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International
GAAP 2021
®
This publication contains copyright © material and trademarks of the IFRS Foundation®. All rights reserved.
Reproduced by Ernst & Young LLP with the permission of the IFRS Foundation. Reproduction and use rights are
strictly limited. For more information about the IFRS Foundation and rights to use its material please visit www.ifrs.org.
Disclaimer: To the extent permitted by applicable law the Board and the IFRS Foundation expressly disclaims all
liability howsoever arising from this publication or any translation thereof whether in contract, tort or otherwise
(including, but not limited to, liability for any negligent act or omission) to any person in respect of any claims or
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permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com
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This publication has been carefully prepared, but it necessarily contains information in summary form and is therefore
intended for general guidance only, and is not intended to be a substitute for detailed research or the exercise of
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or partners or staff can accept no responsibility for loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a
result of any material in this publication. On any specific matter, reference should be made to the appropriate adviser.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
This book is printed on acid-free paper, responsibly manufactured from well-managed FSC®-certified forests
and other controlled sources.
About this book
The 2021 edition of International GAAP® has been fully revised and updated in order to:
• Provide expanded discussion and practical illustrations on the many
implementation issues arising as entities continue to apply IFRS 16 – Leases,
including those related to recent rent concessions and the associated narrow scope
amendment issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
• Include an updated chapter on the new insurance contracts standard IFRS 17 –
Insurance Contracts, which reflects the IASB’s recently issued Amendments to
IFRS 17, resulting in a number of significant changes as well as many other editorial
alterations. The chapter also discusses implementation issues and explores other
matters arising as insurers prepare for the adoption of the standard.
• Continue to investigate the many application issues arising as entities apply IFRS 9 –
Financial Instruments – and IFRS 15 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers.
• Discuss the IASB’s amendments to IFRS 9 and related standards to address the
effects of the Interbank Offered Rates (IBOR) reform on financial reporting.
• Illustrate the application of IFRS to the accounting for natural disasters highlighted
by the accounting issues related to the recent coronavirus pandemic.
• Discuss the new agenda decisions issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee
since the preparation of the 2020 edition.
• Address the amendments to standards and the many other initiatives that are
currently being discussed by the IASB and the potential consequential changes to
accounting requirements.
• Provide further insight on the many issues relating to the practical application of IFRS,
based on the extensive experience of the book’s authors in dealing with current issues.
The book is published in three volumes. The 56 chapters – listed on pages xi to xiii –
are split between the three volumes as follows:
• Volume 1 - Chapters 1 to 22,
• Volume 2 - Chapters 23 to 43,
• Volume 3 - Chapters 44 to 56.
Each chapter includes a detailed list of contents and list of illustrative examples.
Each of the three volumes contains the following indexes covering all three volumes:
• an index of extracts from financial statements,
• an index of references to standards and interpretations,
• a general index.
v
Preface
The IASB noted in its 2018 analysis of the use of IFRS around the world that, other than
China, India, Japan and the United States, the vast majority of the 166 jurisdictions they
have researched require the use of IFRS for all or most domestic publicly accountable
entities (listed companies and financial institutions) in their capital markets. Maintaining
the current international alignment of accounting standards requires an ongoing
commitment on the part of all jurisdictions involved, but the benefits of IFRS are clear
when looking at the way in which the IASB was able to consider the impact of the
coronavirus pandemic on financial reporting.
The coronavirus outbreak was first reported near the end of 2019, with the virus
subsequently spreading worldwide. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organisation
classified the outbreak as a pandemic. While the coronavirus outbreak is first and
foremost a public health concern, it has significantly impacted the world economy and,
indirectly, financial reporting and the work of the IASB itself.
In response to the development, the IASB issued Amendments to IFRS 16 – Leases:
Covid-19-Related Rent Concessions, deferred the effective date of Amendments to
IAS 1 – Presentation of Financial Statements: Classification of Liabilities as Current
or Non-current, decided to extend the consultation period of several consultation
documents by three months, and decided to monitor the situation with a view to
making further changes to its timelines, if necessary. As a result, the next milestones
of many of the IASB’s projects have been pushed out to accommodate the
exceptional circumstances.
The economic impacts of the coronavirus outbreak can also be seen in the financial
reports of companies where it has affected the accounting for and disclosure of
going concern issues, impairment testing, government grants, leases, onerous
contracts, income taxes and fair value measurement. While the economic
uncertainty increased the need for the careful exercise of judgement, IFRS has
offered an accounting framework that provides the necessary guidance to deal even
with these unusual circumstances.
