CHAPTER 1: TRANSPORTATION AND TOURISM

Transportation
• Derived from the Latin word ‘trans’ -across and ‘port’- to carry. Transportation simple means to
carry across.
• It is a locomotive movement of something or someone from one place to another via different
means. It can be kinds of goods, people, and animals.
DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
• Land transportation- it used to travel on roads, highways, and railways.
• Water transportation- used to travel across oceans, seas, rivers, and lakes.
• Air transportation- it allows for fast and efficient travel over long distances connecting different
cities and countries.
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION
• Transportation is an integral component of industry that carries tourist to their desired tourism
destination. Basan and Bhatt(2007) identified reasons transportation is vital in tourism and
travel industry.
• Transportation increase freedom- it gives you freedom to go anywhere, it allows people to
travel freely.
• Transportation creates job opportunities- it’s involved in so many jobs in the industry. It’s not
just for travelling, it’s also inline with manufacturing and retail.
• Transportation facilitates trades- at allows businesses to buy and sell goods and services in such
faster and easier way.
• Transportation in the economy- transportation brings a lot of income in the local economy in
the form of payment for goods and services. Transportation generates revenue foe a stable
economy.

COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

• SURFACE- it includes land, and water transporation.
➢ Land Transportation- it provides easy access to the visitors attraction.
➢ Water Transportaton- it allows tourist to see visitors attractions that are only accessible
by water.
• AIR- it revolutionized the tourism industry through its high-speed aircraft and comfortable
passenger seats and services.
ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION
• THE WAY- classified as open like air and sea travel; it is free and does not have any cost.
- artificial- roads and railways
- natural- airways and sea routes
• THE VEHICLES- serves as media or units that carry people to their destination.
- Aircraft, trains, ships, or motor coaches. ( carrying unit)
• TERMINAL- provides passenger with smooth transfers from and to major modes of
transportation.
- Airlines, buses, and ferries
According to Badan and Bhatt (2007), the terminal performs to function.
1. Facilitate transfer or interchange between modes.
2. Consolidate traffic
• CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS- ways to passenger by monitoring the take off and
landing of aircraft. (Traffic lights, GPS)
• MANAGEMENT AND STAFF- involves all the usual management jobs for an efficient operation.

CHAPTER 2: TOURISM TRANSPORTATION

SEVERAL FACTORS THAT SET TOURIST TRANSPORT APART FROM OTHER PASSENGER TRANSPORT
SECTORS ARE THE FOLLOWING:
• Seasonality
• Price Elasticity
• Highly Capital-Intensive
CATEGORIES OF TOURISM
• Independent means of travel- refers to tourist who individually book their trips usually by land
transport through private car rentals.
• Mass travel- is an organized group tour, this particular category uses chartered coaches and
flights for a specific purpose.

TYPES OF TOURISM TRANSPORT

1. General Passenger Transport- mainly for general travelrs and not just specifically
designed to meet the needs of the tourist. This type of transport is often found in
tourist destination because of its availability.
2. Dedicated Tourist Transport- frequently included in a tour package.
3. Experiential Tourist Transport- creates an extraordinary tourist experience.
4. Luxury Tourist Transport- designed to offer high-quality service and a comfortable
travel experience.
5. Recreational Transport- generally used for tourism, such as hop-on and hop-off
buses, safari vehicles, and bikes.
6. Multipurpose Tourist Transport- includes motorhomes, Rv trailers, campervans,
and “rotels”. Rotels, or also known as “rolling hotels”’ are in vogue right now.
FACTORS INFLUENCING TOURISM TRANSPORT SELECTION
1. DISTANCE- the location of the destination influences the tourist choice in selecting a
transport service.
2. SCHEDULE- refers to the transport departure and arrival time at the destination.
3. FREQUENCY- it gives the passenger the convenience of not waiting too long for the next
available departure.
4. AVAILABILITY- provides travelers an opportunity to choose.
5. SPEED- becomes one of the most essential considerations in choosing transportation.
6. SAFETY AND SECURITY- passengers would certainly not compromise their safety and
security while traveling.
7. CONVENIENCE- a hassle-free vacation is the most sought-after experience for a
tourist.
8. UNIQUE EXPERIENCE- tourist are oftentimes enticed to choose tourist transport
services that create an exceptional travel opportunity.
9. ROUTE- another factor that influences tourists decisions in selecting the best transport
to use.
CONSIDERATION IN SELECTING TOURISM TRANSPORT
COST- fare or cost of transport services generally affects the decision of the tourist in choosing which
service to avail of.
STATUS AND PRESTIGE- transport services are sometimes influential in deciding which service to choose
from.
CHAPTER 3: AIR TRANSPORTATION
What Is Aviation?
One of the best ways to start a topic is to make sure definitions are the same for all. Air
transportation uses a number of jargons and terms that may have a different meanings in other
fields.

AVIATION
-The word aviation is a general term that originated from the French word “avi” meaning bird
(Aviation, n.d.). The researched meaning of aviation is a noun that means the design,
development, production, operation, and use of aircraft, especially heavier-than-air aircraft. This
definition covers a system that has a reference to air transportation.
-In simple term Aviation is the operation and production of aircraft. Synonyms: flying, flight,
aeronautics, powered flight More Synonyms of aviation.
-Aviation provides the only rapid worldwide transportation network, which makes it essential for
global business. It generates economic growth, creates jobs, and facilitates international trade
and tourism.
There are a few different sectors of aviation, with three being the main pillars that uphold the
aviation industry as a whole: commercial, general, and military aviation.

GENERAL AVIATION
The International Civil Aviation Organization (2009) defines general aviation as “all civil
aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non-scheduled air transport operations
for remuneration or hire.” It involves activities such as business flights, air charter, private
aviation, flight training, ballooning, paragliding, parachuting, gliding, hang gliding, aerial
photography, foot-launched powered hang gliders, air ambulance, crop dusting, charter flights,
traffic reporting, police air patrols, and forest fire fighting. General aviation is a wider term.

The airports in the Philippines see a number of general aviation activities. Aside from the
number of commercial flights taking off and landing at Ninoy Aquino International Airport,
general aviation contributes to the airport’s congestion.

Based on the research of La country public works on their research titled what is general aviation
says that Every day, general aviation transports blood supplies, vital transplant organs, and other
time-critical, lifesaving elements. Air ambulances carry out medevac rescues and provide urgent
transportation to trauma and other emergency centers.

COMMERCIAL AVIATION
Commercial aviation is the part of civil aviation that involves operating aircraft for remuneration
or hire.
Though commercial aviation is part of general aviation, commercial aviation can be
differentiated as activities that involve flying for business, remuneration, or hire. The best
example is the scheduled flights of commercial airlines that operate in major airports.
There are four major commercial airlines in the country: Cebu Pacific, Air Asia, Philippine
Airlines, and Skyjet. These airlines carry majority of the international and domestic flights in the
country.

Air transport is at the heart of global economic growth. It creates employment, facilitates trade,
enables tourism and supports sustainable development all around the world.

The air transport sector is important in facilitating economic growth and development. In a
country made up of more than 7,000 islands, air transportation serves as the fastest mode of
connectivity within the country and the rest of the world

MILITARY AVIATION
Military aviation involves using military aircraft and other flying machines. It is usually done for
national security, warfare, logistics deployment to military personnel, and other malitary
purposes. It may include carrying civilian passengers who need to be evacuated or expatriated

-Military aviation comprises military aircraft and other flying machines for the purposes of
conducting or enabling aerial warfare, including national airlift (air cargo) capacity to provide
logistical supply to forces stationed in a war theater or along a front. Airpower includes the
national means of conducting such warfare, including the intersection of transport and warcraft.
Military aircraft include bombers, fighters, transports, trainer aircraft, and reconnaissance aircraft

Military aviation has played a major role in the success of many countries throughout history.
Whether it’s transporting goods and supplies to war zones or providing air support during battles,
military aviation is a vital tool that has proven itself in countless conflict situations.
ROUTES and AIR SERVICES
Airlines use network planning models to predict their profitability (Garrow, 2010). It was further
explained that network planning models are used by airlines to find out how many passengers
can be expected to fly to which destinations, what city pairs they should operate, and other
schedule-related decisions.

There are two main categories of a network model. These are the point-to-point model and the
hub and spoke model.”

Point-to-Point
A point-to-point network is when an airline operates simple routes. Airlines focus on operating
flights between the origin city to the destination. It is typically a non-stop
Flight and is often a direct flight as well (Difference between a Hub, a Spoke, a Point to Point,
n.d.). Airlines who operate the point-to-point service limit their responsibility of bringing
passengers to the arrival city of the flight. If the passengers have a different final destination, it
will be another point-to-point leg.

Most low-cost carriers use the point-to-point network model (Doganis, 2006). It is a simple
network to implement. Even if their point-to-point flights connect with each other, they only
focus on specific city pairs.

