CHAPTER

Control and
7 Coordination
7.1 Animals-Nervous System 7.3 Hormones in Animals
7.2 Coordination in Plants

Topicwise Analysis of Last 10 Years’ CBSE Board Questions (2020-2011)

12
VSA
11 SA I
SA II
10 LA

9
Number of questions →

0
7.1 7.2 7.3
Topic →
8 Maximum weightage is of Hormones in Animals. 8 Maximum LA type questions were asked from
Coordination in Plants.
8 Maximum VSA and SA II type questions were
asked from Hormones in Animals.

QUICK RECAP
8 All movements in living organisms occur in and this response involves coordination of
response to changes in the environmental factors. many organs in our body.
All living organisms respond and react to
environmental factors (stimuli) such as light, 8 Coordination in animals: Unicellular
heat, cold, sound, smell, taste, pressure, etc., organisms respond to environmental stimuli
This chapter is not a part of the Board Examination 2020-21 syllabus.
Control and Coordination 113

by moving towards or away from it. Such X Neurons are the structural and functional
response is termed as taxis. Movement unit of nervous system. Neuron is the longest
towards the source of stimulus is positive cell in human body.
taxis and movement away from stimulus
is negative taxis. In lower multicellular Components of Neuron
organisms, coordination takes place through
nervous system. Cell body
X Coelenterates – diffused nervous system is The cell body of a neuron is also called cyton
present which is made up of epidermal and which is broad, rounded, pyriform or stellate
gastrodermal nerve net of nerve cells.
part of the neuron. It has abundant cytoplasm,
X Flatworms – ladder type nervous system is
present which is made up of ganglionated called neuroplasm which contains Nissl’s
nerve ring and nerve cords. granules and a relatively large, spherical
X Annelids – Central nervous system (CNS) is nucleus and is mainly concerned with metabolic
present which comprises of circumpharyngeal maintenance and growth. It also receives nerve
nerve ring and a nerve cord. impulses from dendrites and transmits them to
X Insects - CNS consist of circumoesophageal axon.
nerve ring and nerve cord.
X In higher animals, control and coordination is Dendrites
provided by nervous and endocrine system. These are several short, tapering, much
8 Control and coordination in humans: branched protoplasmic processes stretching out
There are two systems of coordination of from the cell body of a neuron. Here sensation
activities in humans : nervous system and (information) is acquired which then travels as
endocrine system. an electric impulse towards the cell body.
X Both the systems of coordination, consist of
a number of organs working together in a Axon
systematic way. It is a single, very long, cylindrical nerve fibre
8 Human Nervous System: Human nervous of uniform diameter arising from the cell body.
system is the most complex system. The main At its terminal end, axon is highly branched.
parts of the nervous system are: brain, spinal Axon terminals are often knob-like and these
cord and nerves. The sense organs can be may end in nerve fibres that form synapses with
considered to be other organs of the nervous dendrites of other neurons. The axon conducts
system because they help in the functioning nerve impulses away from the cell body.
of the nervous system. We receive a variety
of information from the environment around Types of neuron
us through the sense organs. There are five
sense organs in our body : eyes, ears, nose,
tongue and skin. The sense organs contain Sensory (receptor) : Transmits impulse from
receptors. A receptor is a cell (or a group sensory cells to CNS.
of cells) in a sense organ which is sensitive
to a particular type of stimulus. Different
sense organs contain receptors for detecting Motor (effector) : Transmits impulse from CNS
different stimuli. to muscle cells.
X The common types of receptor are
photoreceptors (detect light, present in Relay or Connector : Serves as link between
eyes), phonoreceptors (detect sound, sensory and motor neurons.
present in ears), olfactory receptors (detect
smell, present in nose), gustatory receptors
(detect taste, present in tongue) and X The classification of human nervous system
thermoreceptors (detect heat or cold, present into various parts is given in the following
in skin). chart:
114 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

Nervous System

Central Nervous Peripheral Nervous

System (CNS) System (PNS)

Brain Spinal Cord Autonomic Nervous Voluntary

System (ANS) Nervous System

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Nervous System Nervous System
Flow Chart : Main parts of human nervous system

X Central nervous system : The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the
spinal cord.

CNS
Brain
• Brain is the highest coordinating centre in the body. The brain is located inside the skull of our body (at
the top of the spinal cord). It is protected by a bony box in the skull called cranium. It is surrounded
by three membranes called meninges, which help to protect it . The space between the membranes (or
meninges) is filled with a cerebro-spinal fluid which protects the brain from mechanical shocks. Pairs
of cranial nerves arise from the brain.
• The brain is broadly divided into three regions: forebrain, midbrain and the hindbrain. The forebrain
consists mainly of cerebrum. The midbrain does not have any further divisions. It consists of two fibre
tracts called crura cerebri which connect hindbrain with forebrain. The hindbrain consists of three
parts called pons, cerebellum and medulla.
• The cerebrum (or forebrain) is the main thinking part of the brain. It is the site of our faculties such as
learning, reasoning, intelligence, personality and memory. All our thoughts, sensations, actions and
movements are controlled by the cerebrum.
• The midbrain controls reflex movements of the head, neck and trunk in response to visual and auditory
stimuli. It also controls the reflex movements of the eye muscles, changes in pupil size and shape of
the eye lens.
• Pons varolii takes part in regulating respiration. Cerebellum helps in maintaining posture and balance
of the body.
• Medulla oblongata controls various involuntary actions such as heart beat (blood circulation), breathing,
blood pressure and peristaltic movements of alimentary canal. Medulla is also the controlling centre
for reflexes such as swallowing, coughing, sneezing, secretion of saliva and vomiting.

