2024/25

ENRICHMENT CARDS
“Your Last Minute Exam Hall Notes”

MK YADAV Sir

Revision Cards & Micro-Diagrams

GS Paper 2 (Part 2): International Relations
 ENRICHMENT CARDS: LAST MINUTE EXAM HALL NOTES
Under the Guidance of MK YADAV SIR

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 FOREIGN POLICY DOCTRINE 2
2 INDIA AND CHINA 7
3 INDIA AND USA 11
4 INDIA AND GLOBAL SOUTH 14
5 G – 20 17
6 INDO PACIFIC 19
7 INDIA – EU 22
8 INDIA-WEST ASIA 24
9 INDIA-CENTRAL ASIA 28
10 WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (WTO) 31
11 UNITED NATIONS & ITS ORGANS 33

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PYQs ANALYSIS: MOST REPEATED THEMES

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 ENRICHMENT CARDS: LAST MINUTE EXAM HALL NOTES
Under the Guidance of MK YADAV SIR

1 FOREIGN POLICY DOCTRINE: REVISION CARD

INTRODUCTION:
Foreign policy is a combination of principles, interests, and objectives through which a country
Foreign Policy
formulates and conducts its relations in the international affairs.
As India pushes for multi-Polar world order (PM@BRICS) and reforms in Global Institutions,
NAM: Need for
experts have called for revival of NAM platform to help India build consensus for more equal and
revival
democratic world.
Gujral Doctrine Gujral Doctrine is an accommodative policy vis-à-vis India’s neighbours that seeks friendship
based on sovereignty, equality, non-interference & non reciprocal magnanimity towards smaller
neighbouring countries such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
India’s India’s Neighbourhood First Policy centres around strengthening relations with neighbouring
Neighbourhood First countries, promoting regional connectivity, and enhancing economic cooperation.
Policy

FORMULA BY 1) Effective Foreign Policy → Diplomacy × Cooperation = Stability + Prosperity + Global Influence
theIAShub 2) NAM/Strategic Autonomy = Independence + Neutrality → Global South Solidarity + Democratic
Multilateralism
3) Neighbourhood First = ↑ Regional Stability + ↑ Economic Cooperation + ↑ People-To-People
Connectivity + ↑ Global Influence (at UN, WTO etc)
4) Strategic Partnerships = Shared Interests × Cooperation → Stronger Ties + Global Influence
5) Act East Policy = Economic + Strategic + Cultural Ties → Stronger Indo-Pacific Presence
6) Energy Diplomacy = Diverse Sources × Alliances → Energy Security + Global Leadership
7) Humanitarian Diplomacy = Aid + Crisis Response → Soft Power + Global Goodwill
8) Cyber Diplomacy = Cybersecurity × Cooperation → Digital Security + Global Leadership
9) Maritime Security = Naval Presence × Collaboration → Secured Sea Lanes + Regional Stability
SPEECH BY PROMINENT PERSONALITIES (PM, PRESIDENT, UN OFFICIAL et. al)/RECOGNITION IF ANY:
• India's foreign policy must be based on a clear understanding of our own long-term national interests: Ex-PM
Manmohan Singh
• Our foreign policy is not fixed; it is flexible and responds to the changing world environment: PM Modi
• A Self-reliant India will also be a Force Multiplier for the Global Economy: PM Modi
• Non-Alignment was not just a foreign policy for us, but a reflection of our cultural inheritance. It was a reflection of our
philosophy of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam – the world is one family: PM Modi
• Today, the world recognises that when India speaks, it speaks not only for itself, but for many others. India speaks as a
voice of peace, security, and prosperity for all: EAM S Jaishankar
• India's foreign policy must harmonize with our domestic priorities and align with our national values: S. Jaishankar,
External Affairs Minister
• Our foreign policy is a unique blend of idealism and realism, guided by our civilizational values: Nitin Gadkari, Minister
of Road Transport and Highways
• India's rise is not a challenge to the existing global order, but an opportunity to reform and rejuvenate it:
Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, External Affairs Minister
• Our foreign policy aims to create a conducive environment for economic growth, political stability, and social
development: Nirmala Sitharaman, Finance Minister
• India's global footprint is expanding, and our foreign policy must adapt to new challenges and opportunities." - Rajnath
Singh, Defence Minister.

CURRENT DEVELOPMENT:
• Expansion of BRICS on one hand and institutionalization of QUAD on other.
• The 19th summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), was held in January 2024.
• India’s Foreign secretary listed out 5 pillars of Indian diplomacy for sustaining strategic autonomy and global good.
• India’s focus on Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (One earth, one family, one future) as host of G20 Presidency.

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 ENRICHMENT CARDS: LAST MINUTE EXAM HALL NOTES
Under the Guidance of MK YADAV SIR

DATA/FACT:
Panchsheel • Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
• Mutual non-aggression.
• Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
• Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit.
• Peaceful co-existence.
PM Modi’s Soch (Shared thought process), Sapne (Shared Vision), Sampark (Better contact), Sahyog (Better
Panchsheel cooperation), Sankalp (Shared resolve)
India’s Soft Power India's ranking on Global Soft Power Index 2024 fallen to 29th position (from 28th position in 2023).
India-Nepal • India is Nepal's largest trade partner ($10 Billion) and the largest source of total foreign
investments.
India-Sri Lanka • India was Sri Lanka’s largest trading partner in 2022 ($5 billion)
India-Maldives • India emerged as Maldives largest trading partner in 2023 ($550 mn)
India-Afghanistan • India’s overall development assistance to Afghanistan - more than $3 Billion
India-Bhutan • India is Bhutan’s largest trading partner. India’s trade with Bhutan accounts for about 80% of
Bhutan’s overall trade.
India-Bangladesh • Bangladesh is the largest trading partner of India in South Asia accounting for 35% of Indian
exports to South Asian region.
Indian Diaspora • More than 30 million-strong diaspora (Largest in the world)
• Indian receives $120 billion remittances in 2023 (Largest in the world)

KEYWORDS:
• BODY: India as a swing power; Geopolitical polarisations v/s Strategic autonomy;; Enlightened Self Interest; Web of
alliances; strategic embrace; Development Diplomacy
• WAY FORWARD: From third worldliness to enlightened self-interest; From idealism to pragmatism; From Nationalist
approach to Whole of region/World approach; Balancing Geopolitics with Geo-economics
GOVT SCHEMES, POLICIES, AND INITIATIVE:
• Policies: Neighbourhood first policy, Look east Policy, Look & Link west policy
• Para Diplomacy: Sister cities eg. Ahmedabad- Kobe (Japan); Delhi Chicago (USA); Chennai-Chongqing (China)
• Sub regional Cooperation: BIMSTEC, Mekong Ganga Cooperation, India-ASEAN, BBIN, Indian Ocean Region,QUAD, FIPIC
• Aid Diplomacy: Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Maldives, Bhutan, Nepal, etc
CONCLUSION
• India's foreign policy doctrine reflects a nuanced historical journey ‘from asserting non-alignment during the Cold War
to recalibrating relationships post-liberalization’. India must continue to leverage the global environment for economic
growth & global peace.
• There is need of ‘NAM’s revitalisation & not abandonment’ (NAM 2.0) by taking on new & emerging challenges of
interconnected world such as Climate change, Refugee crises, food security, energy security, terrorism, etc. - India must
leverage its soft power and cultural diplomacy to promote peace, understanding, and development globally.
• A strong and vibrant Indian diaspora is a vital component of India's foreign policy and global outreach.
• India's foreign policy must address the challenges of climate change, sustainable development, and energy security to
ensure a prosperous future.
• India's strategic partnerships and alliances should be guided by the principles of mutual respect, trust, and
cooperation.