For instance, Cebu Pacific has several daily flights between Bacolod and Manila, as well as
Manila and Singapore. If a Bacolod passenger is actually bound for Singapore and there are
flights that will connect within the same day, each leg is a point-to-point leg.
Because A point-to-point network is a route where origin and destination traffic is only focused
upon by an airline. It means that the airline is only interested in transporting passengers from a
city of origin (A) to the city of destination (B) and vice versa and is not interested in connecting
passengers between (B) and (A) via Hub. In its flights, the airline stops at several places picking
up the short-distance passengers.

Another network model is hub and spoke.

Hub and Spoke

The bicycle wheel is an example of a spoke where the center of the wheel is the hub. Habas
(2019) wrote that airlines have capitalized on the model of the hub and spoke. Airlines use the
larger and busier airports as their hub. The smaller or regional cities feed their passengers to the
hub. Airlines use the hub and service more frequently and destinations from there. The spokes
are also known as feeder flights.

Airlines have found the hub and spoke model effective. They are able to consolidate more
passengers for their hubs. The consolidation of the passengers gives the airlines better loads for
each major flight
Airlines use their bigger planes from their hub to more popular destinations. Feeder Tents
coming from the spoke use the smaller capacity aircraft. Both legs will have a higher bad, which
will make their operation more efficient and cost-effective.

Though the hub and spoke model has its advantages, it is not a perfect model (Habas, 2019).
Congestion at the hub is a common concern for airlines as most airlines will choose the same
hub.
In the case of the Philippines, other major cities other than Manila and Cebu have been
developed. Cities like Davao, Clark, and Puerto Princesa have upgraded their airports to
accommodate more flights for airlines’ hub operations

A hub-and-spoke network is a route where an airline not only transports passengers between two
points but also connects the passengers of distant points via its hub. Such routes are used as
spokes connecting other cities via its hub. This model was originated from the U.S. carrier
American Airlines. Currently, Emirates Airlines uses it the most. Ex. This model primarily
requires different banks of flight arrivals and departures aiming to connect an arrival from the
city (A) with a departure to the city (B) at the hub (X). Highly attractive transit traffic is
established by this model. Some other airlines contribute to it by filing a flight plan for origin
and destination traffic. No doubt there are some shortcomings in this model. Operating the tight
schedule on time to provide the next connection is very challenging. As there are more
advantages than shortcomings, more and more carriers are adopting this model. Both time and
money are saved for an airline by using this model. Passengers are also benefited by saving their
time with this convenience by increased connection opportunities. A number of these hubs
throughout their system are operated by such large airlines.

THE HISTORY OF AVIATION

When we are studying the history of aviation, it means that we are going over all aspects of man-
made flights including the early inspirations for flight, the development of human powered aircrafts
and the formation of modern-day aviation itself.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify all the aspects of man-made flight, including the early inspiration for flight.
2. Jot down the important invention or creation that made a big impact in the history of aviation.
3. Name some famous inventors or pilots throughout aviation history.
4. Recap a timeline of some major moments in aviation history.

ORIGINAL MYTHS OF FLIGHT

~ Ancient Greek Mythology ( pre-347 BC )

~ Ancient Persian Mythology ( pre-347 BC )
~ The original myths spoke of ancient legends of human flight.
~ The Greek myth of Icarus and the long epic poem of Shaname written by Persian poet
Ferdozi STEAM-POWERED WOODEN PIGEON

~ Between 400 and 350 BC, Ancient Greek Mathematician Archytas of Tarentum reportedly
created a steam-powered pigeon model.
~ This wooden pigeon was launched projectile style into the sky and was a major
breakthrough in artificially replicating the art of light.

THE PASAROLLA AIRSHIP

~ In 1709, Brazillian-Portuguese priest Bartolomeu de Gusmao presented King Joao V of

Portugal with a petition, requesting the King’s favor in constructing an airship called
Pasarolla.
~ The Pasarolla airship never flew.
~ The design of the Pasarolla airship was an inspiration to the future aircraft designers.
THE MONTGOLFIER BROTHERS

~ The first successful man-made aircraft was created by Joseph-Michel Montgolfier and
Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier
~ The Montgolfier brothers were highly respected French inventors who were credited with
creating the very first, successfully piloted hot air balloon.
 ORIGINS OF THE HOT AIR BALOONS

~ According to original sources, the basic idea behind the hot air balloon came from Joseph-
Michel Montgolfier observing laundry dry over a fire.
~ As the cloth dried, the pockets incidentally billowed upwards.
~ Joseph-Michel Montgolfier tested this concept, by creating a box-like chamber out of thin
wood, covering the sides and top with taffeta cloth.
THE CHAMBER LIFT-OFF TEST

~ Joseph-Michel Montgolfier and Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier built a similar contraption

that was larger in size.
~ On December 4, 1782 the Montgolfier Brothers tested their invention.
~ The lift-off from the fire was so powerful, that they ended up losing control of their
creation.

THE FIRST HOT AIR BALLOON

~ The Montgolfier brothers constructed a giant globe shaped hot air balloon that was made
from sackcloth, tightened with three thin layers of paper on the side.
~ The hot air balloon consisted of: a dome and three lateral bands, held together by 1800
buttons.
~ A fishing net of cord covered the outside of the balloon to give it stability.

THE FIRST HOT AIR BALLOON LAUNCH

~ On June 4, 1783 the Montgolfier Brothers publicly flew their balloon at Annonay, France
in front of a crowd of people.
~ The balloon had an airtime of approximately 10 minutes.
~ The balloon reached an estimated altitude that was between 1,600 m and 2,000 m.
THE AEROSTAT REVEILLON

~ Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier and wallpaper manufacturer Jean-Baptiste Reveillon created

a 37,500 cubic foot envelope of taffeta, coated with alum to ensure that it was fireproof.
~ This balloon was named the Aerostat Reveillon
~ The Aerostat Reveillon was the first balloon to have the livestock riding as passengers.

THE AEROSTAT REVEILLON LAUNCH

~ The Aerostat Reveillon launch took place on September 19, 1783 at the Royal Palace in
Versailles, France.
~ King Louis XVI, Queen Marie Antoinette, and a large group of spectators we all present at
the launch.
~ After the flight that lasted approximately 8 minutes, the craft safely landed 2 miles away
from the palace, with all three animals surviving unharmed.

THE FINAL HOT AIR BALLOON

~ Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier and Jean-Baptiste Reveillon built a 60,000 cubic foot hot air
balloon to be used for manned flight.
~ The balloon was approximately 75 feet tall with a 50 feet diameter.

THE FINAL HOT AIR BALLOON LAUNCHES

~ Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier was the first human to travel in the balloon, followed by
chemist Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier.
~ After that, both Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and army officer Marquis d’Arlandes
conducted the first free flight by humans, travelling 3,000 feet above the city of Paris.
~ After a 25 minutes ride, the balloon landed and was lauded with praise.
 THE ROBERT BROTHERS

~ Anne-Jean Robert and Nicholas-Louis Robert built the world’s first hydrogen balloon with
French professor Jacques Charles.
~ Professor Jacques Charles conceived that hydrogen would be an ideal power source due to
its chemical properties.

THE FIRST HYDROGEN BALLOON

~ The balloon functioned with and airtight gas bag that was constructed by Anne-Jean Robert
and Nicholas-Louis Robert.
~ The main envelope of the balloon was stitched together with dissolved rubber and
varnished sheets of silk.

THE FIRST HYDROGEN BALLOON LAUNCH

~ The hydrogen balloon was first tested on August 27, 1783.

~ The first manned flight took place on December 1, 1783 in the City of Paris.
~ The Robert Brothers’ hydrogen balloon had a barometer and a thermometer, which made it
the first balloon to record meteorological measurements of the Earths’ atmosphere during its
flight.

SPECTATORS FOR THE HYDROGEN BALLOON FLIGHT

~ It is reported that 400,000 people gathered at the Imperial Palace to watch the launch.
~ Among the viewers were renowned American scientist Benjamin Franklin and iconic French
Inventor Joseph-Michel Montgolfier.

SIGNIFICANCE
THE FIRST OF THE HYDROGENAIRSHIP
STEAM-POWERED BALLOON

~~The hydrogen
French balloon
engineer Henriflight wasmade
Giffard significant
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he developed for
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steam-powered airship, known in France as dirigible.
~ The Giffard Dirigible was a hydrogen powered airship that utilized 3 horsepower steam-
engine with a giant propellor.

THE GIFFARD DIRIGIBLE LAUNCH

~ On September 24, 1852 Henri Giffard made the first steam-engine powered flight, travelling
from Paris to Elancourt.
~ The Giffard Dirigible was steerable, which allowed Henri Giffard to guide the direction of his
airship.