New standards
IFRS 16 became effective in 2019 and its interactions with other standards has given rise
to a number of challenging implementation questions that continue to be addressed.
The Interpretations Committee has published agenda decisions on the treatment of
subsurface rights, determining the incremental borrowing rate, the definition of a lease
and the interaction between the lease term and useful life of leasehold improvements.
The IASB continues to work on its project that deals with the application of IAS 12 –
Income Taxes – to right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, while the Interpretations
vi Preface
Committee is currently considering the accounting for the sale and leaseback of an asset
in a single-asset entity.
IFRS 17 – Insurance Contracts – was amended in June 2020 and has an effective date
of 1 January 2023. The IASB amended IFRS 17 in response to matters of concern raised
primarily in Europe regarding the concepts and practical implementation of the
standard that were raised by stakeholders. IFRS 17, together with IFRS 9 – Financial
Instruments, will result in profound changes to the accounting in IFRS financial
statements for insurance companies. This will also have a significant impact on data,
systems and processes used to produce information for financial reporting purposes.
The new model is likely to have a significant impact on the profit and total equity of
some insurance entities, but IFRS 17 has been welcomed by the user community as it is
expected to improve comparability between insurers and increase the transparency
around the drivers of performance and source of earnings.
IASB as the cornerstone of the notion of ‘broader financial information’. That said, there
is an ongoing debate as to how ‘broad’ annual reporting, and by extension the IASB’s
own remit, should be.
In November 2019, Hans Hoogervorst, the Chairman of the IASB, noted in a speech that
‘The popularity of non-GAAP has risen sharply and there is growing interest in broader
reporting, particularly in the area of sustainability. […] In the light of these
developments, the IASB constantly asks itself how it can strengthen the relevance of
1
IFRS Standards in this changing world.’ Sue Lloyd, the Vice-Chair of the IASB, noted
in December 2019 that ‘[…] the IASB exists to write Standards that result in investors
getting the information they need to make their investment decisions. We know that in
order to make informed investment decisions, investors need information that goes
beyond the boundaries of that captured within the traditional financial statements.
Investors need information about items that are not recognised and measured for
accounting purposes, but that can affect the company’s future cash flows and the value
2
of its equity.’
Many of the non-financial issues that interest investors can be characterised as
externalities, which are commonly defined as consequences of an industrial or
commercial activity that affect other parties without being reflected in market prices.
Traditional financial reporting has focused on how companies are affected by
externalities that are inflicted upon them (i.e. the investor perspective), but far less on
how their actions affect others (i.e. the societal perspective). In addressing these
considerations, the IASB faces the challenge that it does not have the breadth of
expertise that would allow it to cover the entire field of non-financial reporting and that
its resources are limited.
In September 2020, Erik Thedéen, the Chair of IOSCO's Task Force on Sustainable
Finance, noted in a speech that IOSCO is engaging with two initiatives that ‘are both
3
very interesting and very promising’. Firstly, an alliance of five framework- and
standard-setting institutions of international significance – CDP, the Climate Disclosure
Standards Board (CDSB), the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), the International
Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) and the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board
(SASB) – announced a commitment to working towards a comprehensive corporate
reporting system. Secondly, a working group of IFRS trustees is considering what role
the IFRS Foundation can play in setting standards for sustainability reporting. The
Trustees of the IFRS Foundation published a consultation paper on sustainability
reporting to assess if there is sufficient demand for global sustainability standards and,
if so, whether the development of a sustainability standards board under the governance
structure of the IFRS Foundation would be an appropriate approach to achieving
further consistency and global comparability in sustainability reporting.
1 Speech by Hans Hoogervorst, 5 November 2019 (IASB Chair delivers keynote at Eumedion Annual
Symposium, Netherlands). IFRS Foundation website: http://www.ifrs.org/news-and-events/2019/11/the-
iasb-from-financial-to-integrated-standard-setter/
2 Speech by Sue Lloyd, 9 December 2019 (Enhancing relevance in 2020 and beyond). IFRS Foundation
website: http://www.ifrs.org/news-and-events/2019/12/enhancing-relevance-in-2020-and-beyond/
3 Speech by Erik Thedéen, 1 October 2020 (speech at the conference Driving Global Standards on Sustainable
Finance). Swedish Finansinspektionen website: https://www.fi.se/en/published/presentations/2020/erik-
thedeens-speech-at-driving-global-standards-on-sustainable-finance/
viii Preface
We commend the initiative of the Trustees of the IFRS Foundation in taking an active
role in the efforts to improve the broader financial report, as non-financial reporting
provides important information that allows users to put the financial statements in
context and helps them in assessing future risks and opportunities. In addition to
IOSCO, the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) has also expressed support
for the creation of a new sustainability standards board that would exist alongside the
IASB under the IFRS Foundation. However, as legislators in some jurisdictions have
already taken steps to ensure a minimum level of communication about sustainability
issues, we believe it is crucial in the interest of broad acceptance to build as broad a
base of support as possible.