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1• FOREIGN POLICY DOCTRINE: MICRO DIAGRAMS

•

EVOLUTION OF INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY

EVOLUTION OF INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY

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Under the Guidance of MK YADAV SIR

INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS

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 ENRICHMENT CARDS: LAST MINUTE EXAM HALL NOTES
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2 INDIA AND CHINA : REVISION CARD

INTRODUCTION:
India- China border Lack of clear demarcation of the border due to differential perception of LAC (Line of Actual
issue Control) has been at the heart of India-China Border disputes.
Indo-China Trade India relies significantly on China in crucial sectors like electrical machinery, appliances, critical
minerals, pharmaceutical APIs, etc. with a huge trade deficit of $100 billion in favour of China.
India-China Water India-China water issue is complex interplay of water resources and geopolitics. With shared rivers
issue like Brahmaputra, tensions having strategic implications arise over water access, usage, and
environmental concerns.
India-China Space India and China are increasingly competing in space exploration and technology, with implications
Rivalry for national security, scientific research, and global influence.
India-China Climate As two of the world's largest carbon emitters, India and China must collaborate on climate action,
Change Conundrum but their differing priorities and approaches pose significant challenges.

FORMULA BY 1) Peace At Borders = ↓ Military Expenditure + ↑ Mutual Trust + ↑ Regional Stability

theIAShub 2) ↓ Trade Imbalance = ↑ Bilateral Investment + ↑ Trade Diversification + ↑ People-To-People
Ties + ↑ Mutual Understanding
3) ↑ Diplomatic Engagement = ↑ Strategic Cooperation + ↓ Border Tensions + ↑ Economic
Collaboration
4) ↑ Cultural Exchanges = ↑ Mutual Respect + ↑ People-to-People Ties + ↓ Stereotypes
5) ↑ Regional Security Dialogues = ↑ Stability in Asia + ↓ Conflict Risks + ↑ Collaborative Security
Efforts

SPEECHES BY PROMINENT PERSONALITIES (PM, PRESIDENT, UN OFFICIALS et al) /RECOGNITION IF ANY:

• India-China relationship cannot be a one-way street and there has to be mutual respect: EAM S. Jaishankar
• Peace on India's border with China is essential for normal relations and the relationship between the nuclear-armed
neighbours can only be based on mutual respect, mutual sensitivity and mutual interest: PM Modi
• No other relationship of India has as many layers as our relations with China: PM Modi
• India-China relationship is a strategic and civilizational relationship that requires a long-term vision and a willingness
to manage differences and build on convergences. NSA Ajit Doval
• China's rise is an unprecedented opportunity for India, but it also poses significant challenges that require a nuanced
and multi-faceted response. EAM S. Jaishankar
CURRENT DEVELOPMENT:
• India’s recent ban on Laptops and tablets is seen as step to counter China’s dominant position in Indian Market.
• Border Clashes: Arunachal Pradesh’s Tawang sector (2022); Galwan Clashes (2020),
• China’s New Land Border Law and naming of places in Arunachal Pradesh
• Cyberattack on AIIMS in Delhi traced IP addresses from Hong Kong and China’s Henan province. Cyberattack on India's
power grid traced to Chinese hacking group.
• India tests hypersonic missile, reducing gap with China.
• India increases naval presence in South China Sea.
• India's DRDO develops counter-drone technology to counter China's drone deployments.
• China's PLA increases military exercises along India-China border.
DATA/FACT:
India China Bilateral Trade • $120 billion (> $100 Billion Trade Deficit in favour of China)
(2022-23) • China became India’s Largest Trade Partner in 2023 (overtaking USA).
• China is India’s Largest Import Destination.
Border Issue India considers LAC to be 3488 km, China considers 2000 km
China’s International Loans >5% of world GDP

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KEYWORDS:
• BODY: 21st century as Asian Century; Nibble and negotiate policy; debt trap diplomacy; chequebook diplomacy; water
wars, Strategic encirclement, string of pearls
• WAY FORWARD: From border tensions to diplomatic dialogues; Back-channel Diplomacy;
GOVT SCHEMES, POLICIES, AND INITIATIVE:
• Schemes & measures:
- Improve self reliance: Vibrant village programme, Atmanirbhar Bharat for local manufacturing, Supply Chain
Resilience Initiative (SCRI) etc.
- Proactive & Preventive measures: anti-dumping duties, Banning of Chinese apps, Indian Ocean Naval Symposium,
QUAD, FIPIC, Look East Policy etc.
• Diplomacy: Border Defense Cooperation Agreement , Informal Summits: Wuhan Summit, Mahabalipuram Summit;
Multilateral Outreach like at BRICS
CONCLUSION
• Both countries need to move ‘from aggressive rhetoric to conciliatory discourse’ and deploy diplomatic assets in deft
way that allows for manoeuvrability to ease tensions between the two countries.
• India needs to comprehensively re-evaluate ties with China. India’s ability to reduce dependence on China will depend
on success of key initiatives like Make in India, Gati Shakti which are aimed at improving global competitiveness.
• The Himalayan border dispute requires a peaceful resolution, with both sides engaging in confidence-building
measures and diplomatic efforts.
• India and China must collaborate on global issues like climate change, terrorism, and pandemics, despite bilateral
tensions.
• India's economic growth and global influence depend on its ability to manage the China relationship effectively.
• Thus, China's growing presence in India's neighbourhood necessitates a robust and proactive Indian foreign policy
approach.

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 ENRICHMENT CARDS: LAST MINUTE EXAM HALL NOTES
Under the Guidance of MK YADAV SIR

2 INDIA AND CHINA : MICRO DIAGRAMS

INDIA CHINA: ISSUES & CHALLENGES

COUNTERING OVER RELIANCE ON CHINA

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SHIFTING OF GLOBAL MANUFACTURING BASE TO INDIA

INDIA’S STRATEGY TO COUNTER CHINA IN INDIAN OCEAN REGION

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 ENRICHMENT CARDS: LAST MINUTE EXAM HALL NOTES
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3 INDIA AND USA : REVISION CARD

