JSS2 SOCIAL STUDIES SECOND TERM E-LESSON NOTE

VALUES

CULTURE AND SOCIAL VALUES (1)

CULTURE AND SOCIAL VALUES (2): MARRIAGE

MARRIAGE II

FAMILY AS THE BASIC UNIT OF SOCIETY

GENDER

GENDER AND STEREOTYPES II

SCHOOL ACCIDENTS

HEALTH ISSUES

JSS2 SOCIAL STUDIES SECOND TERM: RELIGIONS IN NIGERIA

Topic: Value

Outline:

Meaning of Values

Importance of Values

Levels of manifestation of Values

Factors that promote good value system

Meaning of Value
Value can be define as the degree of quality or worth of a thing. It can also be defined as the lay
down rules or standard that guides our interaction with people.value influences our character
and attitude towards other people. Values can be defined as conceptions or standards by which
things are compared and approved or disapproved, desired or undesired. Values may also refer
to interest, pleasure, likes preferences, duties moral obligations, wants, needs, aversions and
attractions. Values can be defined as the worth, merit or esteem which a person, individuals or
group of people in the society or community have for an objects or an idea. For example when
someone says ‘I value my life’ or ‘I value my certificate’, it means that such person cherishes or
loves his life or certificate. Values therefore holds attraction for us and we cherish to possess
them. What has value is actually valuable or good, as opposed to what is regarded as good or
valuable. The values are things that have value, things that are good, things that are right,
obligatory, beautiful or even true, or even moral values.

In other words value can also be described as the measure of those qualities that determine
merit, desirability, usefulness and importance. These involve levels of superiority that are
usually high.

Importance of Values to the Society

Values provide an avenue for criteria in Judgement

Values provide means through which culture are learnt and transmitted from generation to
generation

Through values, order is maintained and responsibilities are carried out

Through values unity and cooperation are enhanced in the society

Values foster growth and development in the society.

Levels of Manifestation of Values

There are six levels

Spiritual Values – These have to do with importance attached to things and relating to
someone’s mind and their deepest thoughts, feelings, beliefs as regards religious affinity.

Family Life Values – These relate to what the member of a given family attaches importance to

Societal Values – These refer to important places, people and the way they live together. They
also refer to activities in whic one enjoys the company of other people.

Economic Values – These involve importance attached to trade, industry or commerce, what to
engage in and the motives behind it. either to make profit or otherwise

Political Values – These refer to the importance attaced to power, relationship and government
of a country. i.e. political beliefs

Personal Values – These refer to what an individual holds in esteem i.e. privacy, interacting with
others.

Factors that Promote Good Value System

Consistency – For a particular value to be upheld, there is the need for quality behaviour in the
same way or having the same opinions or standard. You can not allow one thing today when
you are feeling fine and tomorrow forbids it because you are tired

Trust – This has to do with having belief or confidence in the honesty, goodness, skill or safety
of a person, organisation or thing. In te same vein, if a group of people believe in a particular
thing and have confidence in each other there is every tendency for them to achieve a desirable
goal as a result of element of trust among them.

Tolerance – This arises when an individual or group of individuals develop te ability to bear
something unpleasant or annoying or continue existing despite disadvantageous condition.
There is therefore need for willingness to accept behaviour and beliefs whic are different from
one’s own.
Fairness – There is a need to treat people in the society equally in a way that is right or
reasonable in order to promote good value system

Integrity – For a particular value system to be held, members of the society must exhibit the
quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that they will refuse to change

Commitment – This has to do with being loyal and promise to support or behave in a particular
way.

Political value

Family values

Assessment

———— can be defined as the worth of a thing

a. moral

b. value

c. behaviour

d. character

The ability to be truthful and straight forward is

a. co-operation

b. integrity

c. contentment
d. honesty

———– can influence our value and character towards other people

a. behavior

b. value

c. money

d. houses

The means of being happy with and satisfied with what one has is

a. justice

b. fairness

c. contentment

d. none of the above

All of these are types of value except

a. fairness

b. envy

c. justice

d. sincerity

Topic: Culture and Social Values (1)

Content-
 1. Meaning of culture

2. Importance of culture

3. Features of culture

4. Characteristics of culture

Meaning of Culture

This is the totality of the way of life of the people. It includes the people’s beliefs, their way of
worship, their arts and crafts, language, religion, dressing, way of thinking, dancing, greeting
and eating habits.