Spinal cord
Spinal cord is a cylindrical structure that begins in continuation with the medulla oblongata of brain and
extends downwards upto early part of lumbar region. It then extends to the end of vertebral column as fibrous
connective called filum terminale.
It is enclosed in a bony cage called vertebral column. Spinal cord is also surrounded by membranes called
meninges. As many as 31 pairs of nerves arise from the spinal cord. The spinal cord is concerned with spinal
reflex actions and the conduction of nerve impulses to and from the brain.
Spinal cord performs two important functions: it conducts sensory and motor impulses to and from the brain
and it acts as a centre for the reflex actions. Thus, it reduces brain’s work.
Control and Coordination 115

X Peripheral nervous system : All the nerves nervous system on the other hand, is not under
of the body together make up the peripheral the control of human will. It develops from
nervous system (PNS). Voluntary peripheral branches of some cranial and spinal nerves
nervous system is under the control of will. It called visceral nerves. The autonomic nervous
consists of nerves that arise directly from CNS system (ANS) is subdivided into two parts:
connecting different body parts for voluntary (i) Sympathetic nervous system
(conscious) control of the brain. Autonomic
(ii) Parasympathetic nervous system
nervous system or involuntary peripheral

Cranial nerves arise from the brain and spread to various parts of the head. They are 12 pairs
in number. Cranial nerves I, II and VIII are sensory nerves; cranial nerves III, IV, VI, XI and
three types of nerve
Peripheral nervous

XII are motor nerves; and cranial nerves V, VII, IX and X are mixed nerves (containing both
system consists of

sensory and motor nerve fibres).

31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord along most of its length and spread
throughout the body (except, head region). They are all mixed nerves as they carry both
sensory and motor nerve fibres.

Many activities of the internal organs such as heart, kidney, lungs, urinary bladder, blood
vessels, glands, etc., are controlled by specific set of nerves called visceral nerves which mostly
arise from spinal cord but a few from the brain also. These form the autonomic nervous system.

X Reflex action and reflex arcs : The simplest 8 Human Endocrine System : Endocrine
form of response in the nervous system system is comprised of endocrine glands and
is reflex action. This is a rapid, automatic the hormones released by them.
response to a stimulus which is not under the X Hormones : These are the chemical substances
voluntary control of the brain. It is described which coordinate the activities of living
as an involuntary action which aims to organisms and also their growth. The various
characteristics of hormones are:
protect ourselves. A knee jerk, movement of
X They are secreted in small amounts by the
diaphragm (during respiration), coughing,
endocrine glands.
yawning, blinking of eyes and sneezing are
X They are poured directly into the blood and
all reflex actions. Coughing is a reflex action carried throughout the body by circulatory
which clears our windpipe. The pupils of our system.
eyes get smaller in bright light. This protects X They have their effects at the sites different
the retina of our eyes from damage due to too from the sites where they are made. So, they
much light. are also called chemical messengers.
Electrical X They act on specific tissues or organs (called
Stimulus received impulse
by the receptor Spinal cord target organs).
(sensory neurons) (Relay neuron)
X They coordinate the activities of the body and
Electrical also its growth.
Electrical impulse
Effector impulse X Endocrine glands : A gland is a structure
(Muscle or gland) Motor neuron
(cell, tissue or organ) which secretes certain
Flow chart : Depicting a reflex action useful chemicals or substances in the body.
8 The pathway taken by nerve impulses in a There are two types of gland in the body:
exocrine gland and endocrine gland.
reflex action is called the reflex arc. Reflex
Exocrine glands are the glands having ducts
arcs allow rapid response.
whereas endocrine glands are ductless glands.
116 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

Table: Endocrine glands – Their hormones and functions

Endocrine glands Hormones secreted Principal functions
(a) Releasing hormones Stimulate anterior/ intermediate pituitary
(RH) to secrete hormones.
1. Hypothalamus
(b) Inhibiting hormones Inhibit the secretion of hormones from
(IH) anterior / intermediate pituitary gland.
2. Pituitary gland
• It has three lobes. It is attached to the lower surface of the brain.
(a) Growth hormone Controls the overall development or
(GH) or Somatotropic growth of the body, muscles, bones
hormone (STH) and tissues. Lack of this hormone
(hypoactivity) causes dwarfness. Its
excessive secretion (hyperactivity) causes
excessive growth of bones making the
person very tall (gigantism).
(b) Thyroid stimulating Controls the growth and functioning
hormone (TSH) of the thyroid gland. Stimulates the
thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.
(c) Adrenocorticotropic Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete
hormone (ACTH) cortisol hormone.
(i) Anterior lobe
(d) Gonadotropic In males, it stimulates the process of
• It produces six hormones.
hormone spermatogenesis (sperm formation). In
(i) Follicle stimulating females, it stimulates the follicle cells in
hormone (FSH) the ovaries to develop into mature eggs.
(ii) Luteinising hormone In males, it stimulates the secretion
(LH) of male hormone, testosterone (sex
hormone in males). In females, it
stimulates the secretion of oestrogen
and progesterone (sex hormones in
females).
(e) Prolactin hormone Stimulates mammary gland development
(PRL) during pregnancy and milk production
after child birth in females.
(ii) Intermediate lobe Melanocyte stimulating Stimulates the synthesis of melanin in
hormone (MSH) the skin.
(a) Oxytocin Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles
at the time of child birth. It also helps
in milk ejection (lactation) from the
(iii) Posterior lobe mammary glands.
(b) Vasopressin or Regulates water and electrolyte balance
Antidiuretic in body.
hormone (ADH)
3. Pineal gland
• It lies between the two cerebral Melatonin Regulates circadian rhythm.
hemispheres of the brain.
Control and Coordination 117