LA FRANCE DIRIGIBLE

~ In 1884, Charles Renard and Arthur Krebs launched their first fully controllable free-flight
engine-powered dirigible name La France.
~ La France dirigible utilized an 8 ½ horsepower electric-motor.
~ La France dirigible covered 8 kilometers in its first launch.
~ La France dirigible was notable for accomplishing the first successful round-trip flight.
 THE SANTOS-DUMONT NO. 6 DIRIGIBLE MODEL

~ Brazilian Aviator Alberto Santos-Dumont became a national hero in Brazil for pushing the
limits of Aviation with his newest dirigible design.
~ The Santos-Dumont No.6 dirigible was powered by a balloon and a 12 horse-power internal
combustion engine, which drove the airship propellor.

SUBSEQUENT SANTOS-DUMONT AIRCRAFT MODELS

~ Alberto Santos-Dumont continued to improve upon his existing dirigible model with many
of his subsequent airships.
~ Alberto Santos-Dumont invented the Santos-Dumont No. 20 Demoiselle airship, which was
a major breakthrough for ultralight aircraft development.
THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL RIGID AIRSHIP

~ The first successful rigid airship was a Zeppelin.

~ The Zeppelin airship received its namesake from its inventor Ferdinand Von Zeppelin.
~ Construction on the first Zeppelin airship first began in 1899 in a hanger located near
Friedrichshafen, Germany.

INSPIRATION FOR THE ZEPPELIN AIRSHIP

~ As a military observer in the American Civil War, Ferdinand Von Zeppelin was fascinated
with the potential power that aircrafts could wield in 20th century warfare.
~ Ferdinand Von Zeppelin focused on increasing cargo carrying-capacity, which would be key
for mounting military grade weapons on top of airships.
 THE WRIGHT BROTHERS

~ The Wright Flyer was the most crucial design to influence modern day military and
commercial aviation.
~ Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright designed the Wright Flyer
~ The Wright Flyer was the first piloted engine powered airplane.

THE WRIGHT FLYER I

~ The original Wright Flyer was inspired by the 1902 Wright Glider and was built entirely out
of spruce wood.
~ The original Wright Flyer wings were symmetrically by design to stabilize the plane.
~ The original Wright Flyer was powered by a 12 horse-power gasoline engine and had two
counter rotating pusher propeller that stopped torque from occurring.

THE WRIGHT FLYER I LAUNCH

~ The Wright Brothers successfully launched the original Wright Flyer model on December 17,
1903.
~ The first flight of the Wright Flyer I model conducted by Orville Wright was captured in a
famous photographed by John T. Daniels.
~ The first flight on the Wright Flyer I model travelled a total distance of 120 feet.
~ The next flight of the Wright Flyer I conducted on the same day by Wilbur Wright, travelled
a total distance of 175 feet.
~ The final flight of the Wright Flyer I conducted on the same day by Orville Wright, travelled a
total distance of 200 feet.

THE WRIGHT FLYER II LAUNCH

~ The Wright Flyer II model was first flown in the cow pastures of Huffman Prairie in Dayton,
Ohio.
~ On September 15, 1904 the Wright Brothers started to utilize a catapult to help the plain
gain sufficient speed for a successful takeoff.
~ On September 20, 1904 Wilbur Wright made his first circular flight with the Wright Flyer II
model.
~ In November of 1904, Wilbur Wright once again flew a circular flight with the Wright Flyer II
model around Huffman Prairie in Dayton, Ohio.

THE WRIGHT FLYER III

~ During the winter months, the Wright Brothers began constructing the Wright Flyer III
model.
~ On July 14, 1905 Orville Wright first tested the Wright Flyer III model, which ended in a
serious nose-dive crash that caused damage to the plane and minor injuries of Orville Wright.
~ And because the Wright Flyer III crash they rebuilt it. Some repair modifications are:
Doubled the size of the elevator and the rudder, installed a large fuel tan, replaced the rudder
on a separate control handle, expanded the skid undercarriage and placed two radiators on
the front and back struts.

SUCCESS OF THE WRIGHT FLYER III

~ The Wright Flyer III was one of the most successful flying machines in the 20th century.
~ On October 5, 1905 Wilbur Wright made a 39 minute and 23 seconds long circled flight over
Huffman Prairie, setting a massive record for wing flight capabilities.
 IMPORTANCE OF AVIATION IN WARFARE

~ The importance of aviation in warfare had become unprecedented.

THE AUTOGYRO

~ The autogiro is a rotary winged aircraft that uses an unpowered rotor in free autorotation to
achieve flight.
~ The rotor requires upwards airflow into the rotor disc to generate rotation.
~ The overall purpose of the Autogyro was to create a flight machine that could successfully
achieve low-speed flight.
~ The original three Autogyro models by Juan dela Cierva: C.1, C.2, and C.3 were each
unstable due to aerodynamic and structural issues on the rotor.
~ Juan dela Cierva made his first successful flight on January 17, 1923 in Madrid, Spain with
the C.4 Autogyro model.

THE DORNIER DO X

~ In 1929, the largest, heaviest, and most powerful flying boat in the world was developed.
~ The Dornier Do X had a wingspan of 48 meters.
~ The Dornier Do X had 169 passengers onboard its 70th flight test.

THE JET ENGINE

~ The development of the Jet Engine was a major milestone in aviation history.
~ Types of Jet Engines: The Turbojet, The Turbo Fan, The Rocket.

THE ENTE

~ German aeronautical engineer Alexander Lippisch designed the first rocket powered aircraft
called the ENTE.
~ The Ente first flew on June 11, 1928.

THE TURBOJET

~ In the 1930s, English inventor Frank Whittle and German inventor Hans Von Ohain both
separately made progress in inventing the turbojet.
~ The first Turbojet powered aircraft known as the Heinkel He 178 made its first flight in
August of 1939 in Rostock, Germany.
 HYPERSONIC AIR TRAVEL

~ In 1967, the rocket-powered hypersonic aircraft known as the X-15 set the world’s airspeed
record by travelling at an astounding 4534 miles per hour.
~ This record would later be renewed by the X-45 aircraft in the 21st century.

COMMERCIALIZED FLIGHT

~ After World War II, the world saw a boom in commercialized flight, which helped major
aircraft manufacturers like Boeing become multi-billion dollar corporations.

THE ASTROFLIGHT SUNRISE

~ The AstroFlight Sunrise was the first successful solar-powered aircraft.

~ The AstroFlight Sunrise used more than one thousand solar cells on its wing, to provide 450
watts to power to the machine.

THE NASA PATHFINDER MODELS

~ In the 21st century, the U.S National Aeronautics and Space Administration launched the NASA
Pathfinder and the NASA Pathfinder Plus.
~ The NASA Pathfinder and the NASA Pathfinder Plus were the first two aircrafts in a developing
series of solar and fuel cell powered aircrafts.

THE LEGACY OF AVIATION

~ Aviation has played a critical role in the development of travel, warfare, and exploration.

UNDERSTANDING THE NAMES OF LIGHTER-THAN-

AIR AIRCRAFTS

WHY ALL THE DIFFERENT NAMES?

HOT AIR BALLOONS BLIMPS

DIRIGIBLE

“LIGHTER-THAN-AIR” AIRCRAFT – The umbrella term for aircraft that develop lift due to buoyancy of
a lifting gas, aka Aerostat.

BALLOONS
AIRSHIPS
Both produce Lift from Buoyancy

Relies on atmospheric Has

propulsion and
Air currents steering
system for
For navigation
navigation
AIRSHIP STRUCTURES
1. NON-RIGID (BLIMP) – No Internal Structure
2. SEMI-RIGID – Long Keel for Structure
3. RIGID (DIRIGIBLE) – Outer Shell Structure with Fabric Skin and Gas Bags

UNDERSTANDING THE NAMES OF HEAVIER-THAN-

AIR AIRCRAFTS

HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFTS –

This type of aircrafts must have a power source to provide the thrust necessary to obtain lift.

EXAMPLES OF HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFTS

1. Kites – These are usually a flat-surfaced structure, often with a stabilizing tail, attached by a bridle
to a string that is held in place on the ground. Lift is provided by the reaction of the string-
restrained surface to the wind.
2. Unmanned Aerial vehicle (UAV) – sometimes called drones or remotely piloted vehicles, these
aircrafts are radio-controlled from the air or the ground and are used for scientific and military
purpose.
3. Hang Gliders – are aircrafts of various configurations in which the pilot is suspended beneath the
wing to provide a stability and control. They are normally launched from a high point.

GALLERY OF AVIATION DEVELOPMENT

PERSONALITIES

Aviation has generated some of the most remarkable figures that ever lived throughout its history,
including those brave men and women pilots who made the first flights into the air and who
courageously pushed the bounds of their wings in ways previously unimaginable. At the same time,
aviation has produced a number of people whose heroism rises above the job description of pilot, if
that’s even a main or a side job. These influential people touched those in aviation and, in many
cases, people far beyond the flying world by their extraordinary deeds, talents or accomplishments.