The culture of Nigeria is shaped by Nigeria’s multiple ethnic groups. The country has 527
languages, seven of them are extinct. Nigeria also has over 1150 dialects and ethnic groups. The
six largest ethnic groups are the Hausa and Fulani in the north, the Igbo in the southeast, and
the Yoruba predominate in the southwest, Efik – Ibibio, and Ijaw of the southsouth.

The Edo people are most frequent in the region between Yorubaland and Igboland. Many of the
Edo tend to be Christian. This group is followed by the Ibibio/Annang/Efik people of the coastal
south southern Nigeria and the Ijaw of the Niger Delta.

Nigeria’s other ethnic group, sometimes called ‘minorities’, are found throughout the country
but especially in the north and the middle belt. The traditionally nomadic Fulani can be found
all over West and Central Africa. The Fulani and the Hausa are predominantly Muslim while the
Igbo are predominantly Christian and so are the Efik, Ibibio, and Annang people. The Yoruba are
equally likely to be either Christian or Muslim. Indigenous religious practices remain important
to all of Nigeria’s ethnic groups, and frequently these beliefs are blended with Christian beliefs,
a practice known as syncretism

Importance of culture

The way of life of any society involves a number of areas (labour, politics, economics, ethics,
aesthetics, law, family, religion, etc). The importance of culture in Nigeria cannot be
overestimated.

Nigeria culture plays an important role in lives of separate individuals and the society as the
whole. Culture helps to accumulates, control and organise the human experience. It is basically
what makes a person human. When a person becomes a member of the society, he
accumulates knowledge about language, symbols, values, norms, customs and traditions of that
environment. In this country, individuals usually become a part of one or more ethnic groups in
Nigeria. An person’s immersion in a culture is determined by his/her socialization, familiarity
with cultural heritage, as well as the development of his individual abilities.All these are usually
achieved in the process of upbringing and education. Culture unites people, integrates them,
and ensures their strength as a community. Unfortunately, in our country, some subcultures
oppose each other which lead to the spread of cultural differences in Nigeria. Cultural conflicts
can arise within large communities as a result. To prevent this, it is important to control the
formation of cultural values in a society. This is one of the tools used by the government to
create a more conducive and secured environment.

Features/characteristics of culture

Culture is dynamic and flexible

Culture is learnt over a period of time

Culture is continuous and does not die with people

Culture differs from place to place

Culture is universal to mankind and not particular to a peculiar group of people.

Exercise

What is culture?

Briefly explain the two components of culture.

Mention the general characteristics of culture and explain whether and how they are
obtainable in your specific cultural background.

Topic- Marriage

Outline:

Meaning of Marriage

Types of Marriage

Purposes of Marriage

WHAT IS MARRIAGE?

Marriage is the union of a man and a woman as husband and wife. Marriage is a legally or
formally recognized union of a man and a woman as partners in a relationship. Marriage is the
legally or formally recognized union of a man and a woman as partners in a relationship.
Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a socially or ritually recognized union or legal
contract between spouses that establishes rights and obligations between them, between them
and their children, and between them and their in-laws, as well as society in general.

Marriage is an intimate and complementing union between a man and a woman in which the
two become one physically, in the whole of life. The purpose of marriage is to reflect the
relationship of the Godhead and to serve him. Although the fall has marred the divine purpose
and function of marriage, this definition reflects the God-ordained ideal for marriage from the
beginning.

As creator of the marriage relationship, God becomes the essential supporting party to a
marriage, giving wisdom, discretion, understanding, and love to protect the union and to
enable it to honor God; continued reliance upon God is imperative for spouses to have a
successful marriage.

MARRIAGE SYSTEMS IN NIGERIA

Nigeria is made up of different ethnic group. Each ethnic group often has its own marriage
system

Traditional or Customary Marriage: This is a marriage entered into according to native law and
customs. It differs from one area to another in Nigeria. Thus, there are traditional marriage
customs for the Igbos, Hausas, Yorubas, Edos, Effiks e.t.c. Traditional marriage can be either
monogamy or polygamy. It is common practice for people to perform the traditional marriage
rites first before the other forms such as the church marriage or court marriage.

Marriage under Ordinance or Court marriage: It is contracted in the court before a court
registrar.

Features of Court Marriage

It does not allow either of the couples to enter into a second marriage, unless at the death or
official divorce of the other partner

It is provided by the government

It is a monogamous form of marriage

A marriage ordinance certificate is given to the couple who marry this way
3. Church marriage: It is conducted in a church according to the holy bible by a Pastor.
Christians perform church marriage. It is a monogamous form of marriage, where a man
marries only one wife. Many community recognize this type of marriage as wedding.