(a) Thyroxine or T4 T3 and T4 stimulate the rate of cellular

4. Thyroid gland and Triiodothyronine oxidation and metabolism.
or T3
• It is situated in the neck region
on the ventral side of the body. (b) Calcitonin Calcitonin lowers calcium level by
It has two lateral lobes, one on suppressing release of calcium ions
either side of the trachea. from the bones, when calcium level is
high in blood.
5. Parathyroid gland
• These are four small oval Parat hy roid hor mone Regulates calcium and phosphate levels
bodies which lie embedded in (PTH) or parathormone. in the blood. When blood calcium
level is below normal, it mobilises the
the lobes of the thyroid gland.
release of calcium into the blood from
bones. It has an action opposite to that
of calcitonin on calcium metabolism.
6. Thymus gland
• It is situated in the upper chest Thymosin St i mu l ate s t h e d e ve l opm e nt an d
near the front side of the heart. differentiation of lymphocytes (white
blood cells).
• It undergoes gradual atrophy
in the adult.

7. Adrenal gland
• In human beings, a pair of adrenal glands are present, one on top of each kidney, so, also called
suprarenals. Each adrenal gland has an outer part called the cortex and an inner part, medulla.

(a) Glucocorticoids Regulate the metabolism of protein, fats

and carbohydrates in the body and the
level of blood sugar.
(i) Adrenal cortex
• It secretes 3 groups of steroid (b) Mineralocorticoids Regulate water and mineral balance
hormones. (Aldosterone) in body.

(c) Sexcorticoids Stimulate the development of secondary

sexual characters both in males and
females.
(ii) Adrenal medulla Adrenaline Both these hormones together control
• It secretes 2 hormones. (Epinephrine) and emotions, fear, anger, blood pressure,
Noradrenaline (Nor- heart beat, respiration and relaxation
epinephrine) of smooth muscles.

8. Pancreas
• It is a compound gland in (a) Insulin Regulates the conversion of glucose to
the abdominal region located glycogen, i.e., it lowers blood glucose
posterior to the stomach. Its level.
endocrine part is Islets of (b) Glucagon Regulates the conversion of glycogen
Langerhans, which secretes back to glucose, i.e., it increases blood
2 hormones. glucose level.
118 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

(a) Oestrogen Plays an important role in ovulation.

It is responsible for development of
secondary sexual characteristics in
9. Ovaries females like mammary glands, voice,
• These are a pair of glands hair pattern, etc.
present in the lower
abdominal region in females. (b) Progesterone Helps in the preparation of uterus for
the reception of fertilised ovum.
Also helps in the maintenance of
pregnancy.

10. Testes
• These are extra-abdominal in Testosterone Stimulates spermatogenesis, regulates
position. the growth, development and
• The interstitial or Leydig's functioning of accessory sex organs
cells present in testes and controls the secondary sexual
produce the male hormone. characteristics in males, such as
enlargement of penis and scrotum,
growth of facial and pubic hair and
enlargement of larynx that causes
deepening of voice.

X Feedback mechanism: The timing and or root, etc. The plants respond to various
amount of hormones released by various stimuli very slowly by growing. Hence, in
glands are controlled by the ‘feedback most of the cases, the response of a plant to a
mechanism’ which is in-built in our body. stimulus cannot be observed immediately. It
For example, if the sugar level in the blood usually takes a considerable time to observe
rises too much, they are detected by the cells the effect of a stimulus on a plant.
of pancreas which respond by producing X Plant hormones (or Phytohormones): The
and secreting more insulin into blood. plant hormones coordinate the activities
And as the blood sugar falls to a certain of the plant by controlling one or the other
level, the secretion of insulin is reduced aspect of the growth of the plant. So, they are
automatically. also known as plant growth substances. The
growth of a plant can be divided into three
8 Control and coordination in plants:
stages: cell division, cell enlargement and
Plants coordinate their behaviour against
cell differentiation (or cell specialisation),
environmental changes by using hormones.
and these stages have particular locations
The hormones in plants coordinate their
in a plant. There are 5 major types of
behaviour by affecting their growth. And
phytohormone. These phytohormones with
the effect on growth of the plant can result
their functions are discussed in the given
in the movement of its part like shoot (stem) table:
Control and Coordination 119

Table : Plant hormones and their functions

Plant
Functions
hormones
Auxins These promote cell enlargement and cell differentiation in plants.
These promote stem and fruit growth.
These regulate important plant growth movements, i.e., tropisms.
These induce parthenocarpy (i.e., the formation of seedless fruits without fertilisation)
in number of plants.
Gibberellins These promote cell enlargement and cell differentiation in plants in the presence
of auxins.
These also promote growth in stems and fruits.
Rossette plants (i.e., plants that show profuse leaf development but reduced internode
growth) show bolting and flowering when treated with gibberellins.
These also induce parthenocarpy in many plants.
Cytokinins These promote cell division in plants.
These play vital role in the morphogenesis in plants.
These help in breaking the dormancy of seeds and buds.
These delay the ageing in leaves.
These promote the opening of stomata.
These also promote fruit growth.
Ethylene It promotes growth and ripening of fruits.
It helps in breaking the dormancy in buds and seeds.
It stimulates the formation of separation layer (abscission zone) in leaves, flowers
and fruits.
It promotes yellowing and senescence of leaves.
Abscisic It promotes the dormancy in seeds and buds and thus inhibits growth.
acid (ABA) It also promotes the closing of stomata and thus affects wilting of leaves.
It also promotes the falling of leaves (abscission) and senescence in leaves.

