s>p>d

Ke
leseaexpeienee bitas
lnnucleua
: the from Sistnee D
called
electens cellsis he
dm Hhe
jnninelctrensPhesentin &hell
valente te byet lonsenepaine Ihe >
Changelz)
nuelea efahie catled elcbsns
valenee the by
fell chaHe actual he >
a elonnonts
an he
popedis chinnial ahd
hysical the law poiodio mmoden Hicanding
to
phgperies
Unit
 heche afonie unber in Conglesao
electsea with the metal ate s ian
allen gaining elotneny fram thu dona
+ No eegalnid fam
tAN he olonah aton
he

o-odinaton nunah 6

36

6
oOhdinatign nunber 6

36:

Jhe abilty d an elcbren to qet close to ho

called penetaien f Hse eleotN.
 The electgs ae aw atthacedto he nclay
but at he sameine eletOs Hepil ea
Reult in shielding
Venctaten nd, shielolig
pinciples in detuik the phscal and
blemint

Qnd attHacisny it

pencbating
this thedh
pewen
pause o an elecban felloa
1s>hs >2p>3s >sp>s> 3d >tp5s) 4d
5p >6sY
4e a each shel cund sub shdl'
1s <ls <lp<3s <3p< 9s< 3d <4p
feiod Thonds due o feneatan and shietding
Nuclea

table pericdke
(6) Atemis
 n o poriod, and incHlase.

c) Tonisaion negy 9t incnease am f o

nd deoeasee to botte

(d) Electuychiuihy Jhe clectuonagakiuity of heelemns

peiod and
botte nn a

# Aiwsisn elemeda intoAp, d and f

hocka
Jhe elements as aULanged Can
d thealsoleg
be
fosn e he peniodie table
Aded into Lowe man blocky_Knern
as s pd anl blocks
D5-blocko elemena 2) Jhe elementa hich
the last electnen enters He s cbital ef
thein eutumast enegy luel ane caleeo
S- blok elementsJhe elements el electenie
ceniguatiow ns' ae called alkall metals.
un
uhile' thee with ns2 electueu cenlgat
ae called alkoaline eahy metale
E.c) hs

Jhe 5-block centais 13 elemenk, excapl

thablock iut poiod, each athen peniod he
(2) P-block elemenbe the elements uhee
atoms ecine the last eleetren in
Lhei p-abital called p -block
element
2C ns -lb
>9t conlain 3h elements uith the exceptisan
frst perisd, each ethev peiodd ef Hhe
las qet 6 element
(3) d-block element Jhee ane Huese. clement
in wich the last eleeten Bntes the
d- obi tal ef the last but
lenel C Peremate shell)
C) nsled

9t cantain 33 elements ulhile Hae încomplok

Senenth peiod has gat nly
he e block hay gat le element
4) blak elemensD Jhe eloment én ubicn
the ast electon entens the f-Biifaly
called block
element9
(n-Del
elemnt belonging to - blodt ae
ealled ne
 4 elunent ea

Variatsw s,p d, obial ngias

ghyical andchenial
popotiu whih shaw peúads
VOiatie th atomie unber, Some of these
propates Sueh as:
(2)Atenáo size (3)Tizatow
Enengy

6) elecknoregotiily
Valency » tis wAally deteuninid by electrons
1 Qutsnad shell'ecame the eukes elechens
ahe he cnes lasely espansble for the
Chnical behaMic
a) Vauiatin
el incheases
the usual valeney Hhe elmuis inckea
1 b4 and then deoeasen to .

(6) Vaiatim in agonyy Gn aeuing deun a

oup the nembe valebee electrany
bemains the sane fon example
Gueupz Zyalene)
Jhensiiow elementst Jhey cxhibit vaiable
but hei msk cnme

dslined. nules to
e autemost shell iwndanng the elctans

1 Covalen Hadi
Lenio adi

o Hhe dis taee beuecn the nuclei

sane elenen jn a molule

Aeyalat lbond longt]

ayalent odii

ron bonded isolaed atom er thio adiacent

atomy lbelenging to two nelghbouhig maleulea
 Jatse ane Van de waal saeli? are ahuay
kagen. than covalent adi.
thn Van de waal's
Covalend bond snonge
n4 ped
( Voriatew o atmio sadins tn qeneral, atonic
dncease nn ctenio nwnbe as w
we mue
om luft do gbt in the pehibdic table.
Vaiatou a omio lncoaQoup» Jhe atoic
hallia atemic
Bu) uan nease
Sme Haci o 'elemento increale

