PHYSICS

LAWS OF MOTION
 Eg:
LAWS OF MOTION A person falls backwards when a bus suddenly
starts. This is due the reason that while lower
part of the body ( in contact with the bus )
moves forward, but the upper part remains
at rest due to inertia of rest.

NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION

INERTIA OF MOTION
(LAW OF INERTIA)
It is the inability of a body to change its state
Every body continuous its state of rest or of motion.
uniform motion along a straight line unless Eg:
compelled by an external unbalanced force. When we are travelling in a bus, we possess
inertia of motion. When the bus suddenly
stops, the upper part of the body continue
to be in motion. But our feet come to rest
along with the bus and such we fall forward.

INERTIA
• In ability of a body to change its state.
• It can be classified into three type
• Inertia of rest, inertia of motion and inertia of
direction INERTIA OF DIRECTION
It is the inability of a body to change the
Note : direction of motion by itself.
Inertia is a fundamental property of matter.
Eg:
Inertia of a body depends upon its mass.
When a car makes a sharp turn at a high
More the mass of the body more is its inertia.
speed, the driver tends to get thrown to
another side due to inertia of direction.

INERTIA OF REST
Inability of a body to change its state of rest.

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LINEAR MOMENT (P) IMPULSIVE FORCE
• Momentum (P) of a body is the product of its Large forces which act on bodies for short
mass (m) and velocity (V). time are called impulsive forces

P = mV
• Momentum is a vector quantity and its
direction is the same as that of the velocity
of the body.

NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

RELATION BETWEEN IMPULSE
The rate of change of momentum of a body
is directly proportional to the applied force AND MOMENTUM
and takes place in the direction in which the
force acts.
From Newton’s second law
Mathematically it can be written as,
Change in momentum = impulse

NOTE :
Newton's first law of motion describes the ...
a) Energy i) Both impulse and momentum have the
same units and dimensions.
b) Work
ii) Area under force – time graph gives
c) Inertia
impulse.
d) Momentum iii) When the change of momentum is a
constant, the force acting on a body will
be inversely proportional to the time taken,

A man jumping out of a slow moving bus A cricketer draws his hand while catching a
falls forward. cricket ball why ?

a) This is due to .........

b) Which Newton's law gives the above
concept? State the law. Answer :
b) What is the net force acting on a book When cricketer draws his hand, ∆t will
at rest on the table? increase , hence F acting on the hand will
decrease.

4
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION When the bullet is fired, it moves forward
and the gun recoils. Let m be the mass of
For every action there is always an equal
the bullet and M be the mass of the gun.v be
and opposite reaction
the velocity of bullet, V be the velocity of gun.
Reaction
After Firing
Recoil force on the gun
V

Action
Accelerating force of the bullet

A batsman hits back a ball straight in the

NOTE : direction of the bowler without changing its

initial speed of 12 m/s. If the mass of the ball
is 0.15 kg, determine the impulse imparted
• Action and reaction are equal and opposite
to the ball.
but they do not cancel each other, since
(Assume linear motion of the ball)
they act on different body
• There is no cause effect relationship
because action and reaction occur
simultaneously

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM The area under force time graph is.......

If there is no external force, the total

momentum remains constant

RECOIL OF THE GUN

Sl A B
Let the gun and bullet inside it constitute a No.

isolated system. Initially both bullet and gun 1 Newton's first law Change in momentum

at rest. So momentum of the system before Conservation of linear

2 Action reaction
firing is zero momentum
3 Newton's third law Law of inertia
Before Firing
Momentum before
4 Impulse collision= Momentum
after collision

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APPARENT WEIGHT OF A BODY IN CASE 3
A LIFT
When the lift is moving downward with
uniform acceleration
• Consider a person of mass m standing on a
R
weighing machine in a lift. The actual weight
of the person is mg
• R is the reaction by the weighing machine. m
• R is the reading of the weighing machine, R is a
the weight experienced (apparent weight)
mg

CASE 1
CASE 4
When the lift is at rest or moving vertically
upward or downward with uniform velocity. When the lift is falling freely
R

g
mg

CASE 2
When the lift is moving upward with uniform
acceleration A man of mass 70kg stands on a weighting
scale in a lift is moving
a R

a) Upward with uniform speed of 10m/s

b) Downward with a uniform acceleration
m
5 m/s².
c) Upward with uniform acceleration 5m/s².

mg What would be the reading on the scale in

each case ?

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FRICTION ANGLE OF FRICTION
It is an opposing force, it opposes the relative The angle of friction may be defined as the
motion of the object. angle between the resultant of the limiting
friction and normal reaction and normal
reaction

ANGLE OF REPOSE
Friction Force Applied Force
• Minimum angle required to slide an object in
an inclined plane
STATIC FRICTION • Consider a body of mass m resting on an
inclined plane. The angle of inclination of the
• Static friction is the frictional force between plane is slowly increased until the body is
two surface in contact before there is a about to slide down.
relative motion between the surfaces. • Tangent of angle of repose is equal to the
• It’s magnitude is equal to the external force coefficient of static friction.
applied.
• When the force increases static friction also
increases. The maximum value of static
friction is called limiting friction.
NOTE :
• When the external force exceeds the limiting
Angle of repose only depends upon the
friction, the body starts moving.
coefficient of static friction.

KINETIC FRICTION ( FK )
Kinetic friction between two surfaces is the
frictional force between them when a body
is in state of steady motion over the surface Maximum value of friction is called.......
of another body. The value of kinetic friction
is less than the limiting friction.

LAWS OF STATIC FRICTION

• The value of limiting friction is independent
of the area of contact between the surfaces.
• The value of limiting friction depends on the
nature of surface in contact.
• The limiting friction is directly proportional to
the normal reaction
Where µs is called the coefficient of static
friction

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 MOTION OF A CAR ON A BANKED
A block of wood is placed on a surface. A ROAD
force is applied parallel to the surface to
move the body.The frictional force
• The system of rising the outer edge of a
developed acts
curved road above its inner edge is called
a) normal to the surface upwards banking of road
b) normal to the surface downwards • The angle through which the outer edge of
c) along the direction of the applied force the road is raised above the inner edge is
d) opposite to the direction of the applied called angle of banking.
force • Consider a car of mass m moving along a
curved road of radius r with speed v on a
road banked at an angle

MOTION OF A CAR ON LEVEL

CIRCULAR ROAD
• Consider a car of mass m going round a
circular level road of radius r with constant
speed v. While taking the turn, the tyres of the
car tend to leave the road and go away from
the centre of the curve
• The static friction between the road and the
tyres provides the centripetal force required
to keep the car in motion around the curve.

R
A circular racetrack of radius 300 m is banked
at an angle of 15°. If the coefficient of friction
between the wheels of a race-car and the
road is 0.2, what is the
a) optimum speed of the race- car to avoid
wear and tear on its tyres.
b) maximum permissible speed to avoid
slipping ?