Earth science

QUARTER 1 | WEEK 1
Why do we
need to
study the
origin of the
universe?
ORIGIN

• OPTION 1: Someone made the universe.

• OPTION 2: The universe made itself.
• OPTION 3: The universe has always been here.
 ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
NON-SCIENTIFIC
The Kuba people of Central
Africa tell the story of a
creator god Mbombo (or
Bumba) who, alone in a dark
and water-covered Earth, felt
an intense stomach pain and
then vomited the stars, sun,
and moon.
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
NON-SCIENTIFIC

Purusha, the primal man

whose head, feet, eyes,
and mind became the
sky, earth, sun, and
moon respectively.
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
NON-SCIENTIFIC
The monotheistic
religions of Judaism,
Christianity, and
Islam claim that a
supreme being
created the universe,
including man and
other living
organisms.
`
What is the age of
the universe?
The universe
• The universe is everything that exist
• At least 13.82 billion of years old
• The diameter of the universe is possibly infinite
but should be at least 91 billion light-years (1 light-
year = 9.4607 × 10^12 km)
• There are about 100,000 million galaxies in the
universe
Two ways to estimate the age of
the universe
1. By estimating the age of the oldest
stars
2. By measuring the rate of expansion
of the universe
Big Bang Theory
 explain the origin of the
1 universe according to
the big bang theory;
Objectives
identify different
At the end proponents and evidences
of the 2 that support the big bang
lesson, you theory; and
should be
able to: enumerate the negative
3 implications of the big
bang theory.
 Learn about It!

Big Bang Theory

• The big bang theory is cosmological model that
explains how the universe began.

• It suggests that the universe started its expansion about

13.8 billion years ago.

• The concept of big bang as not a literal explosion of

something leading to the creation of the universe.
 Learn about It!

Big Bang Theory and the Bread-Raisin Model

• The bread represents

the universe; while
raisins are galaxies.

• The galaxies,
represented by dots,
are not expanding.
The raisin-bread model of expanding universe
 Learn about It!

• Distances in relation to other galaxies just increases

because of the expanding universe.

In the big bang theory, matter dilutes as the universe expands.

 Learn about It!

“Singularity”
• The universe started as a
“​singularity​” - an area
predicted to be in the core of
a black hole with very high
temperature and density.

An expanding universe and the

concept of singularity.
 Learn about It!

“Singularity”
• The intense heat resulted to
formation of matter and
antimatter particles that were
destroyed every time they
collided with each other.

An expanding universe and the

concept of singularity.
 Learn about It!

“Nucleosynthesis”
• Nucleosynthesis​ is the
formation of elements,
such as H and He.

• Presence of these
elements led to the
formation of stars and
galaxies. Nucelosynthesis of Helium (He)
 Learn about It!

“Nucleosynthesis”
• The presence of stars led
to the formation of other
cosmic bodies such as
planets, comets, and
asteroids.

Nucelosynthesis of Helium (He)

`
Four basic forces explain all the interactions
observed in the universe
Video

• Origins of the Universe 101 | National Geographic

Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdPzOWlLrbE
Is the universe expanding?

How do we know the

universe is expanding?
Doppler effect is the change in the wavelength (or
frequency) of a wave when there is motion that increases or
decreases the distance between the receiver and the
source.

Redshift occurs when electromagnetic waves shift to

longer wavelengths (shift towards the red end of the
spectrum when the source of the waves is moving away
from the observer).
Doppler effect
• In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced his
significant discovery of redshift and its
interpretation that galaxies are
moving away from each other, hence
as evidence for an expanding universe.
Hubble’s conclusion
• From Hubble’s Law we can calculate a
time in the past when universe was a
point
• Big Bang occurred about 13-15 billion
years ago
Movement

Fast
toward us

Slow
toward us

Not moving

Slow
away from us

Fast
away from us
Doppler effect
 Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
Accidental discovery in 1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert
Woodrow Wilson earned them the physics Nobel Prize in 1978
 Learn about It!

Evidences that Support the Big Bang Theory

• The expansion of the universe is supported by the
observation that galaxies are receding from us.

• The high amount of light elements like H, He and Li. These

elements were formed through the fusion of protons and
neutrons immediately after the Big Bang.

• The detection of the cosmic microwave background

(CMB) radiation which is the residue or heat leftover from
the Big Bang.
 Learn about It!