INTRODUCTION:
Bilateral Relations India-U.S. bilateral relations have developed into a “global strategic partnership“, based on
shared democratic values and increasing convergence of interests on bilateral, regional and
global issues.
Economic Partners India's economic ties with the US have strengthened, with the US emerging as India's biggest
trading partner in 2022-23 ($130 Bn). India provides significant trade opportunities for the US,
being world's 3rd largest consumer market and the fastest-growing market economy.
Defence Partners The India-US defence relationship has grown significantly, with the US emerging as India's
second-largest defence supplier, with sales worth over $20 billion since 2008.
Energy Partners India and the US have strengthened their energy partnership, with the US emerging as India's
sixth-largest source of crude oil imports and India importing more than 1/3rd of its liquefied
natural gas (LNG) from the USA.
FORMULA BY 1) India-USA Relationship Benefits = ↑ Bilateral Trade + ↑ Innovation + ↑ Defence Cooperation
theIAShub + ↑ Security & Stability in IOR + ↑ Cooperation in Institution Of Global Governance
2) India-USA Relationship Challenges = Trade Imbalance + IPR Disputes + Data Privacy Laws +
Climate Politics
3) ↑ India-USA Strategic Partnership = ↑ Joint Military Exercises + ↑ Counterterrorism Efforts +
↑ Regional Security + ↑ Economic Growth
4) ↑ India-USA Trade Relations = ↑ Investment Flows + ↑ Market Access + ↓ Trade Barriers + ↑
Economic Integration
5) ↑ India-USA Technology Collaboration = ↑ Innovation + ↑ Research & Development + ↑
Technology Transfer + ↑ Start-Up Growth
6) ↑ India-USA Climate Cooperation = ↑ Clean Energy Projects + ↑ Climate Resilience + ↑
Environmental Standards + ↓ Greenhouse Gas Emissions
7) ↑ Bilateral Agreements = ↑ Market Access + ↑ Technology Transfer + ↓ Trade Barriers
SPEECHES BY PROMINENT PERSONALITIES (PM, PRESIDENT, UN OFFICIALS et al) /RECOGNITION IF ANY:
• Past few years, there have been many advances in the AI – Artificial Intelligence. At the same time, there have been
momentous development in another AI – America and India: PM Modi
• Our trusted partnership is like Sun in this new dawn that will spread light all around: PM Modi
• US-India ties will be most defining of 21st century: US President Joe Biden
• India & US: natural partners, united by shared values & commitment to freedom: PM Modi
• US-India relationship is a partnership of trust, a bond between two great democracies: PM Modi
• US & India share a deep commitment to democracy, diversity & rule of law: US Sec of State Antony Blinken
• US-India strategic partnership is a key pillar of India's foreign policy: EAM S Jaishankar
• US-India bond is built on shared values, mutual respect & commitment to peace: US VP Kamala Harris

CURRENT DEVELOPMENT:
• PM Modi’s state visit to USA and Agreements signed therein.
• India and the US conducted the largest-ever joint military exercise, Yudh Abhyas, in 2023.
• India and the US launched a joint initiative on quantum computing in 2022.
• India and the US signed a trade agreement in 2023, which aimed to reduce tariffs on a wide range of goods.
• India and the US signed a joint vision statement in 2022, which outlined their shared goals for the Indo-
Pacific region.
• India and the US launched a joint initiative on climate change in 2023, which focused on clean energy and
sustainable development.
DATA/FACT:
Bilateral Trade Nearly $115 billion (USA is India’s 2nd largest trading partner, after China) (2023-24)

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India’s trade surplus with USA $35 billion (2023-24)

Investment US is among top 5 investor partner in India
India Students in USA >2 lakh Indian students studying in USA, contributing $7.6 billion to the US economy
Indian Diaspora Around 4 million (almost 1% of total U.S. population)
KEYWORDS:
• BODY: Bilateral ties have grown “from seabed to space”; Tarriff troubles; From Diplomatic Outreach to International
Engagement; China-plus-one strategy; Strategic Autonomy; Beneficial Bilateralism
• WAY FORWARD: From Shared Values to Global Leadership & impact; From Idealism to Pragmatism; 3Ds – Defense,
Diplomacy, Development

GOVT SCHEMES, POLICIES AND INITIATIVE:

• Bi-lateral Engagements: India-U.S. 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue, India-U.S. Trade Policy Forum, India-U.S. Cyber Security
Dialogue, India-U.S. Natural Gas Task Force, India- US Civil Nuclear Energy Working group; initiative on Critical and
Emerging Technology (iCET) etc.
• Multi-lateral Engagements: India-U.S.-Japan trilateral summits, India-U.S.-Australia-Japan Quadrilateral, QUAD
• Defence: 2+2 dialogue; Defence Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI), Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism; 4
foundational agreements (GSOMIA, LSA, CISMOA, BECA).
• Joint exercise: Tiger Triumph, Vajra Prahar, Yudh Abhyas, Cope India, Malabar Exercise

CONCLUSION
• Today, India-U.S. bilateral cooperation is ‘broad-based and multi-sectoral,’ ranging from Geopolitics to Technological
Synergy. The need is to build on the momentum to demonstrate that democracies matter, and democracies deliver.
• The partnership has grown from "Diplomatic Outreach" to "International Engagement", with a focus on "Strategic
Autonomy".
• As democracies, India and the US must demonstrate that they "matter and deliver", transitioning from "Idealism to
Pragmatism".
• The "Way Forward" lies in leveraging "Defense" and "Diplomacy" to promote shared prosperity and security.

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3 INDIA AND USA: MICRO DIAGRAMS

•

INDIA USA: ISSUES & CHALLENGES

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4 INDIA AND GLOBAL SOUTH: REVISION CARD

INTRODUCTION:
India as voice of India, as a voice of the Global South, has proactively championed the concerns and aspirations of
Global south the Global South and put the region at the centre of its G20 presidency.
Global south Global South refers to developing & under-developed countries in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and
definition and vision Oceania, representing 40% of global GDP and 85% of the global population, with development
and fair representation on important global platforms as the core issues.
Global South’s The Global South is home to 35% of global trade, with India, China, and Brazil accounting for over
Economic Might 50% of the region's total trade.
Global South's The Global South is home to 90% of the world's youth population, with India alone accounting
Demographic for 20% of the world's working-age population, offering immense potential for economic growth
Dividend and innovation.
1) India's Vision/Commitment For Global South = Empowerment & Inclusivity + Collaboration +
Sustainable Development + Democratic Global Order
FORMULA 2) India's Challenges in Global South = Own Financial Constraints + Competing Interests (among Nations)
BY + Political and socio-economic instability + Geopolitics & Geoeconomic Great Games + Poor
theIAShub Connectivity + Cultural Diversity
3) 5Cs in global south: Consultation + Cooperation + Communication + Creativity + Capacity Building

PM SPEECH/RECOGNITION IF ANY:
• We, the Global South, have the largest stake in the future. Three-fourth of humanity lives in our countries. We should
also have equivalent voice. Hence, we should try to shape the emerging order: PM Modi
• India's growth is intertwined with the progress of the Global South, and we must work together to achieve sustainable
development: PM Modi
• India's G20 priorities will be shaped in consultation with "our fellow-travellers in the global South, whose voice often
goes unheard": PM Modi
• Core mandate of G20 was to promote economic growth & development. It cannot be advanced if the crucial concerns
of Global South were not addressed: EAM: Jaishankar
• India’s objective through global south is not to rebuild a global trade union against the North: EAM: Jaishankar
• As we seek to rebuild from the pandemic, the Global South should continue to exhibit strong solidarity: FM: Sitaraman

