

In Message switching, there is no to establish dedicated circuit between originator and the
destination. The message includes the destination address and according to this message,
dynamic routing is done between the sender and the receiver.

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3.4. Customer Communication

Customer communication is one of the essential parts of the telecom which helps to
develop the mutual relations with the customers. Some of the key points keep in mind for
customers communication in telecom are as follows:

1. Be clear and concise: Telecom companies should strive to communicate with

customers in clear and concise language, avoiding technical jargon or confusing
terminology.

2. Provide multiple channels of communication: Telecom company should offer

multiple channels of communication such as phone, email and live chat to ensure that
customers can reach out in the way that’s most convenient for them.

3. Be responsive: Telecom company should strive to be responsive to customers

inquiries and concerns providing timely and helpful response to resolve any issues as
quickly as possible.

4. Provide updates: Telecom company should keep customers informed about any
changes or updates to their services such as new features or changes in pricing.

5. Be proactive: Telecom company should be proactive in communicating with

customers anticipating any issues that may arise and reaching out to customers to
provide support or assistance before problems escalate.

3.5. System Analysis

System Analysis of Switching involves the process of examination and evaluating a

switching system to ensure that it is meeting its design goals to identity area for
improvement.

Some of the steps involved in System Analysis of Switching are as follows:

1. Identify the Network Requirements: The first step in system analysis of switching is
to identify the requirements of the network, such as the number of users, the types of
applications that will be used and the expected network traffic. This information

27
 helps in determining the optimal network topology, hardware and software
components.
2. Analyze Network Performance: It can be analyzed by measuring metrics such as
network latency, throughput and packet loss.
3. Evaluate Network Security: It is a critical aspects of system analysis of switching. A
security analysis can be performed to identity any vulnerabilities or potential threats
to the network.
4. Assess Network Reliability: It can be assessed by analyzing the network uptime,
redundancy, and fault tolerance.
5. Implement Improvement: It includes upgrading network hardware, modifying
network topology, or adjusting network protocols.

3.6. System Design

Switching refers to the process of forwarding network traffic from one network device to
another network device. A switch is a device that operates at the data link layer of the
OSI model and is used to connect device on local area network (LAN).

The system design of switching involves several components are as given below:

1.Switch Hardware: The hardware components of the switch include the chassis, power
supplies, fans, ports and other components enable the switch to function.

2. Switch Software: The software components of the switch include the operating system,
firmware and other software components that control the behavior of the switch.

3. Port Configuration: Switches typically have multiple ports, each of which can be
configured to operate at a particular speed, duplex mode, and other parameters.

4. VLAN Configuration: Virtual local area networks are used to segment a network into
multiple local networks.

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5.Redudancy: Switches can be configured with redundant components such as power
supplies and fans to ensure that the switch continues to function even if a component
fails.

6. Management and Monitoring: Switching can be managed and monitored using various
tools such as SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) and CLI (Command Line
Interface). These tools allow network administration to monitor the performance of the
switch, configure the switch, and troubleshoot issues that may arise.

Figure 10: System Design of Switching

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3.7. Test and Design Validation

Design Validation is a process of evaluating the software product for the exact
requirements of end-users or stakeholders. The purpose of design validation is to test the
software product after development to ensure that it meets the requirements in terms of
applications in the user’s environment.

Figure 11: Test and Design Validation

Validation is concerned with demonstrating the consistency and completeness of design

with respect to the user needs. This is the stage where you actually build a version of the
product and validate against the user requirements.

3.8. System Installation and Troubleshooting

Switching plays a critical role in the telecommunication sectors as it enables the routing
of calls and data traffic between different networks and devices. Here are some guidelines
for the installation and troubleshooting of switching in Telecom:

Installation:

1. Plan the Installation: Before starting the installation process, it is essential to have a
clear plan and understanding the network topology, equipment requirements and system
configuration. This will help to ensure a smooth and efficient installation process.

2. Prepare the Site: The installation site should be prepared and checked to ensure that it
meets the necessary electrical, mechanical, and environment requirements for the
switching equipment.

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3. Install the Hardware: The switching hardware should be installed according to the
manufacturer’s instructions including proper grounding and cable routing.

4. Configure the Software: The switching software should be configured according to the
network requirements including the routing table, protocols and security settings.

5. Test the System: After installation and configuration, the switching system should be
tested to ensure that it is functioning correctly and that it meets the design specifications.

Figure 14: Installation of Switch

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Troubleshooting:

1. Identify the Problem: The first step in troubleshooting is to identify the problem by
gathering the information about the symptoms, errors messages and network behavior.
2. Analyze the Network: Once the problem is identified, the network should be analyzed
to determine the source of the issues. This may include the checking the switching
hardware.
3. Resolve the Issues: After identifying the source of the problem, appropriate steps
should be taken to resolve the issues. This may involve hardware replacement,
software configuration, network re-routing or other corrective actions.
4. Test the System: After resolving the issues, the switching system should be tested to
ensure that it is functioning correctly and that problem has been resolved.
5. Document the Troubleshooting Process: It is essential is to document the
troubleshooting process, including the problem description, analysis and resolution
steps. This will help to ensure that similar issues can be resolved quickly in the future
and that the network is operating efficiently.