8 Plant movements : Plants do not show touch, etc. These movements of the plant
locomotion (movement of the entire body). parts are usually caused by an unequal
However, movements of the individual parts growth in their two regions by the action
or organs of a plant (like shoot, root, leaves, of plant hormones, under the influence
etc.) are possible when they are subjected of the stimulus. When a plant part shows
to some external stimuli like light, force movement, it remains attached to the main
of gravity, chemical substances, water and body of the plant.
120 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

Types of plant movements

Nastic movements Tropic movements

Movements independent of growth. Movements due to growth.

Phototropism
Phototropism is the directional movement or orientation of the plant part in response to light stimulus.
If the plant part moves towards light, it is called as positive phototropism. Alternatively, if the plant part
moves away from light, it is called as negative phototropism. Example. (i) Stem or shoot of a growing
plant moves towards light and thus shows positive phototropism. (ii) Roots of a plant move away from
light and thus show negative phototropism.
Seismonastic movements
Such movements occur in response to touch (shock). These movements are very quick and are best seen
in ‘touch-me-not’ plant (Mimosa pudica), also called ‘Chhui-mui’ or ‘Lajwanti’ or ‘sensitive plant’.
Geotropism
Geotropism is the directional movement or orientation of the plant part in response to gravity. If the
plant part moves in the direction of gravity, it is called as positive geotropism. Alternatively, if the plant
part moves against the direction of gravity, it is termed as negative geotropism. Example : (i) Roots of
a plant move downward in the soil in the direction of gravity and thus show positive geotropism. (ii)
The stem or shoot of a plant shows movement against the direction of gravity and thus shows negative
geotropism.
Nyctinastic movements
The movements involving the diurnal variations in the position of flowers and leaves of many plants in
day and night are called nyctinastic or sleep movements. Nyctinastic movements include photonastic
movements and thermonastic movements.

Photonastic movements Thermonastic movements

If the diurnal variations in the position of plant If the diurnal variations in the position of
parts (e.g., flowers and leaves) are caused by the plant parts (e.g., flowers and leaves of plants)
light stimulus, such non-directional movements are caused by the change in temperature of the
are called photonastic movements. Example is surroundings, such non-directional movements
dandelion flower. are called thermonastic movements.

Chemotropism
It is the directional movement or orientation of the plant part in response to chemical stimulus. If the plant
part moves towards the chemical stimulus, it is called positive chemotropism. On the other hand, if the
plant part moves away from the chemical stimulus, it is called negative chemotropism. Example: During
the process of fertilisation, growth of pollen tube towards the ovule in the ovary is an example of positive
chemotropism.

Hydrotropism
It is the directional movement or orientation of the plant part in response to water stimulus. If the plant part
moves towards the water stimulus, it is called as positive hydrotropism. On the other hand, if the plant part
moves away from the water stimulus, it is called as negative hydrotropism. Example:Bending of roots of the
plant towards water signifies positive hydrotropism.

Thigmotropism
It is the directional response of plant parts to the touch of an object. It is often seen in plants having tendrils.
Tendrils are positively thigmotropic which means that they grow towards things they happen to touch.
Examples: Bitter gourd, bottle gourd, grape vine, etc.
Flow chart : Types of plant movements
Control and Coordination 121

Previous Years’ CBSE Board Questions

7.1
Animals-Nervous System 7.2
Coordination in Plants
VSA (1 mark) VSA (1 mark)
1. Which is the largest and most prominent part 9. State one example of chemotropism.
of the brain? (Board Term I, 2013)  (Board Term I, 2015)
10. What is meant by tropic movements?
SA I (2 marks)
 (Board Term I, 2013)
2. (a) Name one gustatory receptor and one
olfactory receptor in human beings.
SA I (2 marks)
(b) Write a and b in the given flow chart of 11. State the two types of movements seen in
neuron through which information travels as plants. Give one example of each type.
an electrical impulse. (Board Term I, 2016)

SA II (3 marks)
End point of
Dendrite → a → b → 12. Define geotropism. Draw a labelled diagram
Neuron
of a plant showing geotropic movement of its
(2018) parts. (2020)
3. Write the main functions of the following : 13. What are plant hormones? Name the plant
(a) sensory neuron (b) cranium hormones responsible for the following :
(c) vertebral column (d) motor neuron. (i) Growth of stem
(Board Term I, 2017) (ii) Promotion of cell division
(iii) Inhibition of growth
SA II (3 marks) (iv) Elongation of cells (Delhi 2019)
4. Why does the flow of signals in a synapse 14. Define phototropism. Name the plant
from axonal end of one neuron to dendritic hormone which is responsible for
end of another neuron take place but not in phototropism. (Board Term I, 2016)
the reverse direction? Explain. (AI 2019)
LA (5 marks)
5. “Reflex arcs continue to be more efficient for
quick responses”. Justify this statement giving 15. (a) What are phytohormones? List four
reason. (Board Term I, 2017) types of phytohormones. Where are these
hormones synthesised?
6. (a) Define reflex arc. (b) What happens when a growing plant
(b) Trace the sequence of events which occur detects light? Explain in brief.
in our body when a bright light is focussed on  (Board Term I, 2017)
your eyes.
 (Board Term I, 2016) 16. List the sequences of events that occur when
a plant is exposed to unidirectional light,
7. (a) Draw a neat diagram of a neuron and leading to bending of a growing shoot. Also
label (i) dendrite and (ii) axon. name the hormone synthesised and the type
(b) Which part of the human brain is: of movement that takes place.
(i) the main thinking part of the brain?  (Board Term I, 2016)
(ii) responsible for maintaining the posture 17. (a) Define reflex arc. Draw a flow chart
and balance of the body? showing the sequence of events which occur
(Board Term I, 2015) during sneezing.
8. Mention three major regions of brain. Write (b) List four plant hormones. Write one
one function of each. (Board Term I, 2014) function of each. (Board Term I, 2014)
122 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