CURRENT DEVELOPMENT:
• India advocated for inclusion of African Union in G-20 and invited 6 guest countries from Global South in G-20 summit.
• India hosted 3rd Voice of Global South Summit, to deliberate on the concerns, interests and priorities that affect the
developing countries and also to exchange ideas and solutions.
DATA/FACT:
Geographical location of Africa, Latin America & Caribbean, Asia (without Israel, Japan, & South Korea), Oceania
Global South (without Australia & New Zealand)- UNCTAD
Origin of Global south First coined by social activist Carl Oglesby in 1969.
Youth in Global South 90% of the world’s total youth population
Share of Global South in 35% (North-North is 25%)
Global Trade
KEYWORDS:
• BODY: South-South Cooperation; Southern Diplomacy; Empowerment vs. Exploitation; South Horizon Vision;
Modernizing and democratizing the global order
• WAY FORWARD: From Aspiration to Empowerment; 4Rs of Global South: Respond, Recognise, Respect and Reform;
Unity of Voice & Unity of Purpose

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GOVT SCHEMES, POLICIES, AND INITIATIVE:

• Promoting inclusive multilateralism. Eg- NAM; Striving for membership of African Union in G20.
• Platforms for South-South cooperation: IBSA, FIPIC, G77, Voice of Global South Summit (3 summits).
• Economic empowerment. Eg- HICDP (High Impact Community Development Programs), ITEC (Indian Technology and
Economic co-operation); India-MERCOSUR Preferential Trade Agreement (Latin countries).
• Cultural exchange & soft power: ICCR Africa Scholarship; Aarogya Maitri; Global South Centre of Excellence
(DAKSHIN); Global South Young Diplomats Forum; Global South Science & Technology Initiative
• Physical infra: Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC); International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).
• Digital Initiatives e-VidyaBharti and e-ArogyaBharti programs
• Technology transfer and capacity building- UPI, Adhaar, Space (NAVIC) etc.
• Promotion of democracy & human rights. Eg- India one of the largest troop contributors to UN Peace Keeping
missions esp. in Africa; Indian Election Commission’s trainings to Election Officials from the 100+ countries.
• Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: Eg, Operation Raahat (2015) in Yemen, Maitri (2015) in Nepal, Sankat
Mochan (2016), etc.
CONCLUSION
• A more just, equitable, and participative global order can only be achieved when there are commensurate
investment, trade and technology decisions directed at the Global South.
• India's resolute commitment to the Global South signifies a ‘shift from inequality to equality,’ ‘competition to
cooperation,’ and a ‘commitment to collective progress.’ This vision fosters collective prosperity on the global stage.
• India's commitment to the Global South is a beacon of hope for "collective progress" and "unity of purpose", driving
the region from "aspiration to empowerment".
• India's leadership promotes "South-South Cooperation", fostering a shift from "exploitation to empowerment".

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4 INDIA AND GLOBAL SOUTH: MICRO DIAGRAMS

•

GLOBAL NORTH & SOUTH

Rich Global North

Poor Global South

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GLOBAL COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL SOUTH

GLOBAL AGENDA FOR GLOBAL SOUTH: 4 Rs

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MK YADAV Sir
MENTORED 1200+ CIVIL SERVANTS
 ENRICHMENT CARDS: LAST MINUTE EXAM HALL NOTES
Under the Guidance of MK YADAV SIR

5 G - 20: REVISION CARD

INTRODUCTION:

G-20: Meaning The G20 is a grouping, connecting world’s major developed & developing nations, accounting for
85% of Global GDP, 75% of world trade and 2/3rd of the world population.
G-20 & India Guided by Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, India’s G – 20 presidency aimed at building unanimity to
address global challenges of inclusivity, green & sustainable development, technological
transformation & multilateral institutions, collectively and effectively.

FORMULA BY 1) G20 Significance= ↑ Economic Cooperation + ↑ Financial Stability + ↑ Policy Dialogue + ↑ Global
theIAShub Governance
2) Divergent Policy Interest X Unequal Economies X Coordination Difficulties X Exclusion of Global
South = ↓ Achievements + ↑ Challenges

PM SPEECH/RECOGNITION IF ANY:
• India has selected the theme of ‘One Earth, One Family, One Future’ for its G20 Presidency. It signals the need for ‘unity
of purpose and unity of action’: PM Modi
• India will work to promote a "universal sense of oneness" while it leads the G20: PM Modi
CURRENT DEVELOPMENT:
• 18th G20 Summit (Hosted by India): Theme - "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" or "The world is one family."

DATA/FACT:
G20 Economic • 85% of global GDP
significance (IMF) • 75% of global trade
G20 Demography • 2/3rd of the world population (65% world population)
G20 Carbon emission • 80% world carbon emission (WEF)

KEYWORDS:
• BODY: Economic Diplomacy Nexus; Gateway for International trade/Global Power; Multilateralism for Multi-country
crisis; 3 – H objective India's G20 presidency: Healing, Harmony & Hope; Summit of Influence
• WAY FORWARD: Twenty for Prosperity; G20 nations: moving from global economies to diplomatic cohesion;
Diversified and democratic re-globalisation
GOVT SCHEMES, POLICIES, AND INITIATIVE:
• India's G20 Priorities: Green Development, Climate Finance & Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE); Accelerated, Inclusive
& Resilient Growth; Accelerating progress on SDGs; Technological Transformation & Digital Public Infrastructure,
Multilateral Institutions for 21st century, Women-led development.
• 18th G20 Outcomes: Admittance of the African Union; India – Middle East – Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC); Green
development pact (Aim to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030); Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA)
• India’s Pursuance of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam in International arena
- Rescue operations – Operation Ganga, Devi Shakti, Vande Bharat, Samundra Setu, Raahat etc.
- Pandemic Diplomacy – Vaccine Maitri
- Food aid – at times of Russia Ukraine war in countries like Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
- Climate Change & Disaster Management: One sun, one world, one grid; International Solar Alliance, Coalition of
Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) etc
- Neighborhood Policy: $4 billion in rapid assistance during Sri Lanka’s financial crisis.

CONCLUSION
• The G20 should evolve beyond a prosperity coalition, becoming a platform for transparent, honest dialogue on global
issues. Expanding to include voices from the Global South, like the African Union, can enhance its legitimacy.

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• India is seen as a bright spot in the global economic horizon. As G-20 president it should play a “lighthouse role” by
Modernizing and democratizing the global order.
• India’s G20 presidency can offer proven solutions for just & equitable growth for all & be a ‘transformer of Global
South’ through social justice projects, digital transformation, climate and environmental activism etc.

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5 G - 20: MICRO DIAGRAMS

•

INDIA’S G20 PRIORITIES

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6 INDO PACIFIC: REVISION CARD

INTRODUCTION:
India & Indo- Pacific India’s approach to Indo-Pacific is guided by ‘Security & Growth for All in the Region’ (SAGAR)
vision & the ‘Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative’ (IPOI). It seeks to deepen economic and security
cooperation with maritime neighbours in Indo- Pacific
Indo- Pacific & QUAD Quadrilateral Security dialogue is an informal strategic group (gradually moving towards
formalisation) of 4 “like minded democracies”- US, India, Japan, and Australia with “common
interests” of rule-based order, free open, prosperous & inclusive Indo Pacific region.
Indo- Pacific economic IPEF is a US- led economic grouping launched at QUAD summit in 2022. It is part of USA’s ‘pivot
framework 2.0 to Asia’ with primary focus on standards & facilitative trade between member the countries.