Proponents of the Big Bang Theory

• Georges Henri Joseph Édouard
Lemaître was the first proponent
of the theory. He suggested the
idea of the expanding universe
• He explained that the universe
originated in an explosive act of
primeval atom or the ‘Cosmic egg
Georges H.J. Lemaitre
(1894–1966)
 Learn about It!

Proponents of the Big Bang Theory

• Edwin Powell Hubble who

established the ​Hubble’s
law ​which provided an evidence
that the universe was not static
but expanding.

Edwin Powell Hubble

(1889 – 1953)
 Learn about It!

Proponents of the Big Bang Theory

• Arno Penzias and Robert

Wilson discovered that
microwaves with wavelengths
of about 7 centimeters were
present in space.

Arno Penzias • These waves were referred to Robert Wilson

(born 1933) as the cosmic microwave (born 1941)
background (CMB) radiation.
 Learn about It!

Drawbacks of the Big Bang Theory

• It failed to explain how the universe was created.

• It just explains how it evolve and not where it
originated.
Learn about It!
Learn about It!
Steady State Theory and
Oscillating Universe Theory
 explain the origin and the fate
of the universe according to
1 steady state theory and
Objectives oscillating universe theory;

At the end identify different proponents

of the 2 of the steady state and
lesson, you oscillating universe theory;
should be
able to: enumerate negative
3 implications of steady state
and oscillating universe theory
 Learn about It!

The Steady State Theory

• The steady state theory is another view that proposes that

the universe has always been expanding.

• As the universe expands, new stars and galaxies are formed

at the same rate that old ones become unobservable due to
distance and recession velocity

• The rate of the death of stars is equal to the rate of birth of stars.
 Learn about It!

• Despite the continuous expansion, the average density of

the universe remains the same; hence, the name steady.
state.

In the steady state theory, matter is constantly created as the

universe expands.
 Learn about It!

The universe according to the Steady State Theory

• Has no beginning and has no end.
• Has always been here and will always be present.
• Always looks the same in any time and space.
• Creates new matter as it continuously expands.
 Learn about It!

Proponents of the Steady State Theory

• Hermann
Bondi, Thomas
Gold, and Fred
Hoyle proposed
the steady state
theory in 1948.
Hermann Bondi Thomas Gold Fred Hoyle
(1919–2005) (1920–2004) (1915–2001)
 Learn about It!

Drawbacks of the Steady State Theory

• It is is not parallel with the law of conservation of energy and
mass.

• The discovery of cosmic microwave background (CMB)

radiation significantly supported the explanations given by
the big bang theory and led many scientists to reject the
steady state theory in 1965.
 Learn about It!

Drawbacks of the Steady State Theory

• Recent findings rejects the idea that cosmic radiation was a
result of a supernova.
 Learn about It!

Oscillating Universe Theory

• Oscillating Universe theory, also known as pulsating
theory, proposes that the universe is expanding and will
contract once all the energy after the big bang has been
used up.

• Then, it will expand again once it approaches the point of

singularity.
 Learn about It!

The Big Crunch

• The oscillating universe is a
combination of big crunch and big
bang.

• Big crunch occurs when the universe

expands and eventually reverses,
then collapses causing the formation
of a singularity.
Once the universe reverses and
• Singularity result to a big bang and attains the point of singularity,
the birth of a new universe. another universe will be born.
 Learn about It!

Proponent of Oscillating
Universe Theory
• Richard Tolman, a Caltech
professor, proposed it.

• Tolman called the birth of another

universe as the big bounce.

Richard Tolman
 Learn about It!

Drawbacks of the Oscillating Universe Theory

• The suggestion that the universe would collapse on its own
after it reached its full expansion violates some current laws
of physics, such as the postulated existence of dark energy.

• The currently postulated end of the universe is by big freeze

or heat death.
• The solar system is located in the Milky Way
Galaxy - a huge disc and spiral-shaped
aggregation of about at least 100 billion stars
and other bodies.
• This galaxy is about 100 million light years
across (1 light year = 9.4607 × 10^12 km)
• The solar system revolves around the
galactic center once in about 240 million
years.
• The Milky Way is part of the so-called Local
Group of galaxies, which in turn is part of the
Virgo supercluster of galaxies.