7.3
Hormones in Animals developing thyroid cancer if they have high TSH
levels along with thyroid nodules.
VSA (1 mark) 22. A 35 years old woman has TSH level
Answer question numbers 18 to 21 on the basis of 6.03 mU/L. What change should she bring in
your understanding of the following information her diet to control this level?
and related studied concepts : 23. When do women face a greater risk of
Thyroid gland is a bilobed structure situated in our abnormal TSH level?
neck region. It secretes a hormone called thyroxine.
24. State the consequence of low TSH level.
Iodine is necessary for the thyroid gland to make
thyroxine. Thyroxine regulates carbohydrates, 25. Name the mineral that is responsible for
protein and fat metabolism in the body. It promotes synthesis of hormone secreted by thyroid
growth of body tissues also. When there is an excess gland.(2020)
of thyroxine in the body, a person suffers from Question numbers 26 to 29 are based on the table
hyperthyroidism and if this gland is underactive and related information in the passage given below :
it results in hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) stimulates
diagnosed by blood tests that measure the levels thyroid gland to produce thyroxine. Study the table
of thyroxine and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone given below.
(TSH). Hypothyroidism is caused due to the Table : TSH levels during pregnancy
deficiency of iodine in our diet resulting in a disease
Stage of Normal Low High (mU/L)
called goitre. Iodised salt can be included in our
pregnancy (mU/L) (mU/L)
diet to control it.
First 0.2-2.5 < 0.2 2.5 - 10
18. Where is thyroid gland situated?
trimester
19. State the function of thyroxine in human
Second 0.3-3.0 < 0.3 3.01 - 4.5
body.
trimester
20. What is hyperthyroidism?
Third 0.8-5.2 < 0.8 > 5.3
21. How can we control hypothyroidism? trimester
(2020)
Question numbers 22 to 25 are based on table given It is important to monitor TSH levels during
below. Study the table in which the levels of Thyroid pregnancy. High TSH levels and hypothyroidism
Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in women are given can especially affect chances of miscarriage.
and answer the questions that follow on the basis Therefore, proper medication in consultation with
of understanding of the following paragraph and a doctor is required to regulate/control the proper
the related studied concepts : functioning of the thyroid gland.
26. Give the full form of TSH.
Age Range Normal (mU/L) Low (mU/L)
27. State the main function of TSH.
18-29 years 0.4-2.34 mU/L < 0.4 mU/L
28. Why do TSH levels in pregnant women need
30-49 years 0.4-4.0 mU/L < 0.4 mU/L
to be monitored?
50-79 years 0.46-4.68 mU/L < 0.46 mU/L
29. A pregnant woman has TSH level of 8.95
Women are at greater risk for developing abnormal mU/L. What care is needed for her?
TSH levels during menstruation, while giving birth (2020)
and after going through menopause. Around 5%
of women in the United States have some kind of SA II (3 marks)
thyroid problem compared to 3% of men. Despite
30. A squirrel is in a scary situation. Its body
claims that high TSH increases your risk for heart has to prepare for either fighting or running
disease, a 2013 study found no link between away. State the immediate changes that take
high TSH and heart diseases. But a 2017 study place in its body so that the squirrel is able to
showed that older women are especially at risk for either fight or run. (2020)
Control and Coordination 123

31. Why is chemical communication better 37. (a) Complete the following table:
than electrical impulses as a means Name Gland Functions
of communication between cells in a of the which of the
multicellular organisms? (2020) hormone secretes the hormone
32. A cheetah, on seeing a prey moves towards hormone
him at a very high speed. What causes the (i) Thyroxine Thyroid _______
movement of his muscles? How does the
(ii) Growth _______ Regulates
chemistry of cellular components of muscles Hormone growth
change during this event? (2020) and
33. Name the hormones secreted by the following development
endocrine glands and specify one function of of the body
each: (a) Thyroid (b) Pituitary (c) Pancreas. (iii) Insulin Pancreas ________
 (2018)
(b) List three characteristics of animal
34. (a) How does chemical coordination take hormones. (Board Term I, 2015)
place in animals?
38. List in tabular form three differences between
(b) It is advised to use iodised salt. Give
reason. (Board Term I, 2017) nervous control and chemical control.
(Board Term I, 2013)
35. (a) An old man is advised by his doctor to
take less sugar in his diet. Name the disease 39. A gland secretes a particular hormone. The
from which the man is suffering. Mention deficiency of this hormone in the body causes
the hormone due to imbalance of which he is a particular disease in which the blood sugar
suffering from this disease. Which endocrine level rises.
gland secretes this hormone? (i) Name the gland and the hormone
(b) Name the endocrine gland which secreted by it.
secretes growth hormone. What will be the (ii) Mention the role played by this hormone.
effect of the following on a person (iii) Name the disease caused due to
(i) deficiency of growth hormone deficiency of this hormone.
(ii) excess secretion of growth hormone?  (Board Term I, 2013)
(Board Term I, 2016)
36. Name the hormone required for the following.
LA (5 marks)
Also mention the name of endocrine gland 40. (a) Name one organ each where growth
from which that hormone is secreted: hormone is synthesised in man and plant.
(a) Lowering of blood glucose. (b) List the sequence of events that occur
(b) Development of moustache and beard in when a plant is exposed to unidirectional
human males. light, leading to bending of a growing shoot.
(c) Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and Also name the hormone and the type of
proteins. (Board Term I, 2015) movement. (Board Term I, 2014)