FORMULA BY 1) Indo-Pacific Cooperation = ↑Regional Leadership + ↑Economic Prosperity + ↑ Security + ↑

theIAShub Infrastructure + ↑Regional Stability
2) Challenges Facing India in Indo-Pacific = Geopolitical Competition + Territorial Disputes +
Environmental Concerns + Maritime Threats
3) QUAD = US Commitment + Japanese Defense + Australian Collaboration + Indian Strength
4) ↑ Indo-Pacific Security = ↑ Joint Exercises + ↑ Intelligence Sharing + ↑ Maritime Patrols +
↑ HADR Responses

PM SPEECH/RECOGNITION IF ANY:
• Indo-Pacific region is an inalienable part of our existence. It has been our lifeline, and also the highway for trade and
prosperity: PM Modi
• Free, open & inclusive Indo-Pacific through stability & prosperity of region: MEA Jaishankar
• India's Act East policy is focused on strengthening ties with Indo-Pacific nations: FM Sitaraman

CURRENT DEVELOPMENT:
• PM participated in 3rd in-person Quad Leaders’ summit in Hiroshima, Japan.
• UK’s move for expansion of AUKUS to include India & Japan.
• India recently participated in Indo- Pacific Economic Forum (IPEF) in USA.
• India, France, and Australia held track 1.5 dialogue to identify security challenges & sustainability issues in Indo Pacific
region. (2021)
DATA/FACT:
Indo-Pacific region • Comprises 38+ countries connecting three continents (Africa, Asia and Australia)
• 45% of world surface area & 60% of world’s population (UNFPA)
Indo- Pacific • >60% of global GDP; 50% of global trade passes through its waters.
Economy
Defence Spending • 47% increase in Indo- Pacific led by China (SIPRI, 2021)
IPEF • Members account 40% of global GDP
KEYWORDS:
• BODY: Geopolitical competition/polarisations; India as a first responder/net security provider; like-minded
democracies; Tectonic geopolitical shifts; Rule-based order; Confluence of two seas (Indian & Pacific)
• WAY FORWARD: Security architecture for 21st Century challenges; Multilateralism for Multi-country crisis; “Rule
follower” to “Rule maker”; Force for global good;
GOVT SCHEMES, POLICIES, AND INITIATIVE:
• GOI: SAGAR Initiative, Project Mausam, Dedicated Indo-Pacific desk at EAM, Look west & Act east policy; Indo-Pacific
Oceans Initiative; Connectivity (Kaladan, Chabahar, Trilateral Highway)
• International Collaboration – Indo pacific QUAD, IORA; SAARC, BIMSTEC, Mekong Ganga, ASEAN, FIPIC,
• QUAD INITIATIVES: Quad vaccine expert group and vaccine initiative, Build back better health security
• DEFENCE EXERCISES: Multilateral - Malabar exercise, RIMPAC, COBRA-GOLD; Bilateral- JIMEX, AUSINDEX

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CONCLUSION
• Emergence of Indo-Pacific as a new geographic space represents new “strategic reality of the 21st century.” India
needs to adopt ‘Strategic balance’ between geopolitical realities and strategic engagements (US Vs. China & Russia).
• In the evolving Indo-Pacific, India's pivotal role, based on its size, geography, and capacities, is crucial for regional and
global recovery. Collaborating with like-minded nations is central to its vision of a "free, open, and inclusive" Indo-
Pacific to address emerging challenges and safeguard shared interests.
• The 3 Ts “Trust, transparency, and timeliness” as mentioned by PM Modi during launch of IPEF are important for
success of the initiative and to make Indo- Pacific a high standard, inclusive, free, and fair-trade region.
• As the Indo-Pacific region undergoes significant "Tectonic geopolitical shifts", India must navigate these changes by
embracing "Multilateralism for Multi-country crisis" and becoming a "Force for global good".
• The "Confluence of two seas" (Indian & Pacific) presents an opportunity for India to emerge as a champion of "Rule-
based order" and a "Rule maker" in the Indo-Pacific.

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6 INDO PACIFIC: MICRO DIAGRAMS

•

SIGNIFICANCE OF QUAD

AUKUS

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7 INDIA - EU: REVISION CARD

INTRODUCTION:

India-EU Relation India- EU relations have consistently improved since 2016, reaching a significant milestone in
Evolution 2021 with the inaugural EU-India leaders' meeting with all 27 European heads of state.
India-EU Engagements India and the EU share a vibrant Strategic Partnership which has been witnessing strong growth
with wider and deeper co-operation in Political and Strategic, Trade and Commerce, Climate and
Sustainability, Digital and Technology aspects as well as people-to-people ties.
India- EU shared As vibrant democracies, the EU and India share a commitment to protect and promote human
values rights, a rules-based global order, effective multilateralism, sustainable development, and open
trade
India- EU Trade EU is India's largest trading partner, with more than €125 billion bilateral trade in 2023, poised
for growth with resumed FTA negotiations and tech-sustainability collaboration.
India- EU Connectivity With 70,000+ Indian students in EU, and 6,000+ EU companies in India, expanding people-to-
people ties signify India-EU Connectivity.

FORMULA BY 1) INDIA-EU Strategic Partnership for 21st Century = Democratic Values + Trade Relations + Climate
theIAShub Action & Clean Energy + Geopolitical Cooperation
2) IPR Issues + Non-tariff Barriers + Data Privacy Laws + Carbon Tax = ↓ Potential Trade
3) ↑ India-EU Security Cooperation = ↑ Counterterrorism + ↑ Maritime Security + ↑ Intelligence
Sharing
4) ↑ India-EU Educational Exchanges = ↑ Student Mobility + ↑ Academic Partnerships + ↑ Research
Collaboration
PM SPEECH/RECOGNITION IF ANY:
• India-EU strategic partnership as a force multiplier for global good in the 21 st century: PM Modi
• Strategic convergence between India & EU is reflected in our positions on key regional & global issues including on
Afghanistan & the Indo-Pacific: EAM: S Jaishankar
CURRENT DEVELOPMENT:
• India- EU agreed to constant engagement on EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism.
• France to adopt UPI – this can be a springboard for internationalization of the Indian digital payment infrastructure.
• EU released new strategy towards India called “EU strategy on India” for next decade (2018-2028).
• India- EU agreed to setup Trade & technology council in 2022.
• EU criticised India’s abrogation of article 370 and Human Rights issue while it is silent on China’s HR violation in Xinjiang.
DATA/FACT:
India- EU commerce • EU is India’s largest trading partner, While India is 10th largest trade partner of EU
(Europa) • EU is 2nd largest destination for Indian exports.
• Bilateral trade - $116 Billion
EU FDI in India • EU share in FDI flows to India more than doubled from 8% to 18% in last decade
India- EU Trade • Trade in goods increased by 30% in last decade.
(MEA) • Trade in services reached €30 billion in 2021.
KEYWORDS:
• BODY: Trust, friendship, and trade relation: A common thread; Geopolitical tension/polarisation; 3 critical pillars of
partnership: Security & sovereignty, Planet, and People; Indian Diaspora: Bridge of friendship and cooperation;
Paternalistic Attitudes of Developed world;
• WAY FORWARD: Rule-based-trade-system; Balancing political-diplomatic cooperation and socio--cultural
cooperation; Strategic Harmony and security synergy;

