Scribd
Upload
4 views

Untitled Document

math class notes

Uploaded by

magarcia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

Untitled Document

math class notes

Uploaded by

magarcia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Quadratic Equations

1. Introduction to Quadratic Equations


A quadratic equation is a second-degree polynomial equation in a single variable x,
with the general form:
ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0ax2+bx+c=0
Where:
* aaa, bbb, and ccc are constants (with a≠0a \neq 0a=0).
* xxx is the variable.
* The highest degree of xxx is 2.
2. Standard Form of a Quadratic Equation
The standard form of a quadratic equation is:
ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0ax2+bx+c=0
* aaa: Coefficient of x2x^2x2, also called the "leading coefficient."
* bbb: Coefficient of xxx.
* ccc: Constant term (also called the "free term").
Example:
2x2−4x+1=02x^2 - 4x + 1 = 02x2−4x+1=0
3. Solutions to a Quadratic Equation
The solutions to a quadratic equation are the values of xxx that satisfy the
equation. These solutions are also called roots or zeros of the quadratic equation.
There are three primary methods to solve a quadratic equation:
1. Factoring
Factoring involves expressing the quadratic equation as a product of two binomials.
This method works when the quadratic expression is factorable.
Steps:
* Write the quadratic equation in standard form.
* Factor the quadratic expression.
* Set each factor equal to zero.
* Solve for xxx.
Example: Solve x2−5x+6=0x^2 - 5x + 6 = 0x2−5x+6=0 by factoring:
x2−5x+6=(x−2)(x−3)=0x^2 - 5x + 6 = (x - 2)(x - 3) = 0x2−5x+6=(x−2)(x−3)=0
Setting each factor equal to zero:
x−2=0orx−3=0x - 2 = 0 \quad \text{or} \quad x - 3 = 0x−2=0orx−3=0
Thus, the solutions are x=2x = 2x=2 and x=3x = 3x=3.
2. Using the Quadratic Formula
The quadratic formula is a general method used to solve any quadratic equation:
x=−b±b2−4ac2ax = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}x=2a−b±b2−4ac
Where:
* aaa, bbb, and ccc are the coefficients from the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0ax^2
+ bx + c = 0ax2+bx+c=0.
* The expression under the square root, b2−4acb^2 - 4acb2−4ac, is called the
discriminant.
Steps:
* Identify aaa, bbb, and ccc from the quadratic equation.
* Plug these values into the quadratic formula.
* Simplify to find the solutions.
Example: Solve 2x2−4x−3=02x^2 - 4x - 3 = 02x2−4x−3=0 using the quadratic formula:
Here, a=2a = 2a=2, b=−4b = -4b=−4, and c=−3c = -3c=−3.
x=−(−4)±(−4)2−4(2)(−3)2(2)x = \frac{-(-4) \pm \sqrt{(-4)^2 - 4(2)(-3)}}
{2(2)}x=2(2)−(−4)±(−4)2−4(2)(−3) x=4±16+244x = \frac{4 \pm \sqrt{16 + 24}}
{4}x=44±16+24 x=4±404x = \frac{4 \pm \sqrt{40}}{4}x=44±40 x=4±2104=2±102x = \frac{4
\pm 2\sqrt{10}}{4} = \frac{2 \pm \sqrt{10}}{2}x=44±210=22±10
Thus, the solutions are x=2+102x = \frac{2 + \sqrt{10}}{2}x=22+10 and x=2−102x = \
frac{2 - \sqrt{10}}{2}x=22−10.
3. Completing the Square
Completing the square involves converting the quadratic equation into a perfect
square trinomial, which can then be solved by taking the square root of both sides.
Steps:
* Move the constant term to the other side of the equation.
* Divide through by aaa if a≠1a \neq 1a=1.
* Add (b2)2\left(\frac{b}{2}\right)^2(2b)2 to both sides to complete the square.
* Factor the left side as a perfect square.
* Solve for xxx by taking the square root of both sides.
Example: Solve x2+6x+5=0x^2 + 6x + 5 = 0x2+6x+5=0 by completing the square.
Step 1: Move the constant term to the other side:
x2+6x=−5x^2 + 6x = -5x2+6x=−5
Step 2: Complete the square by adding (62)2=9\left(\frac{6}{2}\right)^2 = 9(26)2=9
to both sides:
x2+6x+9=−5+9x^2 + 6x + 9 = -5 + 9x2+6x+9=−5+9 (x+3)2=4(x + 3)^2 = 4(x+3)2=4
Step 3: Solve by taking the square root of both sides:
x+3=±2x + 3 = \pm 2x+3=±2
Step 4: Solve for xxx:
x=−3±2x = -3 \pm 2x=−3±2
Thus, the solutions are x=−1x = -1x=−1 and x=−5x = -5x=−5.
4. Discriminant and Nature of Roots
The discriminant of a quadratic equation is the expression under the square root in
the quadratic formula:
Δ=b2−4ac\Delta = b^2 - 4acΔ=b2−4ac
The discriminant helps determine the nature of the roots:
* If Δ>0\Delta > 0Δ>0, there are two distinct real roots.
* If Δ=0\Delta = 0Δ=0, there is one real root (a repeated root).
* If Δ<0\Delta < 0Δ<0, there are no real roots, but two complex roots.
Example: For the quadratic equation x2−4x+3=0x^2 - 4x + 3 = 0x2−4x+3=0, the
discriminant is:
Δ=(−4)2−4(1)(3)=16−12=4\Delta = (-4)^2 - 4(1)(3) = 16 - 12 = 4Δ=(−4)2−4(1)
(3)=16−12=4
Since Δ>0\Delta > 0Δ>0, the equation has two distinct real roots.
5. Graph of a Quadratic Function
The graph of a quadratic equation y=ax2+bx+cy = ax^2 + bx + cy=ax2+bx+c is a
parabola.
* If a>0a > 0a>0, the parabola opens upward.
* If a<0a < 0a<0, the parabola opens downward.
* The vertex is the highest or lowest point of the parabola.
* The x-coordinate of the vertex is given by x=−b2ax = \frac{-b}{2a}x=2a−b.
* The y-coordinate can be found by substituting this xxx-value back into the
equation.
* The axis of symmetry is the vertical line that passes through the vertex, x=−b2ax
= \frac{-b}{2a}x=2a−b.
________________

You might also like