Detailed Solutions
1. Cerebrum is the largest and most prominent present in nasal chambers.
part of the brain.
End point of
2. (a) Gustatory receptors are receptors (b) Dendrite → a → b →
for taste present in taste buds on tongue and Neuron
olfactory receptors are the receptors for smell In the given flow chart, a is cyton and b is axon.
124 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

3. (a) Sensory neuron occur in sense organs also prevents overloading of brain, so prevents its
and receive stimuli through their dendrites. The fatigue. Many animals have very little or none of
sensory neurons transmit impulses towards the the complex neuron network needed for thinking.
central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) So, it is likely that reflex arc has evolved as an
with the help of their axons. efficient way of functioning in the absence of true
(b) Cranium : The bones of cranium or brain box thought processes. However, even after complex
protect the brain from mechanical injury. neuron networks have came into existence,
(c) Vertebral column : Major function of the reflex arcs continue to be more efficient for quick
vertebral column is protection of the spinal cord responses.
and carries the weight of the upper body. 6. (a) The pathway taken by the nerve impulses
(d) Motor neuron : The dendrites of these neurons in a reflex action, from receptor organ to spinal
synapse with axons of interneurons in central cord and back to effector organ of reflex action is
nervous system. They transmit impulses from called reflex arc. Receptor organ could be a sense
central nervous system towards effectors (muscles organ such as eyes, skin, etc., and effector organ
or glands). The latter respond to stimuli. could be muscles, glands, etc.
4. At the synapse, (functional junction between (b) When a bright light is focussed on eye,
neurons) axon terminal comes in close proximity receptor cell receives the stimulus and an impulse
to the dendron terminal of next neuron. Axon is generated. This impulse is passed on to sensory
terminal is expanded to form pre-synaptic knob neuron, then it goes to brain, brain sends the
and the other dendrite terminal forms post- impulse to the motor neuron which contracts the
synaptic depression. pupil. Sequence of events can be summarised as :
In between the two, lies a narrow fluid filled space Photoreceptors in eye → Sensory (Receptor)
called synaptic cleft. As the nerve impulse reaches neuron → Brain → Motor (Effector) neuron →
Eye muscle → Constriction of pupils
the pre-synaptic knob, the synaptic vesicles get
stimulated to release neurotransmitter in the 7. (a) Diagrammatic representation of a neuron
synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter molecules is as follows:
diffuse across the gap to come in contact with
post-synaptic membrane. In this way, nerve
impulse passes across the minute gap to stimulate
dendron of other neuron. The synapse acts as a
one-way valve to conduct impulse in one direction
only. This is so because chemical substance called
neurotransmitter is secreted only on one side
of the gap, i.e., on axon’s side. It carries impulse
across the synapse and passes it to the dendron (b) (i) Forebrain which includes cerebrum,
of the other neuron. In this way, impulses travel olfactory lobes and diencephalon, is the main
across the neurons only in one direction, i.e., from thinking part of the brain.
axon of one neuron to dendron of other neuron (ii) Cerebellum, part of hindbrain is responsible
through a synapse. for maintaining the posture and balance of the
5. Reflex action is an automatic and spontaneous body.
response to a stimulus. The pathway taken by nerve 8. Brain is divided into three main regions
impulses and responses in a reflex action is called forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
a reflex arc. It consists of receptor, sensory nerve (i) Forebrain consists of cerebrum, olfactory
(afferent), spinal cord, motor nerve (efferent) and lobes and diencephalon. Its main function is
effector (muscles or glands). Reflex arc is evolved thinking and controlling various activities such as
in animals because the thinking process of the touch, smell, hearing, speech and sight.
brain is not fast enough. Reflex arc enables the (ii) Midbrain controls reflex movements of the
body to give quick responses to harmful stimuli so head, neck and trunk in response to visual and
that chances of damage to body are decreased. It auditory stimuli.
Control and Coordination 125