• Based on the assumption that they are

remnants of the materials from which they
were formed, radioactive dating of
meteorites, suggests that the Earth and solar
system are 4.6 billion years old.
Large scale features of the solar system

• Much of the mass of the Solar System is

concentrated at the center (Sun) while angular
momentum is held by the outer planets.
• Orbits of the planets elliptical and are on the same
plane.
• All planets revolve around the sun.
Large scale features of the solar system

• The periods of revolution of the planets increase

with increasing distance from the Sun; the
innermost planet moves fastest, the outermost -
the slowest;
• All planets are located at regular intervals from
the Sun.
 Small scale features of the solar system
• Most planets rotate prograde

INNER PLANETS OUTER PLANETS

• made of materials with high melting • dominance of gases and larger size
points such as silicates, iron , and • rotate faster
nickel • have thick atmosphere
• rotate slower • lower densities
• have thin or no atmosphere • fluid interiors rich in hydrogen, helium
• higher densities and ices (water, ammonia, methane)
• lower contents of volatiles - hydrogen,
helium, and noble gases
How did our solar
system form?
Nebular Theory
 explain the origin of the solar
1 system based on the nebular
theory;

Objectives describe how planets were

At the end 2 formed based on the nebular
theory;
of the
lesson, you identify the proponents of the
should be 3 nebular theory; and
able to:
enumerate the negative
4 implications of the nebular
theory.
 Learn about It!

The Nebular Theory

• According to the Nebular Theory, the solar system
originated from a nebula.

• It is the widely accepted view about the formation of the

solar system some 4.5 billion years ago.
 Learn about It!

The Nebular Theory

• A nebula is defined by NASA as
giant cloud of gas and dust in
space.

• This interstellar cloud of dust

contains hydrogen, helium and
other ionized gases.

Dusty discs surrounding

nearby young stars
 Learn about It!

Major Steps in the Formation of the Solar System

• The formation of the solar
system from a nebula
occurs in three major
steps: (1) cloud collapse,
(2) formation of
protoplanetary disk, and
(3) growth of planets.
The Solar System
 Learn about It!

Step 1: Cloud Collapse

• Hypothetically, a shockwave from a supernova or the effect
of a passing star may cause a cloud collapse.

• The collapse at the center of the cloud due to gravity occurs

when gas pressure becomes insufficient to support the
mass of the cloud.

• The collapsed cloud of interstellar gas and dust results to a

smaller radius which means it will spin faster.
 Learn about It!

Collapsing of the cloud makes it spin faster.

Cloud Collapse
 Learn about It!

Step 2: Formation of Protoplanetary Disk

 Learn about It!

Step 2: Formation of Protoplanetary Disk

• Metals and silicates
could exist near the sun
because these
compounds have
higher boiling points.
• As a result, terrestrial
planets were eventually
formed containing high Terrestrial planets. From left to right:
concentration of these Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
compounds.
 Learn about It!

Step 2: Formation of Protoplanetary Disk

• The terrestrial planets
could not grow in huge
diameter because of the
limited reserve of
metallic elements in the
solar nebula.
Terrestrial planets. From left to right:
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
 Learn about It!

Step 3: Growth of Planets

• Dust and grains surrounding the sun eventually formed
clumps. These clumps then accreted forming
planetesimals.

• Planetesimal is a small celestial body that once collide

together, it tend to fused to form the planets of the solar
system.
 Learn about It!

Step 3: Growth of Planets

Growth of planets in the nebular theory.

 Learn about It!

Proponents of the Nebular Theory

• Emanuel
Swedenborg

• Immanuel Kant

• Pierre-Simon
Laplace
Emmanuel Immanuel Pierre-Simon
Swedenborg Kant Laplace
(1688–172) (1724–1804) (1749–1827)
 Learn about It!

Drawbacks of the Nebular Theory

• Particles surrounding Saturn repel each other which is

contrary to the assumption that dust particles will be attached
to each other forming a planet.

• It does not follow the law of angular momentum because if

the nebular theory is correct then the sun should be spinning
at a higher rate than the others.
 Learn about It!

Drawbacks of the Nebular Theory

• It did not consider Uranus and Venus, which rotates in a

clockwise direction while other planets rotates in a
counterclockwise direction.
Encounter Theory
 explain the origin of the
1 solar system based on the
encounter theory;
differentiate the
Objectives
2 planetesimal theory from
At the end the tidal theory;
of the
identify the proponents of
lesson, you
should be
3 the planetesimal theory
and tidal theory; and
able to:
enumerate the drawbacks of
4 the planetesimal theory and
tidal theory.
 Learn about It!