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GOVT SCHEMES, POLICIES, AND INITIATIVE:

• Political: India-EU Summit since 2000 (latest in 2021), India-EU Agenda for Action 2020
• Diplomatic: Foreign Policy & Security Consultations (latest in New Delhi in November 2022.)
• Economic: Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA), Generalised system of preference (GSP)
• Science & Tech: Science & Technology Agreement 2001, Joint Vision Statement for promoting Cooperation in the field
of Information and Communications Technology
• Security: EU and India held the first-ever Security and Defence Consultations and reviewed defence relations; 1st
Maritime security dialogue (2021)
• Climate Change - Cooperation on International Solar Alliance and clean technologies

CONCLUSION
• Currently, India-EU ties work much below potential. But, EU and India have a unique opportunity to go beyond
economic relations & deepen their partnership and shape the global agenda on trade, digitalisation, climate change,
and security.
• The changing global geopolitical scenario due to uncertain US policy outlook, an assertive China, & Russia-Ukraine war
has led both India and EU to realise that a substantive strategic partnership is imperative for global good.
• Moving forward, India and EU must embrace a "Rule-based-trade-system", strike a balance between "political-
diplomatic cooperation" and "socio-cultural cooperation".
• India-EU relations are anchored in "Trust, friendship, and trade relation: A common thread", fostering a strong
partnership that navigates polarisation and promotes cooperation.
• The 3 critical pillars of partnership - "Security & sovereignty", "Planet", and "People" - form the foundation of India-
EU relations.

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7 INDIA - EU: MICRO DIAGRAMS

•

INDIA – EU CHALLENGES

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8 INDIA- WEST ASIA: REVISION CARD

INTRODUCTION:

India and West Asia West Asia’s geographical proximity & civilizational ties with India, and a large Indian diaspora
residing in Middle East, highlights the significance of India’s ‘deep connect’ with this extended
neighbourhood region.
Shift in West Asia’s Amidst events like the Arab Spring and turmoil in Egypt and Iraq, West Asian states now view
outlook towards India India as a more dependable mediator than many Western nations, marking a significant shift in
their strategic perspective towards India.
IMEC Corridor Recently announced India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) aims to become a
cornerstone of global connectivity, providing a robust framework for boosting trade and other
flows across critical regions of India, Middle East & Europe.
India-GCC With India's trade with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries exceeding $160 billion in
2023, the partnership is poised for further growth, driven by India's domestic needs, GCC's
investment potential, and their shared interests.
FORMULA BY 1) Multipolar Engagement + Trade Partnership + Energy Market + Diaspora Impact = ↑ India’s
theIAShub Influence in W. Asia
2) India-Israel Strategic Partnership = ↑ Defence & Technological Cooperation + ↑ Counter
Terrorism + ↑ Geopolitical Convergence + ↑ People To People interaction & Shared Values
3) ↑ India-West Asia Energy Cooperation = ↑ Energy Supply Security + ↑ Renewable Energy
Projects + ↑ Energy Diversification
4) ↑ India-West Asia Diplomatic Engagement = ↑ Political Alliances + ↑ Conflict Mediation + ↑
Cultural Exchanges
5) ↑ India-West Asia Cultural Ties = ↑ People-to-People Connections + ↑ Educational Programs
+ ↑ Tourism
PM SPEECH/RECOGNITION IF ANY:
• The Gulf and West Asian region are the key priority in India's external engagement: PM Modi
• India-Israel relationship is based on shared traditions, culture, trust and friendship: PM Modi
• Our ties with the UAE are a shining example of India's West Asia policy: PM Modi
• India considers Israel in many ways as perhaps our most trusted and innovative partner: EAM: Jaishankar
• India and Israel are natural allies: Israeli PM Netanyahu
CURRENT DEVELOPMENT:
• India and the UAE recently signed a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), during PM Modi’s visit to UAE.
• The Riyadh meeting of Saudi Crown Prince, US, UAE, and India's National Security Advisors (NSAs) highlights deepening
India-US strategic alignment in the Gulf and underscores India's emerging prospects in the Arabian Peninsula.
• I2U2 grouping and India’s role in fostering Stability in the region.
• India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
• The China-Iran-Saudi Arabia trilateral while led to the Saudi-Iranian detente and resumed diplomatic relations
between them, has also raised concerns for India due to China’s growing influence in the region.
DATA/FACT:
Energy security • 70% of imported energy needs is sourced from West Asia (Largest oil import from S. Arabia)
Indian Diaspora • 10 million Indians in West Asia.
• 6 West Asian countries (UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Bahrain) accounts for
more than 65% of all Indians living abroad.
Economic ties • Bilateral trade in West Asia & North Africa (WANA) region was US$ 215 billion in FY 2021-22
• W. Asia accounts for more than 50% of India’s total remittance flow
Cultural • India has 2nd largest Shia Muslims
• Soft Power: Bollywood is traditionally popular in Iran.

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KEYWORDS:
• BODY: West Asia as gat way to land locked/energy rich Central Asia; India-Israel relations: diamonds & defence;
Cultural Confluence; Indian Diaspora: Bridge of friendship and cooperation
• WAY FORWARD: No Longer Exclusive Petro-States; From India to West Asia: Building Bridges of trade and trust; From
geopolitics and geoeconomics to Geo-civics and geoscience.
GOVT SCHEMES, POLICIES, AND INITIATIVE:
• POLITICAL: Look West policy, 1st Ministerial Meeting of Arab-India Cooperation Forum held in 2016
• INFRA: Chabahar port, Zaranj- Delaram Highway connecting Afghanistan, Indo-Israel Villages of Excellence
• AGRI: Indo-Israel Agricultural Project Centres of Excellence, Indo-Israel Bundelkhand Water Project
CONCLUSION
• Indian interest in West Asia must go beyond energy security and de hyphenate from US. Need of hour is to actively
engage with Iran on increasing bilateral trade and actively collaborating on stabilising the region.
• The ‘multifaceted relationship’ between India and West Asia, marked by cultural fusion, strategic engagement, and
economic synergy, ‘serves as a beacon of collaboration and shared progress.
• The evolving ties between India and West Asia transcend boundaries, bringing together cultures, economies, and
strategies. This partnership ‘from the East to the West’ holds great promise for mutual growth and global stability.