(iii) Hindbrain has three centres called pons, The plant hormones responsible for different
cerebellum and medulla. This part is responsible functions are as follows:
for regulating respiration, maintaining posture (i) Growth of stem : Gibberellins (Gibberellic
and balance of body and controlling involuntary acid) promote growth in stems.
actions such as heartbeat, breathing, swallowing, (ii) Promotion of cell division : Cytokinins
coughing, sneezing, vomiting, etc. promote cell division in plants.
9. Growth of pollen tube towards the ovule (iii) Inhibition of growth : ABA (Abscisic acid)
due to chemical stimulus during the process promotes dormancy in seeds as well as in buds and
of fertilisation in a flower is an example of thus inhibits growth.
chemotropism. (iv) Elongation of cells : Auxin and cytokinin both
10. Directional movements or orientations of cause cell elongation.
specific part of a plant in response to external 14. Phototropism is the movement of a part of
stimuli are called tropisms or tropic movements. the plant in response to light. Shoots generally
11. Two types of movements seen in plants are: grow towards light and are said to be positively
(i) Nastic movements are movements phototropic, while roots grow away from light and
independent of growth that are non-directional are said to be negatively phototropic.
and occur due to turgor changes, e.g., closing of The growth movement of the plant part (stem)
leaves in response to touch stimulus in ‘touch me is caused by the action of auxin hormone. Auxin
not’ plant. causes cell elongation. Thus, causing growth of
(ii) Tropic movements or tropism are movements stem towards the light stimulus.
due to growth, that are directional and very slow,
e.g., movement of a part of the plant in response to 15. (a) Phytohormones are chemical substances
light. produced naturally in plants and are capable
of translocation and regulating one or more
12. Geotropism refers to the upward and
physiological processes when present in low
downward growth of shoots and roots respectively
concentration. Plant hormones help to coordinate
in response to the pull of earth or gravity. If the
growth, development and responses to the
plant part moves in the direction of gravity, it is
called positive geotropism. Likewise, if the plant environment. Plant hormones are also known
part moves against the direction of gravity, it as plant growth substances or plant growth
is termed as negative geotropism. Shoots are regulators.
usually negatively geotropic and roots are usually Types of hormone and their site of synthesis are
positively geotropic. A well labelled diagram of as follows :
plant showing geotropism is: Plant hormone Site of Synthesis
(i) Auxin Auxin hormone is
synthesised by the
meristematic tissue at
the tip of the stem and
roots.
(ii) Gibberellins Gibberellins are
(Gibberellic acid) synthesised in young
leaves, roots and shoots
13. Plant hormones or phytohormones are and transported to other
chemical substances produced naturally in plants parts of the plant.
and capable of translocation and regulating one (iii) Cytokinin It is synthesised in roots
or more physiological processes when present in and transported to
low concentration. These are also known as plant shoot region through
growth substances or plant growth regulators. xylem.
126 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

(iv) Ethylene It is formed in almost all (b) Four plant hormones are:
plant parts - roots, leaves (i) Auxins : These promote cell enlargement and
flowers, fruits, seeds, etc. cell differentiation in plants. These also promote
stem and fruit growth.
(v) Abscisic acid It is produced in many (ii) Gibberellins : These promote cell enlargement
parts of the plant but and cell differentiation in plants in the presence of
more abundantly inside auxins. These also promote growth in stems and
the chloroplast of green fruits.
cells.
(iii) Cytokinins : These promote cell division in
(b) Plants respond to light by showing growth plants. These play vital role in the morphogenesis
movement towards light (phototropism). This in plants.
growth movement of the plant part (stem) is (iv) Ethylene : It promotes growth and ripening of
caused by the action of auxin hormone. The auxin
fruits. It helps in breaking the dormancy in buds
hormone is synthesised in the meristematic tissue
at the tip of the stem. Auxin diffuses uniformly and seeds.
down the stem in plants that are kept in the open 18. Thyroid gland is situated in our neck region.
and receive sunlight from above. Due to presence 19. Thyroxine regulates carbohydrate, protein and
of auxin equally on both the sides, the stem grows fat metabolism in the body. It promotes growth of
up straight because both the sides of the stem
body tissues also.
show growth at the same place. But when sunlight
is unidirectional, auxin gets accumulated towards 20. Hyperthyroidism occurs when there is excess
the shady region of the shoot. This causes the cells of thyroxine in the body.
to elongate and stem to bend towards light. 21. Hypothyroidism can be controlled by using
16. Refer to answer 15 (b). iodised salt.
17. (a) Reflex arc is defined as the pathway or 22. (a) A 35 year old woman with TSH level
route taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action. 6.03 mU/L means she is suffering hypothyroidism.
Sequences of events that occur during sneezing Iodised salt can be included in her diet to control it.
can be depicted as :
23. Women are at greater risk for developing
Foreign particles sensed by olfactory receptors abnormal TSH levels during menstruation, while
in the nasal cavity
giving birth and after going through menopause.
↓ 24. The low TSH level means that there is an
Sensory nerve impulse activated by olfactory excess of thyroxine (hyperthyroidism) in the body
receptors secreted by thyroid gland. So, the pituitary gland
↓ starts producing less TSH.
Sensory impulse carried to the spinal cord by 25. Thyroid gland makes a hormone called
sensory nerve thyroxine, which contains iodine.
↓ 26. The full form of TSH is Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone.
Spinal cord neurons analyse the impulse and
transmit them to motor neurons 27. TSH stimulates thyroid gland to produce
↓ thyroxine.
Motor nerve conducts these impulses from 28. TSH levels in pregnant women need to be
CNS to effectors monitored as high TSH levels and hypothyroidism
can increase chances of miscarriage.
↓
29. A pregnant women with high TSH level needs
Effectors like radial muscles of diaphragm and proper medication in consultation with a doctor
intercostal muscle of ribs respond causing
to control the proper functioning of thyroid gland.
forceful expiration through lungs
30. When squirrel is in a scary situation then
↓
its nervous system stimulates the adrenal glands
Sneeze to secrete more adrenaline hormone into blood.
Control and Coordination 127