Here’s a look at the men and women who altered the aviation landscape and, in many cases, the
course of human history through their remarkable achievements.

Bessie Coleman

Bessie soared across the sky as the first African American, and the first Native American woman
pilot. Known for performing flying tricks, Bessie’s nicknames were; “Brave Bessie,” “Queen Bess,”
and “The Only Race Aviatrix in the World.” Her goal was to encourage women and African
Americans to reach their dreams. Unfortunately, her career ended with a tragic plane crash, but her
life continues to inspire people around the world.

Amelia Earhart

Amelia Earhart, fondly known as “Lady Lindy,” was an American aviator who mysteriously
disappeared in 1937 while trying to circumnavigate the globe from the equator. Amelia was the
16th woman to be issued a pilot’s license. She had several notable flights, including becoming the
first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean in 1928, as well as the first person to fly over both the
Atlantic and Pacific. Amelia Earhart was legally declared dead in 1939.
Chuck Yeager

U.S. Air Force Captain Chuck Yeager became the first person to fly faster than the speed of sound.
Yeager was a combat fighter during World War II and flew 64 missions over Europe. He shot down
13 German planes and was himself shot down over France, but he escaped capture with the
assistance of the French Underground. After the war, he was among several volunteers chosen to
test-fly the experimental X-1 rocket plane, built by the Bell Aircraft Company to explore the
possibility of supersonic flight. For years, many aviators believed that man was not meant to fly
faster than the speed of sound, theorizing that transonic drag rise would tear any aircraft apart. All
that changed on October 14, 1947, when Yeager flew the X-1 over Rogers Dry Lake in Southern
California and sealed his fate in the annals of history.

Neil Armstrong

Neil Armstrong first served as a naval aviator from 1949 to 1952, before joining the National
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in 1955. Over the next 17 years, he was an engineer, test pilot,
astronaut and administrator for NACA and its successor agency, the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA). He has flown over 200 different models of aircraft, including jets, rockets,
helicopters and gliders. After transferring to astronaut status in 1962, he was assigned as command
pilot for the Gemini 8 mission that launched in 1966, and Armstrong performed the first successful
docking of two vehicles in space. As spacecraft commander for Apollo 11, the first manned lunar
landing mission, Armstrong gained the distinction of being the first man to land a craft on the moon
and first to step on its surface

Sally Ride

Sally Ride was the first American woman in space. She made her journey into history in 1983 when
she became the youngest American woman in space. Throughout her life, Dr. Ride broke barriers
and worked to ensure that girls and women were encouraged to do the same. During the mission,
Sally was the flight engineer, and she launched two communication satellites and operated the
shuttle’s mechanical arm as well as conducted experiments.

Harrison Ford

While he’s known more as Hans Solo or Star Wars fame, or Indiana Jones on the adventurous
celebrity circuit, Harrison Ford advocacy for the aviation community has been nothing short of
extraordinary. This Hollywood A-lister has lent his star power to nearly every facet of the industry,
making regular trips to Washington to fight for pilots’ rights, encouraging tomorrow’s generation
of aviators through his involvement with Young Eagles, and taking an active part in a number of
charitable organizations like the Citation Special Olympics

The Wright Brothers

Wilbur and Orville Wright were American inventors and pioneers of aviation. In 1903 the Wright
brothers achieved the first powered, sustained and controlled airplane flight; they surpassed their
own milestone two years later when they built and flew the first fully practical airplane. Determined
to develop their own successful design, Wilbur and Orville headed to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina,
and got to work trying to figure out how to design wings for flight. They observed that birds angled
their wings for balance and control, and tried to emulate this, developing a concept called “wing
warping.” When they added a moveable rudder, the Wright brothers found they had the magic
formula in 1903, as they succeeded in flying the first free, controlled flight of a power-driven,
heavier than air plane. They flew their plane for 59 seconds, over a distance of 852 feet, which was
an extraordinary achievement.
 William E. Boeing

Under William Boeing’s guidance, a tiny airplane manufacturing company grew into a huge
corporation of related industries. When post-Depression legislation in 1934 mandated the
dispersion of the corporation, Boeing sold his interests in the Boeing Airplane Co. but continued to
work on other business ventures, as he became one of America’s most successful breeders of
thoroughbred horses. Boeing never lost his interest in aviation, and during World War II he
volunteered as a consultant to the company, living just long enough to see the company he started
enter the jet age.

HEAVIER-THAN-AIR DEVELOPMENT AIRCRAFT

GLIDERS- developed around 1853

- First successful heavier-than-air aircraft

THE WRIGHT BROTHERS

- Orville and Wilbur Wright
- most famous personalities in aviation history
- the brothers successfully flew the Wright glider in 1902. A year later, in December 1903, the two
brothers achieved the first manned flight with their Wright Flyer.
- the successful manned flight in history.

HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE AVIATION -the Philippines

is known for shipbuilding -Aviation came to the
Philippines as early as 1911.
PHILIPPINES FIRSTS
Feb. 27, 1911- James “Bud” C. Mars flew his red evil biplane 10 miles out of manila -
First cross-country flight in the Philippines.
Feb. 12, 1912 -the first Filipino passenger was Gagaban.
- The flight was during an airshow.
April 11,1914- Cora Wong, first woman passenger in Philippine Aviation history.
April 12, 1914- Tom Gunn flew to Guam, bringing with him Rosario Reyes, who was recorded as the first
international passenger.
1919- when the first airline was established in the Philippines.
1931- the Philippine government saw the need to create an office to handle aviation matters. The office
was the organized under the Department of Commerce and Communication (WCC Aaviation
Company, n.d)

ROUTES AND AIR SERVICES

POINT-TO-POINT -it is a network where an airline operates simple routes. Airlines focus on operating
flights between the origin city to the destination. It is typically a non-stop flight and is often a direct
flight.

HUB & SPOKE – Habas (2009) wrote that airlines have capitalized on the model of the hub and spoke.
Airlines use the larger and busier airports as their hub.
- They are able to consolidate more passenger for their hubs. The consolidation of the passenger gives
the airlines better loads for each major flight.
-
Significance of Air Transportation
• According to Rodrigue and others, as they wrote that the reason why transportation do
exists is for removal of the distance that is created by the space. We often determined that
the distance includes time and topography. He further explained that the “goal of
transportation is to transform the geographical attributes of the freight, people” (Rodrigue
et al 2013). This statement clarifies how vital a transportation is to society, in general.
• Transportation helps and supports human for our daily activities. For instance, a student is
going to school and needs to ride a jeepney or tricycle.
• By means of transportation, it connects the cities, regions, countries, and the rest of the
world.
 • The importance of transportation in tourism is very necessary and these two can’t be
separated. Tourism includes bringing your tourists to their destination by any modes of
transportation. Either by land, by air, or by water. With this, there is a symbiotic
relationship between transportation and tourism. This makes it obvious that transportation
and tourism is highly connected to each other.
• The fact that the Philippines is an archipelago, we definitely need a transportation to travel
other regions or cities here in the Philippines. Tourist destinations can be traveled by any
modes of transportation either by water, air, or land.
• Air transportation is the most convenient way of travelling. If you want to spend more time
on your destination rather than travelling. Although, it is the more fastest way to travel, yet
it is the most expensive one.

Categories of Aircrafts
Aircraft or air transportation vehicles can be categorized according to their size and
how maneuverable they are. The article from Aircraft Categories and Classes
Explained (2018) defined the different aircraft categories as follows:

1. Acrobatic airplanes – Aerobatics is the practice of flying maneuvers

involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in conventional passenger-
carrying flights. The term is a portmanteau of "aerial" and "acrobatics".
Aerobatics are performed in aeroplanes and gliders for training, recreation,
entertainment, and sport. These are airplanes not restricted by flight
maneuvers. They have the maximum passenger seats and not weigh more than
12,500 pounds or approximately 5,700 kilograms. The flexibility of in-flight
maneuvers allows these aircraft to perform aerobatics or special stunts, such
as rolls and loops. They are often used in air shows. For the most part, any
aerobatic aircraft will fall into one of two main categories: training and
aerobatics. The first category includes the aircraft used for training and flight
demos, which are often used for a range of training purposes or as military
fighters. The second kind of aircraft includes those specially designed for
aerobatic applications. Aerobatic planes are specifically engineered for
complicated aerial maneuvers. With this in mind, most aerobatic planes have
a few things in common to help them withstand the effects of aerobatic
movements, like flying upside down. Indeed, most aerobatic planes have
carefully engineered gravity-defying systems in place to help them complete
complex maneuvers. (source: SCA SkyCombatAce.com)

For example: Pitts S-2C Series Planes- lots of aerobatics aviators will praise
Pitts airplanes. Adaptable, handcrafted, and high-tech, these planes are a thing
of beauty. The Pitts S-2C has a patented propeller (The Claw) and a wingspan
of 20 feet. It is famous for its sleek lines and long hang times. Stunt pilots
definitely appreciate that it centers well and packs energy when performing
aerobatic moves. This plane weighs 1,155 pounds empty and can handle
negative 5 Gs and positive 6 Gs, making it ideal for training stunt pilots or
those looking for more of a beginner aerobatic experience.