4. Muslim or Islamic marriage: This type of marriage takes place in a mosque or the house of
the parents of the woman. It is carried out according to the instructions in the Holy quran and
Hadith. In this form of marriage, the man is allowed to marriage many wives. It is polygamous,
however, he should not live with more than four wives at a time and the woman are to be
treated equally. This marriage is conducted by an Imam.

5. Other forms of marriage

Gift marriage: A girl may be given out for marriage by her parents as a sort of gift even without
her consent. In this case, there will be no courtship or bride price.

Widow Inheritance marriage: This is a marriage where a male kinsman such as the son of a
dead man of very close relatives marries his dead father’s or brother’s wife. He becomes the
legal husband and the children belongs to him.

Ghost marriage: This is a system of marriage where the younger brother of a dead husband to
be is expected to marry and have children in the dead man’s name. Both the wife and children
belong to the dead man.

C. WHY PEOPLE MARRY

For companionship

Desire to overcome loneliness

Desire to have children

To satisfy parents wish for their children to get married

Desire to become economically secure

Fear of remaining single

Opportunity to gain social stakes

Desire for freedom from parents

For protection

Exercise

What is marriage?

List and explain the factors to consider when choosing a marriage partner.

Discuss the various marriage systems that we have in Nigeria.

List and explain the features of a court marriage.

Why do people marry?

List and explain the functions of marriage.

Topic- Marriage II

Outline:

The conditions for marriage

Effects of lack of readiness on marriage relationship

B. FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING A PARTNER

A marriage may be entered into in a church, mosque or civil ceremony.

A civil ceremony is usually conducted by a judge at a District Court. Couples can also be married
by a belief community that is entitled to perform wedding ceremonies.

Church weddings may be conducted by a clergyman or a priest or minister of a registered

religious community. If the wedding is to take place in a religious community, this community
must be registered and licensed to perform wedding ceremonies. Persons wanting to get
married can contact a person authorised to perform wedding ceremonies (civil or church) at the
location where they want to get married.

Conditions for marriage:

Before a marriage can be entered into, the conditions for marriage must be proven. This means
it must be checked that those who are going to get married fulfil the conditions stipulated in
the Marriage Act. It is the National Registry (the tax office) that checks whether the conditions
for marriage have been met. The conditions include:

• Age requirement. A person who wants to get married must be at least 18 years old. If anyone
under 18 years of age wants to get married, they must have the consent of the person or
persons who have parental responsibility for them and of the County Governor. The County
Governor may only give such consent when there are strong grounds for a marriage. The
County Governor may not give consent if the person wanting to get married is under 16 years
of age. Anyone who marries someone under 16 years of age or is guilty of aiding and abetting in
this may be punished by imprisonment for up to four years.

• Voluntariness. A marriage must be voluntary on the part of both parties. According to the
General Penal Code, anyone who forces someone to get married may be sentenced to
imprisonment for up to six years. Aiding and abetting in this is punishable in the same way.
• Not closely related. The parties who are getting married must not be closely related to each
other. This means they must not be siblings or relatives in a direct ascending or descending line
(i.e. parents and children).

• Not already married. A person may not get married if he or she is already married or in a
registered partnership. A person who gets married despite the fact that he or she is already
married may be sentenced to imprisonment for up to four years. If the other spouse did not
know about this fact, a prison sentence of up to six years may be imposed. Aiding and abetting
is punished in the same way. Married persons who reside in Norway may be punished
according to this provision if they enter into a new marriage abroad.

• Anyone getting married must be legally entitled to be in the country. It is up to the person
getting married to document that he/she is legally entitled to be in his or her country.

• If any previous marriage or registered partnership has ended through divorce or death, the
administration and division of the previous matrimonial property must have been started on or
completed.

• If either of the parties has been divorced in a foreign country, this divorce must usually be
approved by the County Governor. This takes place pursuant to the Act relating to the
recognition of foreign divorces and separations.

• A person who is resident abroad must bring with him/her a certificate of no impediment to
marriage in order to get married in Norway. This certificate states that, according to the laws of
the country where the person resides, there is no impediment to him/her getting married in
Norway.