This adrenaline hormone increases heartbeat, (ii) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) controls
breathing rate, blood flow into muscles and causes growth and functions of thyroid gland.
liver to put more stored glucose into its blood. All (iii) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
these actions of adrenaline hormone produces a stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
lot of energy in squirrel’s body. In this way, squirrel hormone.
prepares itself for fighting or running away action. (iv) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in males,
31. In animals, the message communicated in stimulates sperm formation and in females,
the form of nerve impulses, from receptors to development of follicle cells into mature eggs.
central nervous system and from latter to effectors (v) Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates
is very quick. But nerve impulses can reach only secretion of testosterone in males and estrogen
those animal cells which are connected by the and progesterone in females.
nervous tissue. These cells after generation and (vi) Prolactin hormone (PRL) responsible for
transmission of nerve impulses, take sometime growth of mammary glands and milk production
to reset their mechanism before a new impulse is in females.
generated and transmitted. It means, cells cannot (vii) Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
continuously generate and transmit electrical stimulates the synthesis of melanocytes.
impulses. This is the reason most multicellular (viii) Oxytocin stimulates lactation after child
organisms use another means of communication birth.
called chemical communication. In chemical (ix) Vasopressin regulates water balance in body
communication information spreads out fluids.
throughout the body by blood and its effects lasts (c) Pancreas secretes following hormones :
longer. Chemical communication is however slow (i) Insulin regulates the conversion of glucose to
but it can reach all the cells of body regardless of glycogen, i.e., it lowers the blood glucose level.
nervous connections. (ii) Glucagon is responsible for regulation of
glycogen to glucose, i.e., increase blood glucose
32. The cheetah senses its prey by photoreceptors
level.
and the information is sent to the central nervous
system. The response is then carried by neurons. 34. (a) The endocrine system consists of
Along with nervous system, the hormonal system specialised glands (endocrine glands) which brings
also plays a role. Adrenaline hormone produced about control by sending chemical messengers
by the adrenal glands triggers the flight or fight termed hormones. These glands secrete hormones
action. On seeing a prey, these hormones are directly into the blood. Hormones reach the target
released into the cheetah’s blood stream. It speeds organs via blood and regulate the activities of
up heartbeat, breathing increases blood flow into these organs, thus coordinating the functioning of
leg muscles and causes liver to put more stored living organisms and also their growth.
glucose into cheetah’s blood. All these actions of (b) Iodine is necessary for the making of thyroxine
adrenline hormone produces a lot of energy which hormone by thyroid gland. Therefore, deficiency
helps cheetah to run fast. of iodine in the diet can cause deficiency of
33. (a) Thyroid gland secrete three hormones : thyroxine hormone in the body.
thyroxine (T4), triiodothyroxine (T3) and calcitionin. 35. (a) Old man who is advised by his doctor to
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine maintain the take less sugar in his diet is suffering from diabetes
basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the body by mellitus that occurs due to imbalance of insulin
regulating the rate of oxidation of carbohydrates, hormone. Endocrine part of islets of Langerhans
fats and proteins and production of energy in our in pancreas secrete insulin hormone.
body. They promote growth of body tissues and (b) Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropic
development of mental faculties. hormone (SH) is secreted by pituitary gland.
Calcitonin regulate the concentration of calcium Effect of the following on a person:
and phosphorus in the blood. (i) Deficiency of growth hormone (hypoactivity)
(b) Pituitary secretes following hormones : causes dwarfness.
(i) Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropic (ii) Excess secretion of growth hormone
hormone controls the overall development of (hyperactivity) causes excessive growth of bones
body, muscles, bones and tissues. making the person very tall (gigantism).
128 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

36. (a) The hormone that lowers blood sugar (iii) Information is Information is spread
level is insulin. The function of insulin hormone directed to specific throughout the body
is to lower the blood sugar level (or blood glucose receptors which by blood from which
level, i.e., it controls the metabolism of sugar. It is can be one or a the target cells or
secreted by the endocrine part of pancreas called few nerve fibres, organs pick it up.
islets of Langerhans. gland cells or other
(b) Testes secretes the male sex hormone called neurons.
testosterone, which is responsible for development
of male sex organs and male features such as (iv) Effect of message Effect of message
deeper voice, moustache, beard and body hair. usually lasts for a usually lasts longer.
(c) Thyroxine hormone is synthesised by thyroid very short while.
gland. Thyroxine controls the rate of metabolism 39. (i) Pancreas secretes insulin hormone.
of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. (ii) Insulin regulates the conversion of glucose to
37. (a) (i) Functions of thyroxine hormone glycogen, i.e., it lowers blood glucose level.
is regulation of carbohydrates, protein and fat (iii) Deficiency of insulin hormone causes diabetes
metabolism.
mellitus.
(ii) Gland that secretes growth hormone is
pituitary gland. 40. (a) In man, growth hormone is synthesised
(iii) Function of insulin is to regulate the by pituitary gland which is present below the
conversion of glucose to glycogen, i.e., it lowers brain. Growth hormone controls the growth of
blood glucose level. human body.
(b) Three characteristics of animal hormones are:
(i) Hormones are synthesised by endocrine In plants, auxins promote the plant growth. Auxins
glands and secreted directly into the blood stream. are produced by growing apices of the stems and
(ii) They are produced at a place other than the roots. They migrate to the regions of their action,
site of action. They travel through blood and have and initiate cell division and cell elongation.
specific action on a specific target organ. (b) (i) When a plant is exposed to unidirectional
(iii) Chemically the hormones may be peptides, light, the shoot tips synthesise phytohormone
proteins, amines or steroids.
called auxin.
38. Differences between nervous control and
(ii) Auxins slowly diffuse towards the shady side.
chemical control are as follows:
(iii) As auxins help the plant to grow, cells on the
S. No. Nervous control Chemical control
shady side grow longer than the ones which are
(i) Information Information travels
exposed to light.
travels rapidly in a slowly.
fraction of second. (iv) Hence, causing the plant to bend towards
(ii) Information is sent Information is light. This type of movement caused due to
as an electrical sent as a chemical hormone auxin is called phototropism.
impulse along axon messenger called Shoots generally grow towards the light hence
and as a chemical hormone, via blood show positive phototropism and roots grow away
across synapse. stream. from light and show negative phototropism.