2. Commuter airplanes – airplanes of this category are limited to have 19 or

fewer passengers and weigh no more than 19,000 pounds or 8,618 kilograms. They
are multi-engine and propeller driven. Pomroy (2016) added that they are typically
used for short-distance travel to and from small airports with short runways. Light
aircraft can be used as small commuter airliners, or as air taxis. Technically, a
commuter plane is any plane that takes a passenger to and from work. By this
definition, it can be any size and hold as many or as few people as possible.

For example: Saab 340. First taking to the skies in 1983, the Saab 340 is a
two engine turbo prop which can comfortably seat over 30 passengers. Ample
legroom and plenty of luggage space make this a popular choice for
commuters, and with its super quiet cabin, it also provides plenty of
opportunities for a power nap on the way.

3. Experimental Airplanes – these aircraft may not have been fully proven in
flight, hence the name experimental. They may be amateur-built or kit-built aircraft.
They are sometimes unmanned or used for light sport. These aircraft is typically used
by researchers for experimentation or research and development, crew training,
exhibitions, air racing, or surveys. An experimental airplane is any plane used to test
systems, their configurations, or products under development. On these planes,
experiments are conducted to examine the behaviors and capabilities of new
equipment, prototypes and materials.

For example: LTV XC-142. The Ling-Temco-Vought XC-142 is a tri-service

tiltwing experimental aircraft designed to investigate the operational
suitability of vertical/short takeoff and landing transports.

4. Limited Sport Aircraft – LSA is how some know this airplane category. It
is given a special airworthiness certificate for operations. Some classify two-seat
ultralight-type aircraft, powered parachutes, antiques, and classics airplanes, the
composite aircraft as LSA. Can be manufactured and sold ready-to-fly under a new
special light sport aircraft certification category. Aircraft must meet industry
consensus standards. Aircraft under this certification may be used for sport and
recreation, flight training, and aircraft rental. Acording to an article from EAA
Airventure, getting a sport aircraft certificate is half the time faster than the regular
pilot license (Light-Sport Aircraft, n.d,). This convenience makes recreational flight
easier for adventure seekers.

For example: The Cirrus SR22 is a single-engine four- or five-seat composite

aircraft built from 2001 by Cirrus Aircraft of Duluth, Minnesota. It is a
development of the Cirrus SR20, with a larger wing, higher fuel capacity, and
a more powerful, 310-horsepower engine.

5. Limited Airplanes – airplanes categorized as limited are either modified or

converted military aircraft, which is currently being used for civilian purposes.
These airplanes are usually military surplus planes. The Federal Aviation Authority
(FAA) has issued an order to restrict the use of limited airplanes for commercial
purposes (Speacial Aviation Airworthiness Certificate, n.d.). The majority of
Limited Category COAs are issued to ex-military aircraft. They may also be issued
to historic, replica or any other aircraft used for special purpose operations.

For example: EAA’s B-17 Aluminum Overcast. It is one of only nine

presently airworthy Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses of the 48 complete
surviving airframes in existence. It never saw combat, and it escaped the fate
of many aircraft that were scrapped after World War II.
6. Normal Aircraft – airplanes categorized as normal airplanes have the same
size as acrobatic planes, that is having a maximum weight of 12,500 pounds and nine
or fewer passenger seats. The difference lies in the fact that they have approval for
acrobat flights. An answer posted in What is the Difference between Normal and
Utility Categories (n.d.) said that normal aircraft is one of the three other aircraft that
is considered “small”. The other three are aircraft categorized as utility, acrobat, and
commuter.

For example: Cessna Citation Series. The Cessna Citation is a family of

business jets by Cessna that started in 1972 with the entry into service of the
first model. In the fifty years following the 1969 first flight, more than 7,500
Citations were delivered, forming the largest business jet fleet. Deliveries
reached 8,000 by 2022, while logging over 41 million flight hours.

7. Primary Airplanes – Airplanes in this category are given special

airworthiness certificates. They have to be built in compliance with the production
certificate. On the technical side, they have three or fewer seats that are typically
unpressurized, as explained in What Are the Regulatory Categories of Aircraft
Defined by the FAA (n.d.).

For example: icon a5. The ICON A5 reinvents recreational aviation and lets
you bring the exhilaration of flight to life like never before. Sport flying with
the A5 is tailored to pilots who primarily fly for recreation — easy to fly,
lightweight, and low operating costs.

8. Restricted Airplanes – Restricted aircraft are used for agriculture and other
services such as surveying, weather control, and forest services When forest fires
happen in countries like the United States, firefighters use these airplanes to help
stop the spread of the disaster. One answer shared in What Are the Regulatory
Categories of Aircraft Defined by FAA (n.d.) further explained that restrict airplanes
are often modified U.S. Armed Forces equipment used for special forces.

9. Transport Airplanes – Transport airplanes are yet another category of

airplanes. These aircraft weigh more that 12,500 pounds and have more that 10
passenger seats. Ot has piston-engine, greater that 19 seats and a maximum takeoff
weight of more than 19,000 pounds. Transport airplanes are airplanes for which a
type certificate is applied for under part 21 in the transport category and that meet
the transport category airworthiness requirements.

For example: The Learjet Model 35 and Model 36 are a series of American
multi-role business jets and military transport aircraft manufactured by Learjet
between 1973 and 1993. When used by the United States Air Force, they carry
the designation C-21A.

10. Utility Airplanes – the last in the aircraft category lists are the utility
airplanes. These planes can also be used for aerobatics. These aircraft have a
maximum of nine passengers plus pilot seats. The takeoff weight should not be more
than 12,500 pounds. Both Federal Aviation Regulations (n.d.) and What Are the
Regulatory Categories of Aircraft Defined by FAA (n.d.) stated utility aircraft
maneuvers include spins, lazy eights, chandelles, and step turns. This is of great use
for air shows.

For example: The Antonov An-225 Mriya was a strategic airlift cargo aircraft
designed and produced by the Antonov Design Bureau in the Soviet Union. It
was originally developed during the 1980s as an enlarged derivative of the
Antonov An-124 airlifter for the express purpose of transporting Buran-class
orbiters.

TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
From the commercial passenger point-of-view, airplanes are also differentiated by
their types. Archer and Syratt (2003) shared that the publication Airline Guide has
five types. Here is the including the code used in the airline industry:

Jet (J) - A jet aircraft, also known simply as a jet, is any airplane that generates
propulsion from one or more jet engines. Most jets have two or four jet engines. The
jet engines are located in even numbers on each side of the jet. If a jet has two jet
engines, for instance, each side will feature a single jet engine.

Prophet (T) - Prophet is a procedure for forecasting time series data based on an
additive model where non-linear trends are fit with yearly, weekly, and daily
seasonality, plus holiday effects. It works best with time series that have strong
seasonal effects and several seasons of historical data.
Propeller (P) - In aeronautics, an aircraft propeller, also called an airscrew, converts
rotary motion from an engine or other power source into a swirling slipstream which
pushes the propeller forwards or backwards.

Helicopter (H) - A helicopter is a type of aircraft that uses rotating, or spinning,

wings called blades to fly. Unlike an airplane or glider, a helicopter has wings that
move. Unlike a balloon, a helicopter is heavier than air and uses an engine to fly.

Amphibian / Seaplane (A) – seaplane, any of a class of aircraft that can land, float,
and take off on water. Seaplanes with boat like hulls are also known as flying boats,
those with separate pontoons or floats as floatplanes. The first practical seaplanes
were built and flown in the United States by Glenn H. Curtiss, in 1911 and 1912.
Economic Significance of IATA
To serve its members and the riding public, IATA also dips its hands in the economic
aspect of the airline business. Airline companies are in the business to make money.
Passengers wants to get the best rate they have. These two objectives may run
opposite each other. IATA sets gross fares that are considered the most expensive
fares for International routes. Setting the highest fares will protect passengers, and it
also protects the airlines since it is a fare that is profitable for them. There are also
price floor sets among airlines. This protect both big and small airlines from price
drops, which are often below breakeven. If the airline is forced to sell below
breakeven levels, there is a chance of falling financially as we have seen in the long
history of airlines around the world.
IATA and Travel Agents
Most people know IATA as a travel agency travel agencies are accredited members
rather than main members IATA accredited travel agencies issues tickets sell
international tickets aside from domestic tickets and provide other services.
In the Philippines only some 200+ travel agents are IATA accredited it means that
these travel agents are allowed by IATA to issue IATA airline tickets for the IATA
member airlines the majority of travel agents are non IATA who either purchase
international tickets from the airline directly or through the IATA accredited travel
agencies.
IATA standards are some of the reasons not all travel agencies are accredited travel
agencies must submit requirements that are often stricter than applying for a business
license from the local government units they are required to ensure that the agency
staff are industry trained and are obliged to have a huge amount of bond when
applying for accreditation.
Cargo or freight forwarders have a similar setup with IATA airlines not all freight
forwarders are IATA accredited but they must be CAB-accredited at least.
Travel agencies and freight forwarders get IATA accreditation for the prestige. Only
a few can have this privilege for being called IATA accredited
The code of ethics set by IATA applies to the whole industry not only to its member
airlines travel agencies or freight forwarders. This code of ethics puts an order in the
world of travel as explained by Archer and Syratt (2003) with different languages
cultures business styles business models and so on it would be difficult to transact
globally unless standards are put in place.

HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE AVIATION

• Introduction
This report is about the history of aviation in the Philippines. How does it started?
Discussing as well the important events that took place as aviation sector in the Philippines
began to operate. Taking time to list one by one those major airline companies that been
established on our country.

• Content
History of Philippine Aviation
Even though the Philippines is known for shipbuilding sector, the country is not known for aircraft
manufacturing. But then aviation is thriving through the years.

• Aviation came to the Philippines as early as 1911. Eight years after the successful flight in
Kitthawk.
• Commercial aviation then followed when the first mail service was delivered by Tom Gunn in
1914.

Philippines Firsts
The first event that happened in Philippine aviation is written in the book entitled 100 years of
Philippine Aviation (1909-2009): A focus on Airline Management by Dr. Avelino Zapanta.
 • February 27, 1911, when James "Bud" C. Mars flew his red devil biplane 10 miles out of Manila.
It was recorded as first-cross country flight in the Philippines.
• First Filipino passenger was Gagaban an Igorot chieftain. Who flown over Luneta Park by Lee

• Hammond on February 12, 1912.

• Cora Wong is the first woman passenger in Philippine aviation history. She is a nurse from the
Chinese General Hospital, won a popularity contest whose prize was to fly with Tom Gunn on
April 11, 1914. On the same day, Tom Gunn drop a bag of mail for the Manila Past Office. This
event proves the viability of air transportation as a commercial venture.

• On April 12, 1914, Tom Gun flew to Guam, bringing with him Rosario Reyes. Which is the first
international passenger.

1919 when the first airline was established in the Philippines. Year 1931, when
the Philippine government saw the need to create an office to handle aviation
matters. The office was then organized under the Department of Commerce and
Communications (WCC Aviation Company, n. d.)
Chronological creation of major airline companies in the Philippines
Date
Airline Name Ownership/Incorporation Notes
Established
Philippine Airways November Major Joseph E. H. Stevenot
Service, Inc. (PASI) 1919 Alfred J. Croft
Philippine Air
July 1920 The Philippine government
Service (PAS)
S.F. Aubrey, W. Briggman, Rafael Was not able to
Philippine November Alunan, A.B. Cresap, Crisanto Delos operate; Later
Airways, Inc. (PAI) 1927 Reyes, Florentino Cairuz, and Alfred renamed as Philippine
Croft Airlines
Aviation
Fulgencio Borromeo, Clyde A. Dewitt, Was not able to
Corporation of May 25,
Juan M. Elizalde, Ramon Fernandez, operate for lack of
the Philippines 1929
Carlos Fernandez, and Leopoldo Kalaw qualified pilots
(ACP)
Was not able to
July 12,
Compania Aerea Spanish businessman operate due to
1930
financial constraints
Operated non-
Philippine Aerial
December Emil Bachrach, Joseph Stevenot, and scheduled services;
Taxi Company
3, 1930 Andres Soriano Filed for bankruptcy in
(PATCO)
June 1940
Iloilo-Negros Air
Ceased operation in
Express Company April 1932 Lopez Family
1947
(INAEC)
Merged with Philippine
Airlines in 1973 and
Air Manila 1964
ceased operation in
1984
Closed due to financial
Aerolift August 1982 Lead by Carmelo Flores
constraints in 1996
Ceased operation in
Star Asia Airlines 1994 Vicente de Villa, Jr.
1996
 Closed due to financial
December constraints brought
Grandair EL & E Aviation Consultants, In.
1994 about by 1997 Asian
contagion
Cebu Pacific (CPA) March 1989 JG Group
Taken over by
Air Philippines October Philippine Airlines and
Corporation (APC) 1990 later renamed PAL
Express
Later brought by Zesto,
Asian Spirit Airline became Zest Air, and
1995 Airline Employee Cooperative
(ASA) then sold to Philippine
Air Asia
Merged with Tiger Air
Sea Air
Singapore and then
Corporation 1996 Iren Dornier
later sold to JG Group
(SEAIR)
to become Cebgo
Initially operated as a
Corporate Air 1995 Headed by Alberto Lina
non-scheduled carrier
Laoag Stopped operations
International 1995 Chaired by Shirley Ng after a couple of fatal
Airways (LIA) air accidents
Rebranded as Air Asia
Zest Air 2008
Zest in 2013

IATA (pronounced as ahy-ya-ta)

INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION

- Group organized by 57 International Airlines in 1945

- By 2020 it has 290 member airlines, 48p strategic partners, 100 000 accredited travel and cargo
agencies.

-It’s mission is to represent, lead and serve the airline industry.

-IATA’s headquarters is in Montreal, Canada. It’s executive office is located in Geneva, Switzerland. IATA
has local and regional offices around the world.

IATA Vision and Mission

-to represent, lead, and serve the airline industry.

Domestic Commercial Airports with their codes:

Area City Province City/ Airport Code

Luzon Basco Batanes BSO

Busuanga (Coron) Palawan USU

Clark Pampanga CRK

Cauayan Isabela CYZ

 Laoag Ilocos Norte LAO

Legazpi Albay LGP

Manila NCR MNL

Marinduque Marinduque MRQ

Naga Camarines Sur WNP

Puerto Princesa Palawan PPS

Tuguegarao Cagayan TUG

Virac Catanduanes VRC

Visayas Bacolod Negros Occidental BCD

Calbayog Samar CYP

Catarman Northern Samar CRM

Caticlan Aklan MPH

Cebu Cebu CEB

Dumaguete Negros Oriental DGT

Iloilo Iloilo ILO

Kalibo Aklan KLO

Ormoc Leyte OMC

Roxas Roxas RXS

Tacloban Leyte TAC

Tagbiliran Bohol TAG

Mindanao Butuan Agusan del Norte BXU

Camiguin Northern Mindanao CGM

Cagayan de Oro Misamis Oriental CGY

Cotabato Maguindanao CBO

Davao Davao DVO

Dipolog Zamboanga del Norte DPL

General Santos South Cotabato GES

Jolo Sulu JOL

Pagadian Zamboanga del Sur PAG

Siargao Surigao del Norte IAO

Surigao Surigao del Norte SUG

Tandag Surigao del Sur TDG

Tawi-Tawi Tawi-Tawi TWI

Zamboanga Zamboanga del Sur ZAM

Airlines Codes for Ph- based International Airlines

 Airline Name IATA Numeric Code IATA Two-character code ICAO Three- letter code

AirAsia Berhad 807 AK AXM

Philippines AirAsia 457 Z2 APG

Cebu Pacific 203 5J CEB

Philippine Airlines 079 PR PAL

IATA Traffic Conferences

ICAO
• International Civil Aviation Organization is a United Nations specialized agency, established by UN
member states in December 1944. In 2020 there are 193 member states(or countries). They were
tasked to formulate policies for the safe, efficient, secure, economically, and environmentally
responsible civil aviation.
Company objectives adapt to the needs of the stakeholders. In ICAO’s webpage on Strategic
Objectives, the 2020 objectives indicated include the following:
• Safety
• Air Navigation Capacity and Efficiency
• Security and Facilitation
• Economic Development of Air Transport
• Environmental Protection
Importance of ICAO to Aviation
• ICAO is involved in aircraft accident investigation, particularly concerning international
airlines. They look into the causes of the disasters.
• Global warming is mostly caused by air pollution and carbon dioxide emission. Airplanes
are powered by aviation fuel and or aviation gas.

The secret of LCC’s success

- LCC stand's for Low-cost carriers.
- Mr. Fansler relied on subsidies, benefactor, and the government to fund the operation of the
airline.
- The subsidies can't sustain the expensive operations - The company went bankrupt after five
months of operations.
- Their success can be attributed to their business model of selling seats rather than depending
on subsidies from government or private institutions.
- Sonokson (2017) wrote that the more successful successors followed the way other modes
of transportation did business, that is, selling seats.