If the National Registry (tax office) finds that the conditions for marriage have been met, the tax
office issues a certificate of no impediment to marriage. The official who is to perform the
wedding ceremony must have this before the wedding can take place. A certificate of no
impediment to marriage from the National Registry is valid for four months from its date of
issuance.

Valid marriage

Marriage is entered into by the persons who are getting married coming before an official who
is to perform the wedding ceremony. While both are present, they must declare that they want
to get married to each other. Thereafter, the official who is to perform the wedding ceremony
will declare them to be a married couple.

If this wedding procedure is not followed, the marriage is not regarded as having been entered
into and is invalid. This means that marriages entered into by proxy or by telephone are not
recognised as being valid. A marriage will also be invalid if the official performing the ceremony
was not authorised to do so or there was no valid certificate of no impediment to marriage
from the National Registry.

Marriage entered into abroad

It is possible to be married by a foreign authority in accordance with the country in question’s

laws and regulations. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has information on foreign weddings on its
country pages. Many countries require a certificate of no impediment to marriage issued by the
National Registry. Persons who get married abroad must notify the Tax Administration and
submit a marriage certificate or proof that he or she has entered into a marriage. A marriage
entered into abroad under foreign law is recognised provided it was validly entered into in the
country where the wedding took place. A marriage entered into abroad will not, however, be
recognised if it will obviously offend the country’s legal order. If there is any doubt about
whether a marriage exists, a court action may be brought to prove the validity of the marriage.
A marriage entered into abroad will not be recognised if:

• one of the parties is a minor, i.e. under 18 years of age, when they get married,

• the marriage has been entered into without both parties being present at the wedding (a
telephone marriage or proxy marriage) or,
• one of the parties is already married.

Other conditions to be considered include:

Background

Economic security

Character

Health

Love

Compatibility

Parental consent

Blood group

FUNCTIONS OF MARRIAGE

God designed marriage to fulfill six important and vital functions. When we understand them,
we will be better able to honor marriage.

1. Companionship

Companionship – In Genesis 2:18 God said “it is not good that the man should be alone; I will
make him a helper”. True companionship grows out of a oneness of spirit. This occurs in
marriage when both the husband and wife can say, “My spouse is my best friend.” “Can two
walk together, except they be agreed?” (Amos 3:3).

2. Enjoyment
The principle behind enjoyment is self-control. “Marriage is honorable [precious] in all, and the
bed [should be kept] undefiled: but whoremongers and adulterers God will judge” (Hebrews
13:4). Also, marriage is for the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, because marriage
encourages couples to have responsible behaviour which helps them to live a healthy sexual life
and prevents them from contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.

3. Completeness

God designed Eve to complete that which was lacking in Adam’s life. “And Adam said, … She
shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man” (Genesis 2:23). Responsibility is a
major thing, and marriage demands responsible behaviour and faithfulness.

4. Fruitfulness

Procreation – This means to conceive, birth and train children in the way God wants. God’s first
command in Scripture is this: “… Be fruitful [bear fruit], and multiply [increase], and replenish
[fill] the earth …” (Genesis 1:28).

The very nature and character of God is to multiply life, whereas the nature and character of
Satan is to multiply death.

5. Protection

A husband is to protect his wife by laying down his life for her. (See Ephesians 5:25.) A wife is to
protect the interests of her home. (See Titus 2:4–5.) Parents are to protect their children to
raise up a Godly seed.

6. Typify Christ and the Church

Marriage is to be a human object lesson of the divine relationship between Christ and believers.
(See Ephesians 5:31–33.)

ASSESSMENT
List FOUR conditions of marriage?

List and explain FOUR functions of marriage?

Topic: Family as the basic unit of society

Content:

Meaning of family

Living together in the family

Advantages of living together as family

What happens when family don’t live together

Meaning of family

A family is a group of people who are related by birth or blood. It is a group of people closely
related by blood, marriage ties and adoption. The topic on family has been discussed in our
previous classes.

In the context of human society, a family (from Latin: familia) is a group of people affiliated
either by consanguinity (by recognized birth), affinity (by marriage or other relationship), or co-
residence (as implied by the etymology of the English word “family”) or some combination of
these. Members of the immediate family may include spouses, parents, brothers, sisters, sons,
and daughters. Members of the extended family may include grandparents, aunts, uncles,
cousins, nephews, nieces, and siblings-in-law. Sometimes these are also considered members of
the immediate family, depending on an individual’s specific relationship with them.
In most societies, the family is the principal institution for the socialization of children. As the
basic unit for raising children, anthropologists generally classify most family organizations as
matrifocal (a mother and her children); conjugal (a wife, her husband, and children, also called
the nuclear family); avuncular (for example, a grandparent, a brother, his sister, and her
children); or extended(parents and children co-reside with other members of one parent’s
family).