This edition of International GAAP® covers the many interpretations, practices and
solutions that have now been developed based on our work with clients, and discussions
with regulators, standard-setters and other professionals. In particular, the edition has
been revised to consider the many financial reporting issues that have arisen in the
context of the coronavirus pandemic. We believe that International GAAP®, now in its
sixteenth edition, plays an important role in ensuring consistent application of IFRS and
helping companies as they address emerging issues (e.g. interest rate benchmark reform,
application of IFRS 16 and implementation of IFRS 17). These issues are complex and
give rise to many practical questions about the recognition, measurement, presentation
and disclosure requirements.
Our team of authors and reviewers hails from all parts of the world and includes not
only our global technical experts but also senior client-facing professionals. This gives
us an in-depth knowledge of practice in many different countries and industry sectors,
enabling us to go beyond mere recitation of the requirements of standards to explaining
their application in many varied situations.
We are deeply indebted to many of our colleagues within the global organisation of
EY for their selfless assistance and support in the publication of this book. It has
been a truly international effort, with valuable contributions from EY people around
the globe.
Our thanks go particularly to those who reviewed and edited the drafts, most notably:
Elisa Alfieri, Mark Barton, Christian Baur, Paul Beswick, Silke Blaschke, Linzi Carr,
Patrick Cavanagh, Larissa Clark, Tony Clifford, Angela Covic, Josh Forgione, Peter
Gittens, Archibald Groenewald, Paul Hebditch, Lara Iob, Guy Jones, Steinar Kvifte,
Michiel van der Lof, James Luke, Kerri Madden, Mark Mahar, Fernando Marticorena,
John Offenbacher, John O’Grady, Christiana Panayidou, Pierre Phan Van Phi, Christoph
Piesbergen, George Prieksaitis, Takeshi Saida, Gerard van Santen, Nicola Sawaki,
Rachel Simons, Alison Spivey, Leo van der Tas, Daniel Trotman, Hans van der Veen,
Tracey Waring, Arne Weber, Clare Wong and Luci Wright.
Preface ix
Our thanks also go to everyone who directly or indirectly contributed to the book’s
creation, including the following members of EY’s IFRS desks: Thato Lengana, Steve
Mwereria, Teresia Ng’ang’a, Anna Pickup and Tanay Rai.
We also thank Jeremy Gugenheim for his assistance with the production technology
throughout the period of writing.
Lists of chapters
Volume 1
Volume 2
Volume 3
Abbreviations
GAAP Generally accepted accounting practice (as it applies under IFRS), or generally
accepted accounting principles (as it applies to the US)
HTM Held-to-maturity investment
IAS International Accounting Standard (issued by the former board of the IASC)
IBOR Interbank Offered Rate
IBNR Incurred but not reported claims
IFRS International Financial Reporting Standard (issued by the IASB)
IFRS for
SMEs International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities
IGC Q&A Implementation guidance to the original version of IAS 39 (issued by the IGC)
IPO Initial Public Offering
IPR&D In-process Research and Development
IPSAS International Public Sector Accounting Standard
IRR Internal Rate of Return
IRS Interest Rate Swap
JA Joint Arrangement
JCA Jointly Controlled Asset
JCE Jointly Controlled Entity
JCO Jointly Controlled Operation
JO Joint Operation
JV Joint Venture
LAT Liability Adequacy Test
LC Local Currency
LIBOR London Inter Bank Offered Rate
LIFO Last-In, First-Out basis of valuation
NBV Net Book Value
NCI Non-controlling Interest
NPV Net Present Value
NRV Net Realisable Value
OCI Other Comprehensive Income
PP&E Property, Plant and Equipment
R&D Research and Development
SCA Service Concession Arrangement
SE Structured Entity
SFAC Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts (issued by the FASB as part of
its conceptual framework project)
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Tuïleriein keskikerros
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