The Encounter Theory

• The Encounter Theory
proposes that the planets
were formed from the
material ejected from the
sun during an encounter
with another celestial object,
such as another star.

An artistic visualization of
the encounter theory
 Learn about It!

Planetesimal Theory
• Planetesimal Theory​, is a form of encounter theory.
• It proposes that a passing star termed as intruding star
nearly collided with the protosun.
• The massive gravitational pull of the intruding star causes
the protosun to eject filaments of material which then
condensed into planetesimals.
• This theory describes how Earth started from a solid mass
smaller than its present size.
 Learn about It!

Proponents of the Planetesimal Theory

● Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin
proposed that accretion of
minute solid particles created
planets and their moons rather
than by gaseous or liquid
material condensation.
● Forest Ray Moulton provided
the mathematical calculations to Thomas Chrowder Forest Ray
Chamberlin’s idea. Chamberlin Moulton
 Learn about It!

Drawbacks of the Planetesimal Theory

• Planetesimal theory is no longer accepted today due to the
fact that hot material from the sun expands and dissipates
rather than contract.
• In addition, the force from the passing star will pull dust and
gases far away from the sun, that they would not be able to
form the planets in the solar system.
 Learn about It!

The Tidal Theory

• The Tidal Theory explains that
the solar system formed as a
result of a near collision between
a passing star and the sun.
• This theory proposes that the hot
gas from the passing star
condensed into planets instead of
condensing into planetesimals.
The lengthy tidal tails of the
colliding antennae galaxies
 Learn about It!

Proponents of the Tidal Theory

• The tidal theory was proposed
by James Jeans, an English
physicist and astronomer, and
Harold Jeffreys, an English
mathematician and astronomer
in 1918.

Sir James Jeans

 Learn about It!

Drawbacks of the Tidal Theory

• One problem of the tidal
theory is that the hot
material from either star
cannot contract.
• Thus, planets will not
form.

Stars Collision
Learn about It!
• Nobel Prize winner Harold Urey’s compositional
studies on meteorites in the 1950s and other
scientists’ work on these objects led to the
conclusion that meteorite constituents have
changed very little since the solar system’s early
history and can give clues about their formation.
• The currently accepted theory on the origin of the
solar system relies much on information from
meteorites.
The Origin of
Planet Earth
 explain how the Earth was
Objectives
1 formed according to the
At the end accretion hypothesis; and
of the
lesson, you differentiate homogenous
should be 2 and heterogenous
able to: accretion hypothesis.
 Learn about it!

Accretion
● Accretion is one of the leading theories for the
formation of planet Earth.

● It is a process that occurs when gravity attracts tiny bits

of matter towards an object.
 Learn about it!

The Steps of
Accretion
 Accretion forms planetesimals, which form
protoplanets.

A protoplanet is a planetary embryo that consists of

collection of matter, from which a planet is formed.
 Learn about it!

Homogeneous Accretion
● It is when Earth accreted from materials of the same
composition after condensation.
 Learn about it!

Heterogeneous Accretion
● It is when Earth accreted during condensation, forming a
differentiated planet as it grew in size.
 Learn about it!

Homogeneous Accretion
Evidences Loopholes
It provides a mechanism The hypothesis cannot explain
that explains the presence the abundance of elements
of volatile elements in the such as osmium, iridium,
core. ruthenium, and rhodium in
the mantle.
 Learn about it!

Heterogeneous Accretion
Evidences Loopholes
It qualitatively Accretion must be very fast (103 to
explains the density 104 years for completion). This rate
differences among does not coincide with the occurrence
terrestrial planets. of large impact craters. Also, the
abundances of iron, calcium, titanium,
and aluminum do not coincide with
what was predicted by the theory.
References:
• De Silva, L. et al. (2016). Earth Science. Commission on Higher Education.
• Earth and Space Science. (2013). Mesa Public Schools.
• Manaog, A. et al. (2017). Earth Science. CK-12 Foundation.
• Oliva, M. D. (2016). Earth Science (STEM Track). Philippines: DIWA Learning
Systems.
• Quipper
• Utah State Board of Education. (2018). Earth Systems. CK-12 Foundation.