Living together in the family

Living together in the family is a situation where every member of the family i.e the father,wife
or wives and children including the extended families at times live together in unity. It is a
situation where there is no separation between the families.

One of the primary functions of the family involves providing a framework for the production
and reproduction of persons biologically and socially. This can occur through the sharing of
material substances (such as food); the giving and receiving of care and nurture (nurture
kinship); jural rights and obligations; and moral and sentimental ties. Thus, one’s experience of
one’s family shifts over time. From the perspective of children, the family is a “family of
orientation”: the family serves to locate children socially and plays a major role in their
enculturation and socialization. From the point of view of the parent(s), the family is a “family
of procreation”, the goal of which is to produce and enculturate and socialize children.
However, producing children is not the only function of the family; in societies with a sexual
division of labor, marriage, and the resulting relationship between two people, it is necessary
for the formation of an economically productive household.

Advantages of living together as family

Living together in a a family have so many advantages; which are:

Provision of security; living together as a family ensures every member of the family to be
secured fro any form of threat from any outsider and give them rest of mind than living
separately.

he love in the family becomes stronger

Economic strength for one another and the psychological well-being it imposes on the group

Living together builds confidence in the children

It helps the children and other member of the family to show love to their friends and members
of the society

Living together as a family brings happiness, protection and growth in the family

It helps to build good reputation for the family

What happens when family don’t live together

When family members don’t live together; the following are the consequences:

There will be no growth and development in such family

The children can end up becoming violent because of lack of love

Children from separated family lacks confidence and usually feel unsafe

It breeds unhealthy children

Exercise

A family is defined as————-?

Briefly explain what it means to live together as family.

One of the advantages of living together as family is———–? (a) it brings happiness, protection
and growth (b) it causes children to be violent (c) it causes backwardness in the family (d) all of
the above

What happens when family doesn’t live together?

Topic: Gender

Outline:

Meaning of gender

Similarities and differences between male and female

Meaning and examples of gender roles

Meaning

The state of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and cultural
differences rather than biological ones).

Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity
and femininity. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological sex (i.e.
the state of being male, female or an intersex variation which may complicate sex assignment),
sex-based social structures (including gender roles and other social roles), or gender identity.
Some cultures have specific gender roles that can be considered distinct from male and female,
such as the hijra (chhaka) of India and Pakistan.

According to World Health Organization (WHO), gender refers to the socially constructed
characteristics of women and men – such as norms, roles and relationships of and between
groups of women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed. While most
people are born either male or female, they are taught appropriate norms and behaviours –
including how they should interact with others of the same or opposite sex within households,
communities and work places. When individuals or groups do not “fit” established gender
norms they often face stigma, discriminatory practices or social exclusion – all of which
adversely affect health. It is important to be sensitive to different identities that do not
necessarily fit into binary male or female sex categories.

Gender norms, roles and relations influence people’s susceptibility to different health
conditions and diseases and affect their enjoyment of good mental, physical health and
wellbeing. They also have a bearing on people’s access to and uptake of health services and on
the health outcomes they experience throughout the life-course.

There are often misconceptions about terms related to gender. Learn more by reading the
glossary of terms related to gender, equity and human rights.

Similarities and difference of gender

There is a popular notion that men and women are very different in their cognitive abilities. The
evidence for this may be weaker than you expect. A recent review states:

According to meta-analyses, however, among both children and adults, females perform
equally to males on mathematics assessments. The gender difference in verbal skills is small
and varies depending on the type of skill assessed (e.g., vocabulary, essay writing). The gender
difference in 3D mental rotation shows a moderate advantage for males.

So from three celebrated examples of differences in ability only two actually show a moderate
gender difference. Other abilities show no or negligible gender differences, Hyde concludes.
Gender differences in ability may be overinflated in the popular imagination.

Worth noting is that the name of the game here isn’t to find gender differences in behaviour.
That’s too easy. Women wear more make-up for example, men are more likely to wear
trousers. The game is to find a measure which reflects some more fundamental aspect of
mental capacity. Hence the focus on vocabulary size, mental rotation ability, maths ability and
the like. These may be less subject to the vagaries of exactly what is expected of each gender,
but that’s a shaky assumption. Indeed, it would be weird if different roles and expectations for
men vs women didn’t produce different motivations and opportunities for practice of cognitive
abilities such as these.

