Derivatives

Basic Properties/Formulas/Rules d ( cf ( x ) ) = cf ( x ) , c is any constant. ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) dx d n d ( c ) = 0 , c is any constant. ( x ) = nxn-1 , n is any number. dx dx f f g - f g (Quotient Rule) ( f g ) = f g + f g (Product Rule) = g2 g d f ( g ( x ) ) = f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) (Chain Rule) dx g ( x) d d g ( x) g x = g( x) e ( ) e ( ln g ( x ) ) = g x dx ( ) dx

( )

Common Derivatives Polynomials d d (c) = 0 ( x) = 1 dx dx Trig Functions d ( sin x ) = cos x dx d ( sec x ) = sec x tan x dx Inverse Trig Functions d ( sin -1 x ) = 1 2 dx 1- x d ( sec-1 x ) = 12 dx x x -1

d ( cx ) = c dx

d n ( x ) = nxn-1 dx

d ( cx n ) = ncxn-1 dx

d ( cos x ) = - sin x dx d ( csc x ) = - csc x cot x dx d ( cos-1 x ) = - 1 2 dx 1- x d ( csc-1 x ) = - 12 dx x x -1

d ( tan x ) = sec2 x dx d ( cot x ) = - csc2 x dx d ( tan -1 x ) = 1 +1x2 dx d ( cot -1 x ) = - 1 +1x2 dx

Exponential/Logarithm Functions d x d x ( a ) = a x ln ( a ) (e ) = ex dx dx d 1 d 1 ( ln ( x ) ) = x , x > 0 ( ln x ) = x , x 0 dx dx Hyperbolic Trig Functions d ( sinh x ) = cosh x dx d ( sech x ) = - sech x tanh x dx d ( cosh x ) = sinh x dx d ( csch x ) = - csch x coth x dx

d 1 ( log a ( x ) ) = x ln a , x > 0 dx d ( tanh x ) = sech 2 x dx d ( coth x ) = - csch 2 x dx

Integrals
Basic Properties/Formulas/Rules cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx , c is a constant.
b a b

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx b b a f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) a = F ( b ) - F ( a ) where F ( x ) = f ( x ) dx
cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx , c is a constant.
a

b b

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
a a a

a f ( x ) dx = 0 a
b

a f ( x ) dx = -b f ( x ) dx
c b c

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
a b

a c dx = c ( b - a )
f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
a b

If f ( x ) 0 on a x b then

a f ( x ) dx 0 a
b

If f ( x ) g ( x ) on a x b then Common Integrals Polynomials

dx = x + c
1 dx = ln x + c x

k dx = k x + c x
-1

x dx = n + 1 x
n

n +1

+ c, n -1

dx = ln x + c
p

x
q x dx =

-n

dx =
p

1 x - n +1 + c, n 1 -n + 1
p+q q

1 dx = 1 ln ax + b + c ax + b a Trig Functions cos u du = sin u + c

1 q +1 q x +c = x p p+q q +1

+c

sin u du = - cos u + c sec u du = tan u + c sec u tan u du = sec u + c csc u cot udu = - csc u + c csc u du = - cot u + c tan u du = ln sec u + c cot u du = ln sin u + c 1 sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + c sec u du = 2 ( sec u tan u + ln sec u + tan u ) + c
2 2 3

csc u du = ln csc u - cot u + c

csc
u

u du =

1 ( - csc u cot u + ln csc u - cot u ) + c 2

du = e + c
u

au a du = ln a + c

ln u du = u ln ( u ) - u + c ue du = ( u - 1) e
u u

au e sin ( bu ) du =

e au ( a sin ( bu ) - b cos ( bu ) ) + c a2 + b2 eau eau cos ( bu ) du = 2 ( a cos ( bu ) + b sin ( bu ) ) + c a + b2

+c

1 du = ln ln u + c u ln u

Inverse Trig Functions 1 u du = sin -1 + c a a2 - u2 1 u 1 du = tan -1 + c 2 2 a a +u a 1 1 u du = sec -1 + c 2 2 a a u u -a Hyperbolic Trig Functions sinh u du = cosh u + c

sin

-1

u du = u sin -1 u + 1 - u 2 + c 1 u du = u tan -1 u - ln (1 + u 2 ) + c 2 u du = u cos -1 u - 1 - u 2 + c

tan

-1

cos

-1

sech tanh u du = - sech u + c tanh u du = ln ( cosh u ) + c

cosh u du = sinh u + c sech csch coth u du = - csch u + c csch sech u du = tan sinh u + c
-1

2 2

u du = tanh u + c u du = - coth u + c

1 du = 1 ln u - a + c 2 u - a2 2a u + a

u 2 a2 2 a + u du = a + u + ln u + a 2 + u 2 + c 2 2 u 2 a2 u 2 - a 2 du = u - a 2 - ln u + u 2 - a 2 + c 2 2 u 2 a2 u a 2 - u 2 du = a - u 2 + sin -1 + c 2 2 a
2 2

2au - u 2 du =

u-a a2 a -u 2au - u 2 + cos -1 +c 2 2 a

Standard Integration Techniques Note that all but the first one of these tend to be taught in a Calculus II class. u Substitution

a f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) dx then the substitution u = g ( x ) will convert this into the b g (b) integral, f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) dx = f ( u ) du . a g (a)
Given
b

Integration by Parts The standard formulas for integration by parts are,

udv = uv - vdu

udv = uv a - vdu
a

Choose u and dv and then compute du by differentiating u and compute v by using the fact that v = dv .

degree of Q ( x ) then factor the denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table. Factor in Q ( x )
ax + b

Trig Substitutions If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and formula. a a2 - b2 x2 x = sin q and cos 2 q = 1 - sin 2 q b a b2 x2 - a2 x = sec q and tan 2 q = sec2 q - 1 b a a2 + b2 x2 x = tan q and sec 2 q = 1 + tan 2 q b Partial Fractions P ( x) If integrating dx where the degree (largest exponent) of P ( x ) is smaller than the Q ( x)

Term in P.F.D Factor in Q ( x ) A ax + b Ax + B 2 ax + bx + c

( ax + b )

Term in P.F.D Ak A1 A2 + +L + 2 k ax + b ( ax + b ) ( ax + b ) Ak x + Bk A1 x + B1 +L + k 2 ax + bx + c ( ax 2 + bx + c )

ax 2 + bx + c

( ax2 + bx + c )

Products and (some) Quotients of Trig Functions n m sin x cos x dx

1. If n is odd. Strip one sine out and convert the remaining sines to cosines using sin 2 x = 1 - cos 2 x , then use the substitution u = cos x 2. If m is odd. Strip one cosine out and convert the remaining cosines to sines using cos 2 x = 1 - sin 2 x , then use the substitution u = sin x 3. If n and m are both odd. Use either 1. or 2. 4. If n and m are both even. Use double angle formula for sine and/or half angle formulas to reduce the integral into a form that can be integrated. n m tan x sec x dx

Convert Example : cos 6 x = ( cos 2 x ) = (1 - sin 2 x )

1. If n is odd. Strip one tangent and one secant out and convert the remaining tangents to secants using tan 2 x = sec 2 x - 1 , then use the substitution u = sec x 2. If m is even. Strip two secants out and convert the remaining secants to tangents using sec2 x = 1 + tan 2 x , then use the substitution u = tan x 3. If n is odd and m is even. Use either 1. or 2. 4. If n is even and m is odd. Each integral will be dealt with differently.
3