•Air deregulation prompted businesspeople to enter aviation, but newcomers faced challenges.
LCCs developed profitable strategies, becoming a threat to FSCs.
•Effective revenue management strategies encourage customers to choose air travel over other
transportation options, with airlines rarely offering specials or discounts during high or peak
seasons.
•The fare is only P1, but passengers still pay for other fees and taxes, making it a lowdiscounted
ticket available to a select few on a flight.
•Airbus' wide-bodied aircraft enable economies of scale, reducing parts warehousing and
inventory costs for airlines by keeping common parts in stock instead of numerous aircraft types.
•LCCs reduce baggage costs for passengers, resulting in cheaper fares and fuel savings. Some
passengers prefer sleep during flights, and meals and checked-in baggage are sold as addons,
only for those needing them.

(For more information about LCC)

LCCs have several key strategies that contribute to their success, such as cost efficiency, pointto-
point routes, and ancillary revenue.
The success of Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs) can be attributed to several key factors:

1. Cost Efficiency: LCCs are known for their relentless focus on cost control. They employ
strategies such as using a single type of aircraft to reduce maintenance and training costs,
minimizing in-flight services, and negotiating favorable deals with airports for landing fees and
gates.
2. Simplified Operations: They often operate point-to-point routes instead of hub-and-
spoke systems, which minimizes the need for costly connecting flights and reduces turnaround
times at airports.

3. No Frills: LCCs typically offer a no-frills service, meaning passengers pay only for the
basics, and they have the option to pay extra for amenities like seat selection, checked baggage,
and in-flight meals.

4. High Aircraft Utilization: LCCs aim to keep their aircraft in the air as much as possible,
leading to higher utilization rates and increased revenue potential.

5. Competitive Pricing: LCCs often use dynamic pricing strategies, adjusting fares based
on demand and optimizing revenue.

6. Lean Workforce: They maintain a lean workforce, both in terms of flight crew and ground
staff, further reducing operational costs.

7. Innovative Marketing: LCCs have been innovative in their marketing strategies,

frequently offering limited-time promotions and advertising directly to cost-conscious travelers.

8. Fleet Expansion: Successful LCCs have expanded their fleets to serve a growing number
of routes and destinations, increasing their market share.

9. Adaptation to Market Changes: LCCs are agile and can quickly adapt to changing
market conditions, such as shifting their focus to leisure travel during the COVID-19 pandemic.

AIRLINE INDUSTRY
- Are the main movers in the aviation industry. Travelling by air may be the most expensive
mode of transport, but it also the fastest and most convenient, which compensates for
the higher fares paid for by passengers.
- It is a company or an organization that provides air transportation. Typically, it is a part of
a system that operates at airports using airplanes as its vehicles. Airlines provide a means
to move people or goods from one point to another.
 TYPES OF AIR CARRIERS OR AIRLINES
- Air carriers or airlines can be classified according to their area of operation. Airlines can
either be domestic, regional, or international.
-
DOMESTIC AIRLINES
- Domestic airlines operate within the same country. Domestic airlines limit their
operations to flights between different cities or provinces in the country. Domestic
carriers offer less expensive fares because of the shorter distance between domestic
points. Passengers on domestic flights are commuters who usually need to travel from
their home city to their place of work.Ex: Manila – Cebu REGIONAL AIRLINES
REGIONAL AIRLINES
-can be used for those air carriers that operate within a geographical region. These airlines
are usually limited to their destinations because of the type of airplane they use. Some
airplanes only have a maximum flying time of 3-6 hours and with such limitations, they can
fly only to destinations within the airline’s geographic region.Ex: Philippines – Thailand
-
INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES
- International airlines are different from regional airlines in the distance they travel.
Typically, international airlines travel to destinations with more than 7 hours of flying
time. Airlines that fly longhaul routes fall into this type. Ex: Manila, Philippines – Los
Angeles, California
-
Classification of Commercial Airline
- 1. Legacy or Heritage or Full-service airline
- - These are airlines with international schedule service.They often operate with the
more tradition or old- strategies.
- 2. Low-cost Airline
- - LCCs are airlines that often offer low fares. The term low cost applies to both the
consumers or the passengers and from the airline management.
- 3. Air Taxi or Charters
- - Air taxis or Air charters are air transportation companies that do not provide schedule
service.
- 4. Boutique Airlines
- - Boutique airlines are not low-cost carriers but are often mistaken as such.
Most boutique carries use small airplane, giving the impression of being low-cost.
-
TRENDS IN AIR TRAVEL Post-COVID-19
- As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread globally, many businesses has to put
their employees on furlough, and some even had to retrench to save their businesses.
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HEALTH SAFETY
- For safety reasons, the new normal traveling gear will include a face mask or even a face
shield. The plane will be quiet as chitchats are discouraged. There will be lesser
passengers because social distancing is now a requirement for the new normal and this
will impact airline profitability. For airlines, a flight is profitable if at least 80% of seats
are sold. But with seating passengers apart, the 80% passenger load factor (PLF) will be
difficult to achieve.
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DIGITALIZATION
- Digitalization has been the trend even pre-COVID-19. It has gained more traction post-
COVID19 when touchless and contactless transactions are encouraged. Check-in kiosks
are gaining popularity, and the implementation is on the fast track.
- Airline websites have become a one-step shop where passengers are encouraged to
use when booking flights. Communications with airlines are done through email and
other communication apps as cancellation and other changes to flight arrangements are
also done digitally.
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TRAVEL BEHAVIOR
- Travel behavior and buying patterns may change post-COVID-19. With the pandemic
still ongoing, domestic travel will be more popular over international travel. Local
government units may have their own travel protocols, but slowly, travelers will be
allowed to go around the country.
- Domestic travel may bounce back ahead of international travel because of this.
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SPACE TOURISM
- Man has conquered space travel since the late 1960s. After 50 plus years, is tourism
ready for space tourism? What exactly is space tourism?
- Space tourism is a new niche tourism that gives the traveler the experience of being an
astronaut. Henderson and Wai (2019) explained that tourists may want to have this
experience mostly for recreation or leisure but may also be for business purposes. In the
study of Reddy et al. (2009), motivations that will drive people to do space travel
include being able to view Earth from space, having a feeling of weightlessness,
experiencing super highspeed travel, having an unusual experience, and being able to
contribute to science (Henderson & Wai, 2019).
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ROLES OF AIRPORT, PARTS OF AIRPORT, PASSENGER ACTIVITIES AT THE AIRPORT
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- An airport is defined as a location or a place where passengers and cargo/freight gather
for controlled and scheduled dispersal (Rodrigue et al., 2013). It is a general term for a
place where interchange of transportation modes can also happen. It is the most
common name we use for the entire facility. Interesting enough, an airport is composed
of not only the terminal but it also has seven other components. According to
Components of an Airport (n.d.), these include the runway, taxiway, apron, control
tower, hangar, and parking. Most of these components are working behind the scenes
from the point of view of passengers. Passengers spend their time mostly within or
inside the passenger terminal.

Runway
- The runway is the strip of a heavily paved area where airplanes use for take-off and
landing Wind direction is considered when designing the runway of the airport. The
bigger airports of the world have several runways. A regular-sized airport runway can
accommodate a maximum of thirty movements (landing or take-off) within the day. A
busier airport will need to have another runway (Components of an Airport, n.d.).
- Airport runways also have special markings to help airline pilots identify them even
from a distance. At night, airports must have special lightings to guide flight crew for
night landing. The airport terminal lights are not enough. Some of these special lightings
include an approach lighting system, runways threshold lights, taxiway edge lights, and
several other specific lighting equipment.
- Runways can limit the type of airplane that can land on and take off from an airport.
They are usually built with concrete to make them last longer. Extending the runway is
one way to expand its market. Runway extensions make it possible for bigger aircraft
with heavier payloads to land. Airplanes needing more fuel for longer flights will also be
accessible to the airport (Kazda & Caves, 2015).

Taxiway
- Taxiways are different from runways. It is what connects the runways to the other
airport components such as the passenger terminal, apron, or parking. For some
airports, the taxiway is used for changing from one runway to another (Components of
an Airport, n.d.).
- The design of the taxiway of an aerodrome is difficult to conceptualize. The basic design
can be enough for an airport with minimal aircraft movement. The more complex the
runway and taxiway system is, the more the operating costs become more effective
(Kazda & Caves, 2015). The more taxiways there are, the more airplanes can take off
and land.

Apron
 - The apron in airline terms does not only refer to what the cabin crew wears when they
serve meals. It is the area when airplanes park in front of the terminal. This is where
airplanes can load and unload passengers and cargo. Some refer to this area as the
ramp, but the apron is the international term used (It’s Not a Tarmac! Airline
Terminology, 2014).
- One of the busiest areas of the airport is the apron. This is where the airplane, other
vehicles, as well as people, move around. This area is where most airplanes park to
allow passengers to disembark and wait for passengers to board. While parked,
incoming cargo is offloaded. Once the cargo haul is empty, outgoing cargo can be
loaded.
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- Aircraft refueling is also done in this area of the airport. With this in consideration,
Kazda and Caves (2015) emphasized that the apron should be well-designed. Safety
must be considered for the people in and around the terminal building, as well as those
inside and around the aircraft while it is parked.