Ionio ahiy t is dafined

ionio bond

moe thy
wed losely bsiend electren fum
isolab
Ionizatien
’ i alo called ionizaiaw puential
becauseit is measwed as the Gmont
o potentia! noeded to emene dhe mest
oosely helal eletom frem Hhe

factou an which Ionizalisn Cuengy deptn

15i1e a atom Tonzaleu enngy tuncs to.
deneae uith Hho ineiase n the size
atow
Sie

Qu nucls Jhe incease n nuclea

thange it becAmes
an eleoten and
Me dilioult to tenene
Ionnaieuenegy incheases

Chang
electal iniased thethe
TouiaHn enegy decnensel.
No. o e- X1_

Ioizai en
 S>p> d

Jhe noble qases ae more stable anl haue

kiglnast ianhafeu enengie.
Jhe d d tuhich aue
and Hhei jenizaten eneyio a laige.

atom

Nef 2080

N(MO2)
o314)
e(&446)to6-4)

2s°ap

a) Vaiahen deun a qroup Jhe is aqadna

duchese in isaitaiun engy i moing
fom do bottem
 650 L(520:3)
Naly469

K418.4)
Rbl403)
(s C34y)
360+

uconine Jeniatian tnangias

Jhe enengiy equiiud to engne subseguent
electons the atew in the gauces
state Jhe tem inst, stcendHhind anol
to he
Hind and mene
ypectiuey Jhese changes naay be naphesented.
folla
Ml) e
1ezy H"(4) te

(4) lecew Allisty Jhe amount o engy

eleased uhn an electuw s 'adole
is olated qaseons ate. Jhe
Poces maybe esyesid as
 tactau n which elete
DNonlea thang
Alctren Afiniy Nuclan chay

Size he atam a
Glectnan oniy
» Jhe eleent hang
(3 loctuanio Conlgakencenliguatias
Alable eletitie hane

Shailiy elebonany
pa n ming deuun
the. the am atni size Que nuclea
Change inchLQse. Consequenthy eletnew
affithy dacheasea
u(348-3)
350 6A (3 24"3)
325 P(327-4)
I(215-3)
2115 +
So
Alomic Numbe (z)

peiod , the size a the atem deleases

 and uclean change inteases Jheufo,
eleca allinity, n qenenal y ineAasei in
a poindfrann
Cetain aiegulantis
affo
ahe
hight.
obeued
Haemeng
tnend

(6)bcbuneaaliuity
ddeny da
dofined as the
atgn tt atbnaet he
shared opaied o electnem touuala
covblent bond
Fackn ofeainq Glicbongaliuity
(1) Atemie Sises
Atemie size &1
elatonugaiuiy
(2) $tat o ybidisation
Heybid she Bement

s
Ca 332 chanaeten
sp 257. deseases
to sp'
deereaes' s0, shieloling feot olcAses
means attacien deleases and Wenee
elehongtiahy aso dereases.
 (3) Ohcahn Sata 36 to attact
elooien

1) leotnie Conliguatin»
A l l y d and kall flhdeleebronic
Cevigwndhion nod aceep! the electnns
do
Soeloelonegaiuny decheases Becaus
lalaeldy sable atem

Vai aita Glaluoagohiys

hat mie size oeceases uuch mean
altuocten e up Loming electon neases
So, Glectongattihy uitl gel inuase
LBe B C N
Clethongalináy inease
we Umon ue to to botte ano due
eletronegaiity
deeas es
 B
11
tlacbaugahly
decase
Al

Angplialsns o aebonegaliyo
1etewùnaien Odiatieni bato
ybridtattea
Bend ade
3 Caleutatiens o/
y Hehlio and h ealle chaachen
Palan eh nenpoler meleenle
S

#olarnizabiily
elonizabilhy
hich an ectron couol
by
Palavisobliy
whene E u olenehd he strengt4
the eleotnio He'induedd
fld dip ole
p nepe enb
monent
Na
Befone Polaizaiers
 3) + Ngs pclaúzaien ccen
Hence Covalent behaia
ccun he meleule