The real challenge is to find immutable gender differences, or to track differences in how
abilities develop under different conditions. Without this evidence, we’re not going to be sure
which gender differences are immutable, and which are contingent on the specific
psychological history of particular men and particular women living in our particular societies.

One way of addressing this challenge is to look at how gender differences change across
different societies, or across time as society changes. A 2014 study, ‘The changing face of
cognitive gender differences in Europe‘ did just that, showing that less gender-restricted
educational opportunities tended to decrease some gender differences but not others. In other
words, increasing equality in educational attainment magnified some differences between the
sexes.

Further similarities and difference:

Similarities

They are both human beings

They can both think

They both need to eat to stay alive and healthy

Differences

Men have stronger muscles than women

Most men have deeper voice

Men grow beards and moustach while women dont

Meaning of Gender Role

A gender role is a set of societal norms dictating the types of behaviors which are generally
considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for people based on their actual or perceived
sex or sexuality. Gender roles are usually centered on conceptions of femininity and
masculinity, although there are exceptions and variations. The specifics regarding these
gendered expectations may vary substantially among cultures, while other characteristics may
be common throughout a range of cultures. There is ongoing debate as to what extent gender
roles and their variations are biologically determined, and to what extent they are socially
constructed.

Various groups, most notably the feminist movement, have led efforts to change aspects of
prevailing gender roles that they believe are oppressive or inaccurate.

The term gender role was first coined by John Money in 1955, during the course of his study of
intersex individuals, to describe the manners in which these individuals expressed their status
as a male or female in a situation where no clear biological assignment existed.

ASSESSMENT

What is Gender?

List TWO Similarities and differences between male and female

Topic: Gender and Stereotypes II

Outline:
Meaning and examples of gender stereotypes

Negative effects of gender roles/stereotypes

Solution to gender roles/stereotypes

Meaning:

Gender stereotypes are simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and
roles of individuals and/or groups. Stereotypes can be positive or negative, but they rarely
communicate accurate information about others. When people automatically apply gender
assumptions to others regardless of evidence to the contrary, they are perpetuating gender
stereotyping. Many people recognize the dangers of gender stereotyping, yet continue to make
these types of generalizations.

Traditionally, the female stereotypic role is to marry and have children. She is also to put her
family’s welfare before her own; be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and sympathetic;
and find time to be sexy and feel beautiful. The male stereotypic role is to be the financial
provider. He is also to be assertive, competitive, independent, courageous, and career ‐focused;
hold his emotions in check; and always initiate sex. These sorts of stereotypes can prove
harmful; they can stifle individual expression and creativity, as well as hinder personal and
professional growth.

The weight of scientific evidence demonstrates that children learn gender stereotypes from
adults. As with gender roles, socializing agents—parents, teachers, peers, religious leaders, and
the media—pass along gender stereotypes from one generation to the next.

One approach to reexamining conventional gender roles and stereotypes is androgyny, which is
the blending of feminine and masculine attributes in the same individual. The androgyne, or
androgynous person, does not neatly fit into a female or male gender role; she or he can
comfortably express the qualities of both genders. Parents and other socializing agents can
teach their children to be androgynous, just as they can teach them to be gender ‐biased.
Emerging as a powerful sociopolitical force beginning in the 1960s, the feminist movement, or
women’s liberation movement, has lobbied for the rights of women and minorities. Feminists
have fought hard to challenge and redefine traditional stereotypic gender roles.

It is a situation in which someone is treated less well because of their sex, usually when a
woman is treated less well than a man: Gender discrimination occurs when sexes are treated
unequally. Gender discrimination is not based solely on gender differences but on how people
are treated differently because of their sex. Employers who provide different working
conditions and promotional opportunities for men and women violate anti-discrimination laws

Some areas where Gender Discrimination occurs;

Education

Politics

Family roles

Inheritance

Negative effect of gender stereotyping

There are several effects and consequences of gender discrimination, especially in employment.
Gender discrimination in the workplace leads to an increase in employee turnover and creates a
hostile work environment. Gender discrimination also promotes harassment and possible
workplace violence. Victims of gender discrimination have the right to file lawsuits to recover
damages suffered as a result of discriminatory practices.

Lost Productivity. If employees have to focus on dealing with sexual harassment, the attention
they are able to give work may be significantly diminished.