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Figure 15: Troubleshooting of Huawei Server of Telecom

33
 Chapter – IV An Assessment of The Internship
4.1. Learn From the Internship

Life’s real learning is the work field. During my college life, I was just an idle person that
thought studies is just reading book and studying it for education. These Ten precious
weeks of internship at Nepal Telecom has made me practical that I had never been before.
During internship period I learned practical things that a real-world process. Good
communication is also one of the keys to perform any kind job properly. In my internship
period, I got chance to directly interact with customers and staffs. My supervisor helped
to improve my communication skills further during this period.

During field visit we found Nepal Telecom as, systematic, highly equipped organization
run by technocrats with sound work environments. As its service are fully depends upon
the technologies deployed, it’s obvious to have various complains regarding its services.
To meet its goals with public faith, it needs to concede public complains as an inspiration.

4.2. Applied Theory Knowledge into Practical

During my internship I got many knowledge that are extremely valuable when it comes to
working in the telecom companies. A good understanding of network design principles is
critical when designing telecommunications networks such as knowledge of network
topology, routing protocols and network security principles. In telecom companies,
network issues are a common occurrence so, to solve them we should have knowledge of
troubleshooting.

Telecom project can be complex, involving multiple stakeholders and requiring a high
degree of coordination so we should have knowledge of project management. To
understand the theoretical underpinnings of network optimization can help in optimizing
network performance.

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4.3. Challenges in Nepal Telecom

Some of the challenges that telecom companies are facing are as given below:

1. With the rapid pace of technological advancements, telecom companies must keep up
with the latest innovations to remain relevant and competitive.
2. With the increasing threats of cyberattacks, telecom companies must maintain a robust
security posture to protect their network and customer data.
3. The telecommunication companies are rapidly evolving and companies should
embrace emerging technologies such as IoT, AI, and blockchain to improve services
and customer experiences.
4. To maintaining and building necessary infrastructures to provide reliable and fast
connectivity can be costly.
5. The telecom companies are subject to complex web of regulations and policies that
can be impact their operations, pricing and market share.

These are the growing challenges for the Nepal Telecom in the present
context of the Nepal. So, the Nepal government should give more priority to
government telecommunications networks rather than the private companies.

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 Chapter – V: Conclusion

5.1 Summary

In current context, the increasing Information Technology has built up the Software
development, Hardware development, Network Security, Telecommunications, etc. trend.
To follow the trend, internship provides a bridge for the Government and Private sectors
for the undergraduate to learn and experience the real world. Internship has helped in
adapting well to work under pressure. Working with multiple features in a single week-
long sprint and handling immediate and urgent situations has assisted in enhancing
professionalism to meet deadlines. The technical task that was undertaken during the
internship period helped the intern in improving the technical security and services skill.
It has helped gaining knowledge about various technical tools and framework used in
network in switching and the process that should be followed for proper completion.
Working as an Intern in one of the most popular government companies of Nepal, has
boosted the confidence and has polished the professionals as well as soft skills of the
intern in the IT sector. As a whole, this report includes project and the internship
experiences, findings, knowledge and technical skills.

5.2.Recommendations For Improvement for Nepal Telecom

Here are some recommendations for improvement in the Telecom are as given below
down:

1. Telecom companies should invest in the development and maintenance of their

infrastructure to ensure that it can support the growing demand for data and
connectivity. This includes in fiber optic cables, 5G networks and satellite
technology.
2. Telecom should invest in developing robust security protocols and regularly conduct
security audits to identify vulnerabilities and prevent cyber attacks.
3. Telecom should invest in training their customers service representatives and
developing online resources to improve the customer experiences.

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4. Telcom should stay up to date with the latest regulations and ensure compliance to
avoid legal issues and penalties.
5. The telecom industries are rapidly evolving and companies should embrace emerging
technologies such as IoT, AI, and blockchain to improve services and customers
experience.
6. Nepal Telecom should increase collaborations among telecom companies can lead to
improved services and infrastructures development.
7. It should invest in sustainable practices to reduce their carbon footprint. This includes
investing in renewable energy resources, reducing e-waste, and implementing
environmentally friendly practices in their operations.

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 Annexes
GSM Mobile Registration Form

Figure 12: GSM FORM REGISTRATION

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GPRS Application Form

Figure 13: GPRS APPLICATION FORM

39
 Reference

Manandhar, R. B. (2021). Factors Influencing Brand Switching Behavior on

Telecommunication Industry in Nepal. Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research,
4(3), 35-42

Shrestha, R., & Ale, B. B. (2020). The study of service quality and its relationship on
customer satisfaction of Nepal Telecom (NT) in Nepal. International Journal of
Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering, 5(12), 112-121.

Bajracharya, S. M., & Maharjan, S. (2019). Techno economic analysis of grid tied solar
system: A case study of Nepal

Nyoupane, J., & Jha, A. K. (2018). Energy Efficiency Analysis of Software Defined Network
in Backbone Transmission Network of Kathmandu Valley of Nepal Telecom. Journal
of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, 4, 65-73.

Sharma, B. M. (2021). The Effect of Advertisement and Sales Promotion on Sales Revenue
of Telecommunication Industry- “Nepal Doorsanchar Company Limited (Nepal
Telecom) (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Management).

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