(6) lane hegatiely chongcd ien,Suah as I

pethvizable
kigly
c) Small pashuely chagad jos such as Hgfa
low poleizzbilihy
Haou had Snlenee elnizoblihyo
Numbes ee lelaiabilih.
from nuelelu
# Didiaften Stat
Oxidaisn Stade is delined as He chagc
exibed ihby netal atsn by Hhe'adolitis
eemsual eleetuen
Hi)
Hl4) H*e
thein oxiatieu
 p blok elmant, oxidaion nmbe
Caloulated toal nunben o valanee
Cleeteont
9(2,1)
0> 9(2,6) 2
N» (2, 5) z -3
Al» 13(2, 8,3) t3
fohead block clenets, ane hauing vaíable
Oxidatiem stak ca
ut3

fen blok elenens, also shew ey ig

Vaiable
Lats Las, latt

2 0
 seme atem and ion:

SCN,-l
N 0
# o0hdinakon Nomben
as the total nunben cf utdnbhk
dtal and ligands fo cobndinat bondl.

fe [lo)sl: 5
2) a lEDTA) 6
# HSAB binóßes is gven by Peasue to
explain the Sabilihy cenpleres
a this peindiple
Acodingcemkine , handbaseaoid.and
pHelery t, U withhand
se acid pralera to combine with selt base
natu

acept electenn they' ae chasactenised loy

Small ieuie kadius
higkh peshwe chargthin vaen shel
oHbitals n
 Stongly seluabed
+4

Aid t is del?nedathe acid wuhi elw

aekepl electens Jhey ae Chanatenised by
hang fenio adiA:
Aes 'sa panhal pesite change
omplekly liled onbitblh
ntinedlaie' Eleesongahuihy
stato
as the baue uich
dangt electo Tay ase chasachnised by
atemio ras bmall 1enio saclus
Law' eetongailky
. At' a polarizabe donen
taiy wndanga oxidatem
Nyaiely chaled e Nutral.

as he base uhic
denate elucin Jhey ate cha
chanaoised by
Small inio adius
 gh hcloregafvihy
udeakly pelaiza'be.
Nen pblarizable olonan
Highty solvahedl

# Geonery Halbeude»
cohseapouding
to he Cental atn in'a
n a olefinik oliectisn
iu calld as he qeamlny o" Haleule.
> Valenes shell electnen ain kepluion e VSEPR
Jhesny
Jhe main idea this theoy s the eledtta
pain swBLOLnding tho centala n epel
eaeh ther nd meue each
othe 50hat no mane sleplyien eclwu
as a esult th maleclehas miiimum
ancl maímun stabiliy
Pastuats VSEPR Jhoy
Valene shell clectnen paiu asunol
the Cental atom n Q melecule.

) Valee shell electen pains anewvd the Cental

 atom n A
malscle dend do stay
an apart as pesi ble
(3) 3 Hhein s no- lone pan Ihe geoniely a a
maleeule u hegulan. tha
mane lone pah is phesent then the geenely

Lp-LP>LP Bp>BP- BP.

(4) hen he
Siila bonded electon pais,
Buy heflusie intenaction betusn eleatuon
pav one iila end de maleclah
guonmeay hegukn
(6) When the cendhal aen is susewnded
by boh bonded end lone pins af valenae
eldetens Aby wniquivaleul boneled poiss
Jhe eplsie Bntnachsns ane nat equivalat
geomdny
sN ePi
Total Geomeb
kase Paind
Bond Pais
kone Geemedy
D B-A-B
(ineon
2) 3 3 (Tiangula) Bfa 50,

3
N (Vshae NO2z
lSNa Total BasieBrdl loe Gheomdlny
efia Cyeonetb Pain Pai
3)4 AB A CTelaheral)
B

Kytanidal) NHS

448,L, 2 2 VShape, Bend shape, hgu

shapt
, .
AB,5 8(Taigonal Bipgui) PUE, Pr
5 A8,L4 (See-saw)

6- A6,1 3 2A-8
2 l1-Sheped)

5. |Aeal3 3 Xefa
8
(5) 6 A66 Ocakedal )

6AB 51 atagonat
8 B

6AByt4 2
(Spuae
planan Xe fy