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8 INDIA – WEST ASIA: MICRO DIAGRAMS

•

LOOK WEST POLICY: BASIC TENETS

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I2U2

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9 INDIA- CENTRAL ASIA: REVISION CARD

INTRODUCTION:

INDIA- CENTRAL ASIA India- Central Asia have shared ‘deep cultural linkages’ with each other over two millennia.
Relation “People-to-people” connect is a defining feature of India’s ‘Connect Central Asia Policy.’
CENTRAL ASIA: Role in Central Asia is India's gateway to Eurasia and holds strategic importance for India's connectivity
Connectivity efforts (Ashgabat agreement, INSTC), serving as a bridge for trade & energy links and enhanced
regional economic integration.
CENTRAL ASIA: Energy Central Asia is vital to India's energy security by offering access to abundant hydrocarbon
Security resources, diversifying energy sources, and promoting regional stability and cooperation.
FORMULA BY 1) Partnership With Central Asia = Trade & Connectivity + Energy Security + Eurasia Pivot+ Anti-
theIAShub Terror Cooperation (RATS)
2) Challenges In Relationship = Limited Connectivity + Unstable Af-Pak Region + China’s Influence
3) ↑ India-Central Asia Energy = ↑ Oil & Gas Imports + ↑ Pipeline Projects + ↑ Energy Security
4) ↑ India-Central Asia Culture = ↑ Educational Exchanges + ↑ Cultural Programs + ↑ Tourism
PM SPEECH/RECOGNITION IF ANY:
• India’s commitment to its “Extended Neighbourhood Policy,” calls for diversification of its geopolitical partners &
diplomatic goals, & its willingness to engage its Central Asian partners on a multitude of fronts: PM Modi
• India's commitment to its "Extended Neighbourhood Policy" calls for diversification of its geopolitical partners and
diplomatic goals: PM Modi
• India-Central Asia must define an ambitious vision, a vision that can fulfil the aspirations of our people, especially the
younger generation, in the changing world: PM Modi
• We see Central Asia as a region of great opportunity and challenge: EAM Jaishankar
• India-Central Asia have common shared interests, such as stabilizing security situation in Afghanistan and reinforcing
territorial integrity: NSA Ajit Doval

CURRENT DEVELOPMENT:
• 24th SCO Summit recently held in Astana, Kazakhstan. Belarus (1st European country) has become the 10th member
state to join SCO
• India chaired the 23rd Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Summit meet in the “virtual format”.
• Recently concluded India-Central Asia dialogue saw an upswing in areas of cooperation (2022).
• India-Central Asia Business Council launched in New Delhi (2021).
• India sent 800 Kgs of medicines & medical accessories to Tajikistan (2021)
DATA/FACT:
India’s Investments • US $1 billion Line of Credit to Central Asia for Infra projects
• $70 million to renovate Ayni Air Base in Tajikistan
Energy security • 80% India's uranium met through Kazakhstan.
• China controls up to 30% of all oil extraction in Kazakhstan.
Bilateral Trade • India- Kazakhstan: largest trade partner: $2 billion FY 22.
• India- Uzbekistan: Around 8,000 Uzbeks annually seek medical treatment in India.

KEYWORDS:
• BODY: Civilizational Linkages; land bridge between Asia and Europe; gateway to Eurasian markets; Bright spot for
infrastructure and Agriculture investments; 4Cs of India- CA relationship: commerce, capacity building, &
connectivity and Contacts;
• WAY FORWARD: From Historical Links to Modern Alliances, From Connectivity Initiatives to Seamless Integration;
From Energy Collaboration to Sustainable Solutions.

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GOVT SCHEMES, POLICIES, AND INITIATIVE:

• ECONOMIC: India- CA Business Council, East- West Trans Eurasian transit economic corridor, Trilateral transit-and-
trade corridor agreements
• INFRA: Connect Central Asia Policy, Chabahar port, Zaranj– Delaram Road, INSTC, Ashgabat Agreement
• DEFENCE: Exercises- Kyrgyzstan- Khanjar, Uzbekistan- Dustlik, Kazind- Kazakhstan, Farkhor Air base(Tajikistan)- India’s
1st Military base in foreign country)
• SECURITY: TAPI project, civil nuclear cooperation with Kazakhstan
CONCLUSION
• Growing cooperation between India and central Asia is rooted in common ‘geo-cultural milieu.’ Along with this
cooperative geopolitics, maritime connectivity will take the relation to new level.
• Being an integral part of India’s “extended neighbourhood”, the Security, stability & prosperity of Central Asia is crucial
for peace and economic development of India and thus deserves much greater attention than it has received so far.
• India's ties with Central Asia are built on "Civilizational Linkages" and a shared history, paving the way for a bright
future in commerce, capacity building, connectivity, and contacts.
• As a "land bridge between Asia and Europe", Central Asia offers immense potential for India to tap into Eurasian
markets and foster seamless integration through connectivity initiatives.
• With Central Asia being a "gateway to Eurasian markets", India must prioritize strengthening its relationships with the
region to harness the full potential of the 4Cs - commerce, capacity building, connectivity, and contacts.

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9 INDIA – CENTRAL ASIA: MICRO DIAGRAMS

•

INDIA-CENTRAL ASIA: SIGNIFICANCE & CHALLENGES

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10 WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (WTO): REVISION CARD

INTRODUCTION:

WTO and its objective WTO is the only international body dealing with international trade rules. It reduces barriers
through negotiation, guided by non-discrimination principles and consensus-based decision
making.
WTO: Disputes The WTO’s Dispute settlement System has been ‘WTO’s crowning jewel’, however since 2019 it
has been paralyzed as US has blocked appointments to the appellate body.
WTO and INDIA India has been the voice of global south at WTO, however it is also the country that has been
dragged the most in disputes largely by Developed world, for eg., on ICT tariffs by Japan;
Sugarcane disputes by Australia, Brazil and Guatemala etc.
FORMULA BY 1) ↓ Disputes At WTO = ↑ Trade Facilitation + ↑ Market Access + ↑ Rules-Based System → Global
theIAShub Economic Stability
2) Geneva Package = Curb Illegal Fishing Subsidies + Food Supply Export Exemption + E-Commerce
Moratorium + Covid Vaccine IP Waiver
3) ↑ WTO Trade Agreements = ↑ Economic Integration + ↓ Trade Conflicts + ↑ Investment Flows
4) ↑ WTO Trade Facilitation Measures = ↑ Customs Efficiency + ↓ Transaction Costs + ↑ Trade
Volume
5) ↑ WTO Negotiations = ↑ Policy Harmonization + ↑ Global Trade Standards + ↓ Trade Disruptions
6) ↑ WTO Special and Differential Treatment = ↑ Support for Developing Countries + ↑ Inclusive
Trade + ↓ Trade Inequality

SPEECHES BY PROMINENT PERSONALITIES (PM, PRESIDENT, UN OFFICIALS et al) /RECOGNITION IF ANY:

• India believes in a rule-based, open, inclusive, multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core: PM Modi
• The WTO must prioritize development and cooperation, recognizing the growing role of emerging economies in global
trade. PM Modi
• Trade is going digital and going green. Reform means making the WTO fit for purpose to embrace and navigate these
new areas and ensure that WTO delivers for our developing and least developed country members: WTO Director-
General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
• The WTO must adapt to the changing global economic landscape and embrace reforms that promote inclusive trade
and economic growth. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
CURRENT DEVELOPMENT:
• 13th WTO Ministerial Conference held in Abu Dhabi in Feb 2024.
• Expansion of WTO membership: Two least-developed countries, Comoros and Timor-Leste joined.
• To meet domestic food security needs, India invoked peace clause under Agreement on Agriculture for the 3rd time in
2022.
• Latest WTO Goods Trade Barometer predicted slow growth of global trade in in 2023 due to strong headwinds.
DATA/FACT:
WTO Coverage 166 members comprising 98% of the Global trade.
Global goods trade Volumes (WTO) Will grow by 1.7% in 2023 & 3.2% in 2024
12th Ministerial Conference Adopted “Geneva package”
KEYWORDS:
• BODY: Economic Harmony Guardian; Cross-border Commerce Referee; Market Access Mediator; Tariff Negotiator;
Multilateral Trading System, Most Favoured Nation, ‘Zombie Institution’, Deadlocked Negotiation
• Way Forward: From Trade disputes to Trade resolutions; From Market Fragmentation To Global Cohesion; From
Bilateral Clashes To Multilateral Cooperation Hub.
EXAMPLES/CASE STUDIES:
• National: WTO fuelled IT outsourcing, jobs, forex; challenges in skills, innovation.

