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SOPS

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20 views

File 1

SOPS

Uploaded by

hichemsky1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for Operations in Mountainous Areas

Purpose:
To establish procedures for safe and efficient flight operations in mountainous areas, where terrain,
weather, and navigation pose unique challenges.

1. Pre-Flight Preparation

• Route Planning:
Carefully study and plan routes to avoid high peaks, ridges, and valleys where downdrafts
are common. Ensure alternates are selected considering terrain and weather.

• Weather Briefing:
Obtain a detailed weather report, focusing on mountain wave activity, turbulence, icing
conditions, and visibility. Avoid flight if adverse conditions are forecasted.

• Aircraft Performance:
Confirm that aircraft weight is within limits, and performance calculations (takeoff, climb,
cruise, and landing) are adapted for high altitudes and terrain.

• Terrain Awareness Systems:


Ensure Terrain Awareness and Warning Systems (TAWS) and/or Ground Proximity Warning
Systems (GPWS) are functional and set for the appropriate mode.

2. In-Flight Procedures

• Altitude Management:
Fly at or above the Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA) or the published Minimum Off-Route
Altitude (MORA). Ensure safe clearance over terrain, especially when crossing ridges or
mountain ranges.

• Weather Conditions:
Continuously monitor weather. Be prepared to turn back or divert if visibility decreases or if
turbulence becomes severe. Avoid cumulus clouds and windward sides of mountains.

• Turbulence and Winds:


Be aware of potential downdrafts, especially on the leeward side of mountains. Maintain a
safe airspeed to handle turbulence but avoid flying too slowly in high-density altitude
conditions.

• Emergency Diversion:
Identify nearby alternate airfields or landing areas in case of engine failure or other
emergencies. Always have a plan for emergency descent, considering terrain.

3. Communication
• Radio Procedures:
Monitor and communicate on appropriate frequencies, especially in uncontrolled areas.
Report position, altitude, and intentions when operating near critical points, such as ridge
crossings or in valleys.

• ATC Coordination:
If operating in controlled airspace, maintain clear communication with ATC regarding
altitude and route changes, particularly in areas with poor radar coverage.

4. Descent and Landing

• Approach Planning:
Plan for steep descent gradients and potential turbulence on approach. Consider
conducting a circling or visual approach to avoid obstacles.

• Landing Site Evaluation:


Evaluate the runway condition and surrounding terrain, especially for short runways at high
elevation airports. Use recommended landing techniques for the specific aircraft.

5. Post-Flight Procedures

• Debriefing:
Conduct a thorough debriefing to identify any operational challenges or lessons learned
from the flight in the mountainous environment.

• Aircraft Inspection:
Perform a post-flight inspection to check for signs of wear or damage from turbulence or
harsh weather conditions.

Note: These procedures must be followed in conjunction with the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) and
the company’s operational guideline

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