Hangar
- Hangars are connected to taxiways for easy access for airplanes. Components of an
Airport (n.d.) described the hangar as a structure where the aircraft is repaired or
serviced. This structure is like a huge shed made from steel trusses and frames. It is
large enough to allow aircraft to easily move in and out of the structure.
- Hangars are essential in maintaining and repairing aircraft. They provide shelter and
protection from the elements, allowing mechanics and technicians to work on the
planes efficiently. Hangars are equipped with specialized tools and equipment needed
for repairs and servicing, such as hydraulic lifts, power tools, and diagnostic equipment.

Control Tower
- The control tower is the iconic structure that overlooks the entire airport. It serves as
the nerve center of the airport, where air traffic controllers monitor and control the
movement of aircraft on the ground and in the air. The control tower is equipped with
radar systems, communication equipment, and visual displays that provide real-time
information about the location and status of aircraft. Air traffic controllers communicate
with pilots to ensure safe takeoffs, landings, and taxiing.

Parking
- Parking areas in airports are designated spaces for passengers and airport staff to park
their vehicles. These parking lots can be located within or near the terminal building,
providing convenient access to the airport. Parking fees may apply, and security
measures such as surveillance cameras and security personnel are often in place to
ensure the safety of vehicles.

Airport Terminal
- The airport terminal building is the first impression passengers have of their destination
and plays a crucial role in the travel experience. It serves as the processing point for
departing passengers, where tickets, passports, and boarding passes are checked. It also
provides a waiting area before boarding and houses airline offices and administration.
Security measures restrict access to certain areas, and arriving and departing passengers
are separated. Most airports have separate departure and arrival areas.

Passenger Activities at the Airport

- The passenger activity at the airport includes the check-in process, where passengers
present their travel documents and receive a boarding pass. Passengers can also check
in online and receive a digital boarding pass. Checked baggage can be tagged and
dropped off at the bag drop area. International passengers have additional steps, such
as verifying their passports and visas and going through security checks. Between the
check-in counter and the pre-departure area, there are concessionaires where
passengers can shop, dine, or relax. The pre-departure area is where passengers wait
for their flight. At the arrival level, passengers claim their checked-in bags and may need
to clear customs if they have items of commercial quantity.
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 - Airport Activities for Airport Personnel
- Landside Operations
- Airline personnel working on the landside operations are generally called
ground staff or ground personnel. The role of the ground staff is crucial because they
are maybe the passenger’s first point of face-to-face contact. Coleman (2020)
emphasized that the ground staff needs good customer service skills to make the travel
experience of passengers better and memorable.
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At Check-in
- When a passenger arrives at the check counter, the ground staff assigned will
check the airline system if the passenger is included in the manifest for the flight. The
ground staff at this area are commonly called check-in agents. The travel documents are
also checked for authenticity to make sure they match the name in the manifest A seat
is then assigned to the passenger following the weight and balance required for the
flight. A boarding pass is issued together with baggage tags for checked-in luggage. The
baggage tag is attached to the bags. The travel documents are returned to the
passenger together with the boarding pass. The check-in agent goes over the details in
the boarding pass highlighting the assigned departure gate and boarding time.
- The Issuance of the boarding pass can be done digitally. With today’s technology
passengers can “check-in” days before their flight. Another option is to use check-in kiosk
at the departure area to avoid having to queue up at the check-in counters. Check-in
kiosk are also important for contactless service.
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Around the Terminal
- Some ground staff are tasked to go around the terminal to assist passengers.
They may be looking for missing passengers or moving passengers along to facilitate the
boarding. Some are assigned to help with elderly passengers and children who are
traveling alone.
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At the Departure Gate
- When a flight is ready for boarding, the ground staff assigned at the pre-depart
gate facilitate the boarding. They again check that only those passengers for the specific
flight exit the correct departure gate on their way to the aircraft. This is done by checkin
the boarding pass and travel documents, such as a passport for international flights
andfor domestic flights. They ensure that all checked-in passengers are able to board
the flight. Time permitting, if there are missing passengers, coordination is done with
other ground staff to locate the missing passengers.
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Upon Arrival
- The ground staff meet the airplane by the aircraft door. They coordinate
assistance for passengers who might need special handlings, like wheelchair assistance
or direct connecting passengers to the transfer desk. They are around the arrival area to
easily assist passengers who may need help.
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Airside Operations
- Airline staff who work on the airside operations are often unseen by the
passengers. Their roles are as important as any airline personnel (Coleman, 2020). They
work in the airfield and the ramp. They make sure the airplane is safe and secure for
another flight.
- Refueling
- An Airbus article titled, “Safe Aircraft Refueling” (n.d.), reported that one of the
most activities on the airside of airports is refueling. Refueling operators must strictly
follow safety protocols. Refueling is the only task of the refueling operator, but
coordination be done with the flight crew, cabin crew, and other operators.
- While passengers are deplaning and boarding, refueling can be done
simultaneously (Kazda & Cavesk, 2015). This simultaneous activity can likened to a
Formula 1 pitstop where all checks are done at the same time. This is a time-saving
technique where airlines and airports both benefit from.
- Parking the Aircraft
 - Aircraft marshals guide the airplane to park in the proper position. In most
cases, they communicate with the flight crew through body signals. In the BAA Training
article titled, “What is aircraft marshalling?” (2016), it was explained that whenever
radio communication is available, it is preferred to guide the pilots to the assigned area
for parking.
Maintenance Checks
- Aircraft mechanics or engineers ensure an airplane is airworthy and is fit to fly.
Line or light maintenance is done on an airplane pre-flight. The mechanics or engineers
check the airplane for troubleshooting, component replacement, defect rectification,
and minor repairs. (Aircraft Maintenance, 2020). Aircraft Maintenance (2020) also
reported that an airplane must also go through t or D checks for base or heavy
maintenance checks regularly. Aircraft mechanics look for signs of
- deterioration of the airframe, engine, and systems. This is also when
technology Upgrade is done, as well as painting and/or cabin
reconfiguration.
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Cargo Loading/Unloading
- Cargo loading is complicated. Weight and balance must be considered for the
safety of the aircraft and passengers.
- This is another activity done on the airside of the airport. Cargo refers to both th
passenger checked-in baggage and other freight, SKYbrary’s article titled, “Loading
Aircraft with Cargo” (2020), explained that space is considered not only for loading cap
but also for ensuring the proper distributi of weight. Cargo loaders or operators strictly
follow the Loading Instruction Fo (LIF). The use of electronic forms makes easier and
safer for the cargo loading team the Sky. Though unloading cargo is easier must be done
carefully to ensure the air hold is not damaged or the cargo intact.
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Airport Ownership and Management
- When the airline industry started in the 1940s, airports were owned and
managed by governments. Privatization became popular throughout the world in the
1980s. Airports at that time were commercialized and taken over by corporations. The
common reason is for easier access to private sector’s financing and investment (Oum
et al., 2006, p. 1-18).
- Today, airports are either government-owned or privately owned. It is further
detailed as a government agency or department operating an airport directly, mixed
private- government ownership with a private majority, mixed government-private
ownership with a government majority, government ownership but contracted out to a
management authority under a long-term lease, multilevel governments form an
authority to own/ operate one or more airports in the region, and 100% government
corporation ownership/ operation.
- The study of Oum et al. (2006, p. 1-18) showed that airports under government
or where the government has major ownership are less efficient than airports that are
privately owned. This study encouraged different governments to divest and allow the
private to take over.
- In the case of the Philippines, the government stimulated the private sector to
own, build, and manage major international airports. Incentives were given to private
corporations or individuals to encourage airport (Oplas, 2019). Hence, Ninoy Aquino
International Airport, Mactan-Cebu International Airport, and Clark International Airport
are not fully controlled by CAAP and are instead under separate management. CAAP’s
mandate fully covers other airports in the Philippines. Though the three airports are
privately owned, CAAP still supervises and controls them.
Revenues for Airport
- Airports generally offer services rather than products. In order to provide these
services, airport managements need to maintain and continuously develop and improve
their facilities as well.
- The costs of maintenance, improvement, development, and providing are quite high.
Prather et al. (2015) stressed that for airports to continue their operations, they to
those expenses.
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- Airport fees can be classified into two: aeronautical revenues and non-aeronautical.
Airports have two main revenue streams. The first, aeronautical revenue, includes
money made from passenger charges, airline terminal space and security rentals and
airline landing and usage fees. The second non-aeronautical revenue is generated from
retail, food and beverage concessions, parking, and other activities.