High Employee Turnover. A hostile work environment may lead to a high employee turnover.
Employees who do not leave may be overburdened or distracted by having to train
replacement employees.
Damaged Morale. A hostile work environment can lower the morale of those directly affected,
which can also lead to widespread discontent throughout the workplace.

Solutions Gender Discrimination

Several state and federal laws prohibit gender discrimination and offer remedies for such
behavior in employment as well as in education and financial institutions. The Civil Rights Act
prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex. The Equal Pay Act promotes equality between men
and women who perform the same job duties in the same workplace. Diversity and inclusion
policies also help to remedy gender discrimination by promoting equality between the sexes.

You probably see gender stereotypes all around you. You might also have seen or experienced
sexism, or discrimination based on gender. There are ways to challenge these stereotypes to
help everyone — no matter their gender or gender identity — feel equal and valued as people.

Point it out — Magazines, TV, film, and the Internet are full of negative gender stereotypes.
Sometimes these stereotypes are hard for people to see unless they’re pointed out. Be that
person! Talk with friends and family members about the stereotypes you see and help others
understand how sexism and gender stereotypes can be hurtful.

Be a living example — Be a role model for your friends and family. Respect people regardless of
their gender identity. Create a safe space for people to express themselves and their true
qualities regardless of what society’s gender stereotypes and expectations are.

Speak up — If someone is making sexist jokes and comments, whether online or in person,
challenge them.

Give it a try — If you want to do something that’s not normally associated with your gender,
think about whether you’ll be safe doing it. If you think you will, give it a try. People will learn
from your example.

If you’ve been struggling with gender or gender identity and expectations, you’re not alone. It
may help you to talk to a trusted parent, friend, family member, teacher, or counselor.

ASSESSMENT
List FOUR areas where Gender Discrimination occurs?

List THREE Negative effect of gender stereotyping?

Topic: School Accidents

Contents:

Meaning of Accidents

Forms of accidents in school

Causes of Accidents

Ways of preventing accidents in school

Meaning of Accidents

Accident is an unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically

resulting in damage or injury. It is an unplanned, unexpected, and undesigned (not
purposefully caused) event which occurs suddenly.

An accident, also known as an unintentional injury, is an undesirable, incidental, and unplanned

event that could have been prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident been
recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence. Most scientists who study unintentional
injury avoid using the term “accident” and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury
and that reduce injury incidence and severity.

School accident is simply the accident that occurs to students in school.

Forms of Accident in school

slipped or tripped within the school building or school grounds

been injured by defective equipment such as chairs, desks or play equipment

been asked to lift or carry heavy objects without the correct training or equipment

been injured in a sport accident

contracted food poisoning

Causes of Accidents in school

Carelessness

Ignorance

Anger

Quarrels

Playfulness

Results of Accidents

Causes injury

Decrease in value of the resources

An increase in liabilities

Loss of life

Ways of preventing accident in the school

The following ways are means by which accident can be prevented in Schools:
Create a safety committee of teachers, administrators and students: students should be
involved in elementary school, so students feel part of keeping the school safe. Ask each
committee member to submit one or two accidents he has witnessed at school or identify areas
of the facility that may pose a safety threat.

Design a set of safety rules that all students and staff must follow: create a set of school-wide
safety rules. Rules could include telling the custodian about all spills on the floor immediately
(or wiping up any spills you see) to no running in the hall.

Repair all unsafe areas within the facility: Refer to your list of hazardous areas and make repairs
are taken seriously

Conduct monthly inspections of playground equipment and facilities: Ask safety committee
members to conduct routine checks of designated “unsafe” or hazardous areas. Supply the
group with a checklist to assist with the monthly review.

Reporting any form of discomfort to teachers: A students who is not comfortable with any
situation in the class e.g the sound of the fan; should report immediately to the teacher.

ASSESSMENT

Define Accident

What are the causes of accidents in the school?

What are the ways of preventing accidents in school

List out the end result of accidents

It is possible to overcome accidents in school. True / False

Topic: Health Issues

Content:
Harmful substances

Ways of preventing intake of harmful substances

Meaning of Harmful substances

Many materials or substances used or created at work could harm your health. These
substances could be dusts, gases or fumes that you breathe in, or liquids, gels or powders that
come into contact with your eyes or skin. There could also be harmful micro-organisms present
that can cause infection, an allergic reaction or are toxic.

