Qperating Systems: 4.19 Ovorviow of Operating System * Soft real-time systems have limited utility than hard real-time systems. ‘On Line Disk File For example, multimedia, industrial 7 oP control of robotics, virtual reality, @) Advanced Scientific Projects like x Tele Type Terminal undersea exploration and planetary rovers, ete. Tac * Examples of real time system _, Sensors and includes Nuclear power Plant “ht Conor Control, Medical Imaging Systems, Industrial Control systems, Weapon Systems, Robots, Air Traffic Control Systems, Space Navigation, and Fig. 1.13 Flight Control system etc. Advantages: 1. Useful for real time practical industrial applications. 2. As user gates a higher degree of control the flexibility is setting up the priority of Processes is greater. 3. Fast response, the system is immediately updated. Disadvantages: 1. They are very complex and expensive, there by difficult to maintain. 2. Needs good degree of hardware support for responding to external interrupts as fast as possible, 3. Itis more difficult to backup these systems when they are in use. Comparison between Real Time System and Time Sharing System: sr. [2 eae ey ‘No.| |. Real Time System _ . ee ‘ + | In teal time system, a job has to be completed | In time sharing system, fixed time is given to within fixed deadline (time allowed). each process and all the processes are arranged in a queue. 2. | Areal time system has well-defined, fixed time | It requires more complicated CPU scheduling constraints. algorithms. 3. | If job is not completed within the given time | If job is not completed within the given time then system may extend time for doing the | then it jumps to the next job leaving the operations. Previous job unfinished. After processing to each job, it again give the same time for unfinished job. 4, | Response time is important Response time is not important, 5. | Process deals with single application ata time. | Process deals with more than one application simultaneously. 6. | It focuses on accomplishing a computational | Emphasis on providing a quick response toa task before its specified deadline. Tequest. Eq Clustered Systems 5 + Accluster is a collection of computers in which any member of the cluster is capable of supporting the processing functions of any other member. * Cluster is a group of interconnected, whole computers working together as a unified computing source that can create the illusion of being one machine, Each computer in a cluster is typically referred toas a node. : Clustering (means gather together) allows two or more system to shear storage closely linked via a local area network,i Qpecating Systems ts overview of Operating 5, jem created and develo, one 05) Isa moblle TOS Ay Th Ter exclusively £0 by Apple Ine. excl renenly powers many ol Phone, [Pad, and {Pod Touc system globally after Androld. i 1OStuser interface Is based upon di gestures, Interface control elements co Interaction with the OS include: reverse pinch, all of which have 5 {05 operating system and its multl-toucl Advantages of 105: Hy 108 provides high customer service. i) 108 has more security which offers threats. (ili) Performance is (iv) 10S support a va Disadvantages of 10S: ‘ (i) Not flexible only supports 10S device (i) Theios isnot Open Source, (iii) The main disadvantages of using iO: . 105 its operating ty ir its hardwi f the compan: sh, It {s the seco) rect manipulatl nsist of sliders, 8% 1g gestures Su ecific definitl th interface. awesome and supports ‘st number of applications. fe operating. system 1 the oPices, fneluding ar mobile opera re, Tt Is aya, mobile dei mid most popu on, using Multi-touc, witches, and butte,” ch as swipe, tap, Pinch, a;,; fons within the context of y,2 users stay safe from external Multitasking. es. is costly Apps development. {iv) Not customizable. ‘Symbian is an operating system 4, Symbian ‘Symbian operating system was ori known as AVKON. Symbian was the fi for mobile devi iginally develope currently maintained by Nokia (today by WebKit browser. Some older Symbian mod default browser. Most applications are devices can be programmed using Python, ces such as smartphones d by Symbian Ltd., but is Microsoft). It has a graphics toolkit yt mobile platform to make use of dels have Opera mobile as the written in C++, though Symbian Java ME, Flash Lite, .NET etc. Comparison between Android OS and iOS: * Android and iOS are the two largest mobile OSs used in thi .e today’s world. The following table compares Android and iOS operating systems r as onrarmestes ane | ‘1. | Source Model Open source. ‘Closed, with open source | ‘ components. 2._| OS Family Linux, (OSX, Unix. | 3. [Language Used G C++, Java. Objective-C, C++. | 4,_| Customizability | A lot, can change almost anything. | Limited. | 5. | Developer Google, Open Handset Alliance | Apple Inc. | (OHA). | 6._| Widgets Yes. ‘No, except in Notification Ce i . ¥ ter | 7. | Available 100+ Languages ‘34 Languages 4 Language(s) va | 3_| File Transfer Easier than 108. More difficult, ] 9. | Available On ‘Many phones and tablets Major . | iPod Touch, iPhone, iPad, AppleTV_| manufacturers are Samsung, (and 3" generation). | Motorola, LG, HTC and Sony and so : | Ee on. : spo 40. | Internet Browsing | Google Chrome (or Android Mobi i jobile Saf. | Browser on olderversions; other ° | available). ee | = ‘browsers are available). pp Store Google Play, Amazon etc, “Appl i distribute Android apps. ape BA a a |e ‘Android Studio. XCode, 4 ._| Speed oi ‘More time-consumi cela msuming and slow. | Fast. | 14._| Security {iLow. ich ») [245 [ Performance Tow. Bib oS 4 bs 40; Operating Systoms 121 vorviow of Operating System Compared to the standard general-purpose operating systems, mobile operating systems are currently somewhat simpler, and focus on wireless