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• International
- Bangladesh’s membership in WTO helped its textile exports to surge, empowering millions.
- Mexico: Agricultural exports soared via WTO, boosting economy, attracting investment; challenges include rural
development and sustainability.
- Colombia: Coffee exports boosted economy
- Kenya: Fresh produce exports supported rural development
- Brazil: Agricultural agreements boosted exports & economic growth

CONCLUSION
• Thus, India, under its G20 presidency, should work with others like minded member countries to drive the WTO reforms
agenda aimed at making trade multilateralism inclusive.
• Amidst protectionism, trade tensions (e.g., USA-China), the world faces economic strain. WTO's role becomes pivotal
to safeguard the post-WWII global liberalized economic order against challenges and uncertainties.
• As the USA's WTO participation wavers, emerging economies including India, Brazil, and South Africa could forge a
fortified foundation, upholding the interests of developing nations and rejuvenating WTO’s efficacy.
• WTO's strength lies in collective effort, all countries need to join hands to improve its structure and processes. WTO
can explore Plurilateral negotiations where like-minded countries discuss issues specific to them and form rules.
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10 WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (WTO): MICRO DIAGRAMS

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11 UNITED NATIONS & ITS ORGANS: REVISION CARD

INTRODUCTION:
UN and its role UN is global organization to address issues that transcend boundaries. Its goal is to address
global issues, ensure peace, human rights, justice and socio-economic progress.
UN Need for reforms Following the 'Legacy of Nations', the UN was established to maintain 'peace & stability’ in the
world with participation of Developed, Developing, and Small Island Developing nations'.
However, today its relevance & legitimacy are being questioned in a rapidly changing world.
Reform and Renewal The UN, a global guardian of peace and security, faces urgent calls for reform to address the
changing dynamics of international relations and emerging global challenges.
UN and its As the world grapples with unprecedented threats, the UN's role in promoting collective
Effectiveness security, human rights, and sustainable development has become increasingly crucial, yet its
effectiveness is being scrutinized.
FORMULA BY 1) Relevance of UN = Peace & Development + Address Global Challenges + International Equity
theIAShub And Justice + Humanitarian Aid
2) Membership Expansion + Veto Reform + Regional Representation = Reformed UNSC
3) ↑ UN Specialized Agencies Collaboration = ↑ Global Health Outcomes + ↑ Education Access +
↓ Poverty Levels
4) ↑ UN General Assembly Engagement = ↑ Global Consensus + ↑ Member State Participation +
↓ Diplomatic Isolation
5) ↑ UN Security Council Effectiveness = ↑ Conflict Resolution + ↓ Geopolitical Tensions + ↑
Global Security
6) ↑ UNDP Projects = ↑ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Progress + ↑ Local Capacity
Building + ↓ Inequality

SPEECHES BY PROMINENT PERSONALITIES (PM, PRESIDENT, UN OFFICIALS et al) /RECOGNITION IF ANY:

• We cannot fight today's challenges with outdated structures. Without comprehensive reforms, the UN faces a "crisis
of confidence”. UNSC today reflects mindset of century we left behind. PM Modi
• For today's interconnected world, we need a reformed multilateralism that reflects today's realities, gives voice to all
stakeholders, addresses contemporary challenges and focuses on human welfare. PM Modi
• The Security Council's membership and structure must be updated to reflect the realities of the 21st century. Barack
Obama.
• We need a UN that prioritizes people and planet, not just states and governments. Greta Thunberg
CURRENT DEVELOPMENT:
• The UN chief underscored urgent need for unity & justice to tackle pressing challenges ranging from climate crisis to
economic disparities.
• Reiterating the need for reforms in UNSC, India held a high-level open debate on “Maintenance of International Peace
& Security: New Orientation for Reformed Multilateralism (NORMS)” at the UNSC.
• India chaired the UNSC Committee on Counter-Terrorism Committee [CTC] for year 2022, the Libya sanctions
committee and Taliban committee for 2021-2022.
DATA/FACT:
UN Peace Keeping • India is longest-serving and the 5th largest troop contributors to UN’s peacekeeping
• India 1st country to deploy an all women contingent to UNPK (Liberia, 2007)
KEYWORDS:
• BODY: Diplomacy for Peace; Geopolitical polarisations; Rule-based-governance system; Place at the High Table
• WAY FORWARD: Careful balance between nationalism and internationalism; Modernizing and democratizing the
global order; 3Cs (Connect, Collaborate and Create); 5S Approach to reorient Multilateralism: Samman (Respect),
Samvad (Dialogue), Sahyog (Cooperation), Shanti (Peace) and Samriddhi (Prosperity)

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GOVT SCHEMES, POLICIES AND INITIATIVE:

• UNSC Reform Initiative– Part of G-4 and L-69 grouping; Reform agenda as UNSC president- “Maintenance of
International Peace and Security: New Orientation for Reformed Multilateralism (NORMS)”;
• UNPK Contribution: Recently, the Indian Army deployed its largest-ever contingent of women soldiers for UN
peacekeeping operations in the volatile oil-rich Abyei region (Sudan) of Africa.
• Counter Terrorism initiative: CCIT; Push for UNSC sanction on terrorist organisations and individuals.
COMMITTEES RECOMMENDATIONS/NATIONAL OR INTERNATIONAL REPORTS:
Kofi Annan's formula for UNSC reform involves increasing both permanent and non-permanent members, limiting veto
use, ensuring equitable representation, and enhancing transparency to enhance effectiveness and legitimacy.
CONCLUSION
• To prevent UN from turning into an “Institutional Zombie”, it must reflect realities of 21st century, which makes India
a key player in international arena.
• To address "Geopolitical Polarisations", the UN must adopt a "Careful Balance" between nationalism and
internationalism, ensuring a "Rule-based Governance System".
• The UN's "Place at the High Table" depends on its ability to "Modernize and Democratize" the global order, embracing
the 3Cs - "Connect, Collaborate, and Create".
• To reorient multilateralism, the UN must adopt the 5S Approach, prioritizing "Samman (Respect)", "Samvad
(Dialogue)", "Sahyog (Cooperation)", "Shanti (Peace)", and "Samriddhi (Prosperity)" in its efforts to promote global
cooperation.

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Under the Guidance of MK YADAV SIR

11 UNITED NATIONS & ITS ORGANS : MICRO DIAGRAMS

•

UN REFORMS: NATURE

N.O.R.M.S

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