Harmful substances can be present in anything from paints and cleaners to flour dust, solder
fume, blood or waste. Ill health caused by these substances used at work is preventable. Many
substances can harm health but, used properly, they almost never do.

Examples of harmful substances

Dusts

Alcohol

Gases or fumes, including cigarette smoke

Liquids

Gels or powders

Stale or expired foods and drugs

Impure water

Effects of Harmful Substances on Humans

What are the hazards? Some substances can cause asthma or other diseases, including cancer.
Many can damage the skin, and some can cause serious long-term damage to the lungs.

The effect can be immediate, such as dizziness or stinging eyes, or can take many years to
develop, such as lung disease. Many of the long-term or chronic effects cannot be cured once
they develop.

It can cause ill health

It can lead to death

It may lead to permanent deformity

It may affect normal growth

Ways of preventing intake of harmful substance

What do I have to do? The law requires you to adequately control exposure to materials in the
workplace that cause ill health. This is the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
Regulations (COSHH) and means:

identifying which harmful substances may be present in the workplace

deciding how workers might be exposed to them and be harmed

looking at what measures you have in place to prevent this harm and deciding whether you are
doing enough

providing information, instruction and training

in appropriate cases, providing health surveillance

Leave in a clean and healthy environment

Choose healthy lifestyle

Avoid smoking or smoking areas

Ensure your foods are well preserved and cooked before eating

Expired food and drinks should be disposed off immediately

Check expiry date of everything you consume

ASSESSMENT

Define Harmful substance?

List FIVE examples of harmful substances?

Mention THREE effect of harmful substance?

Topic: Religions In Nigeria

Content:

Meaning of Religion

The three major religion in Nigeria

The teachings of religion

Meaning of Religion

Religion is a fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally agreed upon by a group of
people. These set of beliefs concern the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, and involve
devotional and ritual observances. They also often contain a moral code governing the conduct
of human affairs.
Three major religion in Nigeria

The three major religion we have in Nigeria are:

Christianity

Muslim

Traditional

Christianity: It is the world’s biggest religion, with about 2.1 billion followers worldwide. It is
based on the teachings of Jesus Christ who lived in the Holy Land 2,000 years ago. It is the belief
of the Christians i.e the followers of Jesus Christ that He came to the world to die for the sins of
men and they have the assurance that He rose again and that He will still come back to take the
saints to Himself. People who practices Christianity are called Christians. The Christians follow
the teachings of the Bible.

Islamic Religion:Islam began in Arabia and was revealed to humanity by the Prophet
Muhammad. Those who follow Islam are called Muslims. Muslims believe that there is only one
God. The Arabic word for God is Allah. Islam is a religious system begun in the seventh century
by Muhammad. Muslims follow the teachings of the Qur’an and strive to keep the Five Pillars.

The Five Pillars of Islam

These five tenets compose the framework of obedience for Muslims:

The testimony of faith (shahada): “la ilaha illa allah. Muhammad rasul Allah.” This means,
“There is no deity but Allah. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.” A person can convert to
Islam by stating this creed. The shahada shows that a Muslim believes in Allah alone as deity
and believes that Muhammad reveals Allah

2. Prayer (salat): Five ritual prayers must be performed every day

Giving (zakat): This almsgiving is a certain percentage given once a year.

Fasting (sawm): Muslims fast during Ramadan in the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. They
must not eat or drink from dawn until sunset

Pilgrimage (hajj): If physically and financially possible, a Muslim must make the pilgrimage to
Mecca in Saudi Arabia at least once. The hajj is performed in the twelfth month of the Islamic
calendar.

Traditional Religion

The traditional beliefs and practices of African peoples include various traditional religions.
Generally, these traditions are oral rather than scriptural, include belief in a supreme creator,
belief in spirits, veneration of ancestors, use of magic, and traditional medicine.The role of
humanity is generally seen as one of harmonizing nature with the supernatural. Examples of
traditional gods are ogun, sango etc

The Teachings of Religion

Every religion teaches the following:

Spiritual Knowledge is accessible to Everyone

Morals; don’t kill, lie, steal

To be peaceful

Compassion and respect for everyone

That God is inside us

God is everywhere

The existence of the soul

Exercise

What is religion?

There are three major religious movements in Nigeria; true or false?

Worldwide, Christianity has about how many followers? (A) 2.1 billion (B) 3 billion (C) 5 billion
(D) None of the above

What are the five pillars of Islam?

List and explain the common teachings of every religion.