versions of broadband and local connectivity, mobile multimedia formats, and different input methods. Modern mobile operating systems mix the features of PC operating systems with many other features, such as touch screen, video camera, voice recorder, Bluetooth, Infrared, Wi-Fi, GPS mobile navigation, speech recognition, etc. Like a PC operating system controls the desktop or laptop computer, a mobile operating system also Provides an environment for other programs to run on mobile devices. With the continual growth in the use of mobile devices, most companies have launched their own mobile operating system in the market. However, some of the most popular mobile operating systems are given below: Name of 0S Description 1. Android Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software and designed primarily for touchscreen. Android is an operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs based on the Linux kernel. Android applications are usually developed in the Java language using the Android Software Development Kit. Once developed, Android applications can be packaged easily and sold out either through a store such as Google Play, SlideME, Opera Mobile Store, Mobango, F-droid and the Amazon Appstore. Android's default user interface is mainly based on direct manipulation, using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard, Advantages of Android: () Android is based on Linux. This facilitates easy accessibility to rich development environment and core functionality of the mobile device. (i) Itprovides rich browser facilities as well. This facilitates the developer to provide enhanced services. (ii) Android OS is open source and it is cost effective. (iv) Itis a multi-tasking OS and can be virtualized. (v) Itis flexible OS. Widgets, or self-contained programs, add functionality and flexibility to Android devices. The development tools are easy to use. (vi) Stability and security is better than other mobiles OS as it is based on Linux Kernel. (vii) Android is highly customizable. User can change almost everything in the UL. Disadvantages of Android: i) Application quality of Android is is not so good. There is no standard for these applications. Complex layouts and animations are harder to code in Android. Low security to steal your info from unknown resources, Android OS can also slow down if installing more apps. The complexity involved in Android app development makes the process more time-consuming than that of an iOS app. Windows Mobile _| It is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft, used in smartphones. Internet Explorer Mobile is the default browser that comes with Windows mobile. It contains Office Mobile - a suite of mobile versions of Microsoft Office. contd. ...veri of Operating, rating Systems 118 i {buted computin, of distribute 8 S75 aisadvantOB® * om there 18 a chance of ie tt 2. Software: Less software support is the main Because of more software Pemponents that compris occurring. Z ting system CaN Cause coy, 3. Networking: The underlying network in distributed ae messages. Hence, the proj. problems such as transmission problem, overioadinB. rs iputed ‘computing. 3 created by network infrastructure are the adn ey tich Neeases ty 4. Security: The easy distributed access in distributed compt! curity. MOTE susceptible to eae of security. The sharing of data creates the problem © ora a. attack. 5. Complexity: Typically, distributed: systems are more com Manageability: More effort required for system management. 7. Unpredictability: Unpredictable responses depending on the load. Real Time Systems + Real time operating system is used in an environment whe external to the computer system, must be accepted and P stipulated deadline. A real time computer system may be defined as, “one which controls an environment by rece data, processing them and taking action or returning results very quickly to affect the functio of the environment at that time’. + Areal time system is defined as, only on the logical correctness of the computati produced, So we can say that it has strict time constraints.” «The key is the execution sufficiently quickly. This is what is called a Response Time. A Real system usually has a response time measured in seconds or even milliseconds. ‘The real time system finds many applications such as military, industry and medicine. A real ti has well defined fixed time constraints. .d constraints namely, plexthan centralized systems ystem organization and net, re a large number of event cessed in a short time or wi ro “a system in which the correctness of ‘computations depends ne but also on the time at which the result ion system + Processing should be done within the define Hard and Soft Real Time System. Characteristics of the Real Time Systems: 4, To provide quick event response time. 2. User convenience and resource uti designers. The processor is normally allocated to the highest priority processors. 3. Memory management in Real Time systems is comparatively less demanding than in other S# lization are of secondary concern to Real Time syste of multiprogramming systems. File management is usually found only in larger installations of real time systems. 5. ‘The primary objective ofthe file management in Real Time system is Faccess rather than efficient utilization of secondary storage, pater ie usually the 2706 Hard Real Time Systems: Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on time. In hard real-time systems, secondary storage is limited or missing and the! data is stored in ROM In these systems, virtual memory is almost never found. Soft Real Time Systems: Soft real-time systems are less restrictive. « Acritical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains the priority until it completes: : i it cor : a. eS